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新东方在线新版GRE写作阅读电子讲义

新东方在线新版GRE写作阅读电子讲义
新东方在线新版GRE写作阅读电子讲义

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新东方在线GRE阅读电子教材

主讲:王鹏

欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材

(1)

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars.

Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of intersteller matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The intersteller material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes.

The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1000 to 10000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although intersteller gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

1、According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of the interstellar dust?(A)some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.(B)Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.(C)The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed.(D)The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.(E)The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

2、it can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is (A)higher where distances between the stars are shorter(B)equal to that of interstellar dust(C)unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun(D)independent of the incidence of gaseous components(E)not homogeneous throughout interstellar space

3、it can be inferred from the passage that it is because space is so vast that(A)little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial(B)normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density(C)stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparselydistributed matter(D)interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent(E)optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed

(2)

Thomas Hardy's impulses as a writer, all of which he indulged in his novels, were numerous and divergent, and they did not always work together in harmony. Hardy was to some degree interested in exploring his character's psychologies, though impelled less by curiosity than by sympathy. Occasionally he felt the impulse to comedy (in all his detached coldness) as well as the impulse to farce, but he was more than inclined to see tragedy and record it. He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that c He wanted to describe ordinary human beings; he wanted to speculate on their dilemmas rationally (and, unfortunately, even schematically); and he wanted to record precisely the material universe. Finally, he wanted to be more than a realist. He wanted to transcend what he considered to be the banality of solely recording things exactly and to express as well his awareness of the occult and strange.

In his novels these various impulses were satisfied to each other inevitably and often. Inevitably, because Hardy did not care in the way that novelists such as Flaubert or James cared, and therefore took paths of least resistance. Thus, one impulse often surrendered to a fresher one and, unfortunaly, instead of exacting a comprise, simply disappeared. A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give way abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely on the structure and texture of a flower. In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one, and thus its indulgence did not result in a relaxed style. But on other occasions Hardy abandoned a perilous, risky, and highly energizing impulse in favor of a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style-that sure index of an author’s literary worth- was certain to become verbose. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. He submitted to first one and then another, and the spirit blew where it listed; hence the unevenness of any one of his novels. His most controlled novel, Under the Greenwood Tree, prominently exhibits two different but reconcilable impulse-a desire to be a realist –historian and a desire to be a psychologist of love-but the slight interlockings of plot are not enough to bind the two completely together. Thus even this book splits into two distinct parts.

4. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on its content?

(A) Under the Greenwood Tree: Hardy’s Ambiguous Triumph

(B) The Real and the Strange: The Novelist’s Shifting Realms

(C) Energy Versus Repose of: Ordinary People in Hardy’s Fiction

(D) Hardy’s Novelistic Impulse: The Problem of Control

(E) Divergent Impulses: The Issue of Unity in the Novel

Summarize 

5、The passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about literary realism?

(A)Literary realism is most concerned with the exploration of the internal lives of ordinary human beings.

(B) The term “literary realism” is susceptible to more than a single definition.

(C) Literary realism and an interest in psychology are likely to be at odds in a novelist work.

(D) “literary realism” is the term most often used by critics in describing the method of Hardy’s novels.

(E) A propensity toward literary realism is a less interesting novelistic impulse than is an interest in the occult and the strange.

6、The author of the passage considers a writer’s style to be

(A) a reliable means by which to measure the writer’s literary merit (B) most apparent in those parts of the writer’s work that are not realistic

(C) problematic when the writer attempts to follow perilous or risky impulses

(D) shaped primarily by the writer’s desire to classify and schematize

(E) the most accurate index of the writer’s literary reputation

7、Which of the following words could best be substituted for “relaxed” without substantially changing the author’s meaning?

(A) informal

(B) confined

(C) risky

(D) wordy

(E) metaphoric

8、The passage supplies information to suggest that its author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the novelists Flaubert and James?

(A) They indulged more impulses in their novels than did Hardy in his novels

(B) They have elicited a greater degree of favorable response from most literary critics than has Hardy.

(C) In the writing of their novels, they often took pains to effect a compromise among their various novelistic impulses.

(D)Regarding novelistic construction, they cared more about the options of their novelists than about the options of ordinary readers.

(E) They wrote novels in which the impulse toward realism and the impulse away from realism were evident in equal measure.

9、which of the following statements best describes the organization of lines 14 to 21 of the passage?

(A) The author makes a disapproving observation and then presents two cases, one of which leads to a qualification of his disapproval and the other of which does not.

(B) The author draws a conclusion from a previous statement, explains his conclusion in detail, and then gives a series of examples that have the effect of resolving an inconsistency.

(C) The author concedes a point and then makes a counterargument, using an extended comparison and contrast that qualifies his original concession.

(D) The author makes a judgment, points out an exception to his judgment, and then contradicts his original assertion.

(E) The author summarizes and explains an argument and then advances a brief history of opposing arguments.

10、Which of the following statements about the use of comedy in Hardy’s novels is best supported by the passage?

(A) Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels tended to weaken his literary style.

(B) Hardy’s use of comedy in his novels was inspired by his natural sympathy.

(C)Comedy appeared less frequently in Hardy’s novels than did tragedy.

(D) Comedy played an important role in Hardy’s novels though that comedy was usually in the form of farce

(E) Comedy played a secondary role in Hardy’s more controlled novels only.

11、The author implies which of the following about Under the Greenwood Tree in relation to Hardy’s other novels?

(A) It is Hardy’s most thorough investigation of the psychology of love.

(B) Although it is his most controlled novel, it does not exhibit any

 harsh or risky impulses.

(C) it, more than his other novels, reveals hardy as a realist interested in the history of ordinary human beings.

(D) In it Hardy’s novelistic impulses are managed somewhat better than in his other novels.

(E) Its plot, like the plots of all of Hardy’s other novels, splits into two distinct parts.

(3)

Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare’ s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso ’ s painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form. This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

21. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the

(A) basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation

(B) byproduct of an aesthetic experience

(C) tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular

(D) synthesis underlying a great work of art

(E) result of highly creative scientific activity

22. The author implies that Beethoven's music was strikingly original because Beethoven

(A) strove to outdo his predecessors by becoming the first composer to exploit limits

(B) fundamentally changed the musical forms of his predecessors by adopting a richly inventive strategy

(C) embellished and interwove the melodies of several of the great composers who preceded him

(D) manipulated the established conventions of musical composition in a highly innovative fashion

(E) attempted to create the illusion of having transcended the musical forms of his predecessors

23. The passage states that the operas of the Florentine Camerata are (A) unjustifiably ignored by musicologists

(B) not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are important in the history of music

(C) among those works in which popular historical themes were portrayed in a musical production

(D) often inappropriately cited as examples of musical works in which a new principle of organization was introduced

(E) minor exceptions to the well-established generalization that the aesthetic worth of a com- position determines its importance in the history of music

24. The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:

(A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

(C) Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?

(D) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

(E) Does anyone claim that the goal of extraordinary creative activity in the arts differs from that of extraordinary creative activity in the sciences?

25. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with

(A) deep skepticism 

(B) strong indignation

(C) marked indifference

(D) moderate amusement

(E) sharp derision

26. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that

(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists

(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community

(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data

(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact

(E) introduces a new valid generalization

27. Which of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph of the passage?

(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.

(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.

(C) Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.

(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is sup- ported in the field of literature.

(E) Actually, Beethoven's most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.

(4)

The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the interface of the water and the air. Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. An interacting-and complicating-phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when waves are formed. When the wind makes waves, it transfers important amounts of energy-energy that is therefore not available to provide turbulence.

17. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) resolve a controversy

(B) describe a phenomenon

(C) outline a theory

(D) confirm research findings

(E) classify various observations

18. According to the passage, wind over the ocean generally does which of the following?

I. Causes relatively cool, dry air to come into proximity with the ocean surface.

II. Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean and the air.

III. Causes frequent changes in the temperature of the water at the ocean's surface.

(A) I only 

(B) II only 

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only 

(E) I, II, and III

19. It can be inferred from the passage that the author regards current knowledge about heat and moisture transfer from the ocean to air as

(A) revolutionary

(B) inconsequential

(C) outdated 

(D) derivative 

(E) incomplete

20. The passage suggests that if on a certain day the wind were to decrease until there was no wind at all which of the following would occur? (A) The air closest to the ocean surface would become saturated with water vapor.

(B) The air closest to the ocean surface would be warmer than the water.

(C) The amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface would decrease.

(D) The rate of heat and moisture transfer would increase.

(E) The air closest to the ocean would be at the same temperature as air higher up.

(5)

A mysterious phenomenon is the ability of over-water migrants to travel on course. Birds, bees, and other species can keep track of (keep track of: v.明了) time without any sensory cues from the outside world, and such “biological clocks” clearly contribute to their “compass sense.” For example, they can use the position of the Sun or stars, along with the time of day , to find north. But compass sense alone cannot explain how birds navigate the ocean: after a flock traveling east is blown far south by a storm, it will assume the proper northeasterly course to compensate. Perhaps, some scientists thought, migrants determine their geographic position on Earth by celestial navigation, almost as human navigators use stars and planets, but this would demand of (demand of: v.要求) the animals a fantastic map sense. Researchers now know that some species have a magnetic sense, which might allow migrants to determine their geographic location by detecting variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.

17. The main idea of the passage is that

(A) migration over land requires a simpler explanation than migration over water does

(B) the means by which animals migrate over water are complex and only partly understood

(C) the ability of migrant animals to keep track of time is related to their magnetic sense

(D) knowledge of geographic location is essential to migrants with little or no compass sense

(E) explanations of how animals migrate tend to replace, rather than build on, one another

18. It can be inferred from the passage that if the flock of birds described in lines 8-12 were navigating by compass sense alone, they would, after the storm, fly

(A) east 

(B) north 

(C) northwest

(D) south 

(E) southeast

19.In maintaining that migrating animals would need "a fantastic map sense" (line 17) to determine their geographic position by celestial navigation, the author intends to express

(A) admiration for the ability of the migrants

(B) skepticism about celestial navigation as an explanation

(C) certainly that the phenomenon of migration will remain mysterious (D) interest in a new method of accounting for over-water migration

(E) surprise that animals apparently navigate in much the same way that human beings do

20. Of the following descriptions of migrating animals, which most strongly suggests that the animals are depending on magnetic cues to orient themselves?

(A) Pigeons can properly readjust their course even when flying long distances through exceedingly dense fogs.

(B) Bison are able to reach their destination by passing through a landscape that has been partially altered by a recent fire.

(C) Elephants are able to find grounds that some members of the herd have never seen before.

(D) Swallows are able to return to a given spot at the same time every year.

(E) Monarch butterflies coming from different parts of North America are able to arrive at the same location each winter.

(6)

In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. Although much has been accomplished for the modern period, premodern cultures have proved more difficult: sources are restricted in number, fragmentary, difficult to interpret, and often contradictory. Thus it is not particularly surprising that some earlier scholarship concerning such cultures has so far gone unchallenged. An example is Johann Bachofen's 1861 treatise on Amazons, women-ruled societies of questionable existence contemporary with ancient Greece. Starting from the premise that mythology and legend preserve at least a nucleus of historical fact, Bachofen argued that women were dominant in many ancient societies. His work was based on a comprehensive survey of references in the ancient sources to Amazonian and other societies with matrilineal customs-societies in which descent and property rights are traced through the female line. Some support for his theory can be found in evidence such as that drawn from Herodotus, the Greek” historian" of the fifth century B. C., who speaks of an Amazonian society, the Sauromatae, where the women hunted and fought in wars. A woman in this society was not allowed to marry until she had killed a person in battle. 

Nonetheless, this assumption that the first recorders of ancient myths have preserved facts is problematic. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact-real Amazonian societies-but rather to offer "moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as the equivalents of giants and centaurs, enemies to be slain by Greek heroes. Their customs were presented not as those of a respect-able society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices. 

Thus, I would argue, the purpose of accounts of the Amazons for their male Greek recorders was didactic, tot each both male and female Greeks t

hat all-female groups, formed by withdrawal from traditional society, are destructive and dangerous. Myths about the Amazons were used as arguments for the male-dominated status quo, in which groups composed exclusively of either sex were not permitted to segregate themselves permanently from society. Bachofen was thus misled in his reliance on myths for information about the status of women. The sources that will probably tell contemporary historians most about women in the ancient world are such social documents as grave-stones, wills, and marriage contracts. Studies of such documents have already begun to show how mistaken we are when we try to derive our picture of the ancient world exclusively from literary sources, especially myths. 

1.The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) compare competing new approaches to understanding the role of women in ancient societies.

(B) investigate the ramifications of Bachofen's theory about the dominance of women in ancient societies.

(C) explain the burgeoning interest among historians in determining the actual status of women in various societies.

(D) analyze the nature of Amazonian society and uncover similarities between it and the Greek world.

(E) criticize the value of ancient myths in determining the status of women in ancient societies .

22.All of the following are stated by the author as problems connected with the sources for knowledge of premodern cultures EXCEPT:

(A) partial completeness

(B) restricted accessibility

(C) difficulty of interpretation

(D) limited quantity(B)

(E) tendency toward contradiction

23.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the myths recorded by the ancient Greeks?

I.They sometimes included portrayals of women holding positions of power.

II.They sometimes contained elaborate explanations of inheritance customs.

III.They comprise almost all of the material available to historians about ancient Greece.

(A) I only

(B) III only

(C) I and III only

(D) II and III only(A)

(E) I, II, and III

24.Which of the following is presented in the passage as evidence supporting the author’s view of the ancient Greeks’ descriptions of the Amazons?

(A) The requirement that Sauromatae women kill in battle before marrying

(B) The failure of historians to verify that women were ever governors of ancient societies

(C) The classing of Amazons with giants and centaurs

(D) The well-established unreliability of Herodotus as a source of information about ancient societies(C)

(E) The recent discovery of ancient societies with matrilineal customs

25.It can be inferred from the passage that the probable reactions of many males in ancient Greece to the idea of a society ruled by women could best characterized as

(A) confused and dismayed

(B) wary and hostile

(C) cynical and disinterested

(D) curious but fearful(B)

(E) excited but anxious

26.The author suggests that the main reason for the persisting influence of Bachofen’s work is that

(A) feminists have shown little interest in ancient societies

(B) Bachofen’s knowledge of Amazonian culture is unparalleled

(C) reliable information about the ancient world is difficult to acquire

(D) ancient societies show the best evidence of women in positions of power(C)

(E) historians have been primarily interested in the modern period

27.The author’s attitude toward Bachofen’s treatise is best described as one of

(A) qualified approval

(B) profound ambivalence(C) studied neutrality

(D) pointed disagreement(D)

(E) unmitigated hostility

(7)

Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain's memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object's features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

17. The author is primarily concerned with

(A) explaining how the brain receives images

(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition

(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial- recognition hypothesis

(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it

(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity

18. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?

I. A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.

II. An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.

III. The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.

(A) II only 

(B) III only

(C) I and III only 

(D) II and III only

(E) I, II, and III

19. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process in visual recognition is

(A) not a neural activity

(B) not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time

(C) not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in some way

(D) only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary whole

(E) now fully understood as a combination of the serial and parallel processes

20. It terms of its tone and form, the passage can best be characterized as

(A) a biased exposition

(B) a speculative study

(C) a dispassionate presentation

(D) an indignant denial

(E) a dogmatic explanation

(8)

Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for ex- pounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.

Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.

Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, how- ever, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that th

e Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture, whether they try to conform to that culture of rebel against it.

Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits consider- able objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works- yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

21. The author of the passage objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it

(A) emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fiction

(B) misinterprets the ideological content of such fiction

(C) misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fiction

(D) substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction

(E) ignores the interplay between Black history and Black identity displayed in such fiction

22. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism

(B) comparing various critical approaches to a subject

(C) discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism

(D) summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism

(E) explaining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism

23. The author of the passage believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt

(A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction

(B) attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors

(C) explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history

(D) established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own unique literary tradition

(E) assessed the relative literaray merit of the novels he analyzes thematically

24. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as (A) pedantic and contentious

(B) critical but admiring

(C) ironic and deprecating

(D) argumentative but unfocused

(E) stilted and insincere

25. It can be inferred that the author of the passage would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the following 

(A) An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writes

(B) A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authors

(C) A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes

(D) An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black history

(E) A literary study that attempts to isolate aesthetic qualities unique to Black fiction

26. The author of the passage uses all of the following in the discussion of Rosenblatt's book EXCEPT

(A) rhetorical questions

(B) specific examples

(C) comparison and contrast

(D) definition of terms

(E) personal opinion

27. The author of the passage refers to James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man most probably in order to

(A) point out affinities between Rosenblatt's method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism

(B) clarify the point about expressionistic style made earlier in the passage

(C) qualify the assessment of Rosenblatt's book made in the first paragraph of the passage

(D) illustrate the affinities among Black novels disclosed by Rosenblatt's literary analysis

(E) give a specific example of one of the accomplishments of Rosenblatt's work

(9)

Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes. The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers. A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae. The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration. This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing. 

Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton),a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton)that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. Increasingly, as in the individual studie

s of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers. These environmental factors were amen-able to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory. Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics. The potential magnitude of grazing pres-sure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically. Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zoo-plankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers. The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques. 

Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions. In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate. These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring. Haney’s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population.

1. The author most likely mentions Hardy’s principle of animal exclusion in order to

(A) give an example of one theory about the interaction of grazers and phytoplankton 

(B) defend the first theory of algal defenses against grazing

(C) support the contention that phytoplankton numbers are controlled primarily by environmental factors

(D) demonstrate the superiority of laboratory studies of zooplankton feeding rates to other kinds of studies of such rates 

(E) refute researchers who believed that low numbers of phytoplankton indicated the grazing effect of low numbers of zooplankton

2. It can be inferred from the passage that the “first theories” of grazer control mentioned in line 4 would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to

(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions (B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research

(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton

(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers

(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control

3. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy’s principle of animal exclusion?

(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phyto

plankton repellents.

(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.

(C) Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.

(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.

(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors. 

4. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?

I. Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.

II. Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient poor lakes than in bog lakes.

III. Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.

(A) I only 

(B) III only 

(C) I and II only

(D) II and III only 

(E) I, II, and III 

5. The passage supplies information to indicate that Hargrave and Geen’s conclusion regarding the grazing pressure exerted by zooplankton on phytoplankton numbers was most similar to the conclusion regarding grazing pressure reached by which of the following researchers?

(A) Hardy 

(B) Lund 

(C) Round 

(D) Reynolds 

(E) Haney 

6. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to

(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton

(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers

(C) collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration

(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net 

(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton 

7. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?

(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species. 

(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory. 

(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the 

laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton. 

(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton. (E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.

8. Which of the following is a true statement about the zooplankton numbers and zooplankton grazing rates observed in Haney’s experiments?

(A) While zooplankton numbers began to decline in August, zooplankton grazing rates began to increase.

(B) Although zooplankton numbers were high in May, grazing rates did not become high until January.

(C) Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were higher in December than in November.

(D) Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were lower in March than in June.

(E) Both zooplankton numbers and grazing rates were highest in February.

(10)

The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic. Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea. Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order. This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres. When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists' outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art. Such were linear perspective and anatomy.

17. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor 

(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists' outlooks.

(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.

(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.

(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.

(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.

18. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions 

(A) Does Romantic art exhibit the triumph of intuition over intellect 

(B) Did an emphasis on linear perspective and anatomy dominate Romant

ic art 

(C) Are the intellectual and intuitive faculties harmoniously balanced in post-Romantic art 

(D) Are the effects of the rational control of artistic inspiration evident in the great works of pre-Romantic eras 

(E) Was the artistic craftsmanship displayed in Gothic cathedrals also an element in paintings of this period 

19. The passage implies that which of the following was a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers 

(A) Intellectual elements in art exert a necessary control over artistic inspiration.

(B) Architecture has never again reached the artistic greatness of the Gothic cathedrals.

(C) Aesthetic philosophy is determined by the technical necessities of art.

(D) Artistic craftsmanship is more important in architectural art than in pictorial art.

(E) Paintings lacked the intellectual element before the invention of linear perspective and anatomy

20. The author mentions "linear perspective and anatomy" in the last sentence in order to do which of the following 

(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture

(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce's theory of the origins of art

(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration

(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture

(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period

(11)

Whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were used for expressing abstract universal concepts can be clearly answered in the case of Nahuatl. Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds. By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.

The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.

17. A main purpose of the passage is to

(A) delineate the function of the tlamatinime in Nahuatl society

(B) explain the abstract philosophy of the Nahuatl thinkers

(C) argue against a theory of poetic expression by citing evidence about the Nahuatl

(D) explore the rich metaphorical heritage the Nahuatl received from 

the Toltecs

(E) describe some conceptual and aesthetic resources of the Nahuatl language

18. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Hahuatl by

(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances

(B) removing a word from its associations with other words

(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning

(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word

(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor

19. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage that

(A) there are many languages that, like Greek or German, allow extensive compounding 

(B) all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations

(C) some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exists (D) metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships

(E) the abstract terms of the Nahuatl language are habitually used in poetry

GRE写作电子教材

主讲:韦晓亮

欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材

Argument 部分

一.Argument的写作特点

二.Argument整体结构

第一段: 开头段。主要是归纳论点,说明论点有问题,存在逻辑漏洞,准备发起进攻。

第二段和第三段甚至第四段:分类别去攻击各个逻辑错误。

第五段: 结尾段。作者的结论似乎是合理的,但是通过论证,不是这样的。因此作者在做出决定之前,应该还要考虑其他情况。

三.如何写开头段?

例.重复结论+扼要重述论据+转折(总论)In this memo the vice president of Nature's Way CNW), a chain of stores selling health food and health-related products, recommends opening a store in Plamesville. To support this recommendation the vice president cites the following facts about Plainesville: (1) sales of exercise shoes and clothing are at all-time highs; (2) the local health club is more popular than ever; and (3) the city's schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness program. Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.

四.开头段的小宝式写法(C-E-F)

Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that. To substantiate (support) the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that. In addition, he indicates that. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.

五.如何写正文段

六.如何写结尾段

七.结尾段的具体写法

To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate its claim that, because the evidences cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.

八.各个逻辑错误的攻击方法和语言

1.Survey/Study:

(1)Procedure 

A. Selective sample 

B. Quantity of the sample 

Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge generally. The number of respondents/samples in itself does not ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only , then the results would no doubt suggest . Or if , (1200) would account for only a little percentage, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless. (2)Result of the survey

A. Do the statistics make any meaningfullness? 

B. Are the statistics misleadingly vague?

①攻击“无相对比值”The argument tells us that “many” (a number of ) . However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of , so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.

②攻击“无绝对数值”

The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of .

C. Respondents 

The respondents must be statistically significant in number and representative of the overall.

(3)Who conducted the survey?

The surveyor should be nonaligned / cross-becher.

(4)When was the survey conducted? 

A threshold problem is that the editorial neglects to indicate how recently he survey was actually conducted. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.

2.Sufficient Evidence and Necessary Condition 

(1)Sufficient Evidence

The argument assumes too hastily that will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps,. Moreover,.

The fact that A is not sufficient for the prediction that B .

(2)Necessary Condition

The editor’s recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B . However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including or , might just as likely be the cause of B . To be specific,. Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by can.

3.Cause and Effect Fallacies 

(1) Non sequitur 

The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that and the claim that. This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, results from.

(2) Post hoc, ergo proper hoc (after this, therefore because of this) Based on the fact that occurred after , the editor infers that should be responsible for . However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. I might have resulted from some other events instead: to just a few possibilities. Without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between and upon which editor’s the recommendation depends.

(3) Concurrence

The argument observes a correlation between A and B , then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B . For example, . Any of these factors might lead to B . Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.

(4) Confuse the cause and effect 

It is possible that the mayor has confused cause with effect respecting the recent developments in Ocean View. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the mayor has failed to account for this possibility, the claim that is completely unwarranted.

4.Changing Scope Fallacies 

(1)Different concepts 

A threshold problem involves the definition of A . The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B , then how C , is irrelevant to whether. In short, without a clear definition of A , it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.

(2)What is true for a member is also true for the group 

The argument resets on the assumption that 个体案例 typify nationwide 整体情况. If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that 在另一个地方,上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况 Thus, lacking more marketing information about nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo’s recommendation.

(3)Assuming that characteristics of a group apply to each group member 

One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide (characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about applies equally to 个体成员, Yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps ; or perhaps . Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that .

(4)Average

5.Incomplete Thought 

(1)Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly 

In addition, the author fails to consider the possible negative impacts brought about by .

(2)Profit

The author’ conclusion that is unwarranted. Profit is factor of not 

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