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北师大版语法

北师大英语

（Book 1 Grammar ）

GRAMMAR SUMMARY

1 PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Present Simple

Uses

We use the present Simple to talk about:

(1) activities that we repeat regularly(routines, habits).

He watches soap operas.

I study at a Teacher Training College.

(2) and states.

We have no money but we ?re happy.

I live in Budapest.

Form

In statements we add –s or –es to verbs in the third person singular(ending y changes to –ies: I

carry; He carries). In questions and negative sentences we use the auxiliary does or do.

You We They

Watch

Don ?t watch Soap operas. He She Watch

Doesn ?t watch

It Rains Doesn ?t rain

a lot in November.

Do I You We They

Watch soap operas?

Rain a lot in November?

Does He She it

We use time adverbials with the present Simple: always, usually, regularly, every morning,

often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, never.

Present Continuous

We use the Present Continuous to talk about:

(1) activities that are going on at the time of speaking.

Brian is sitting on his sofa and telling me about his perfect day. (now, at this moment)

Mum can ?t come to the phone because she ?s having a shower. (at this moment)

(2) activities that happen regularly but only for a limited period of time (temporary

routines/habits).

They ?re showing some good films at the moment. (during this period of time but not

necessarily at the time of speaking)

We ?re training every day this week to prepare for our next match.

Form

I ?m/am

?m/am not sitting on the sofa. He

She It ?s/is

?s not/isn?t

Working.

You

We They ?re/are

?re/not/aren?t

walking To school this week.

Am I sitting On the sofa?

Is He

She

Working?

Are You

they

Walking To school this week?

Time adverbials are used with the Present Continuous: just, now, at the moment, at present.

2 EXPRESSING FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS AND INTENTIONS

We use:

(1) be going to –to express an intention to do something.

I?m going to study medicine after school.

(2) Present Continuous-to talk about future events that we have already fixed or arranged.

I?m getting married in June.

My cousin from Australia is coming next week.

(3) Present Simple-to talk about official events or timetables which we cannot change.

The summer term begins on the 15th of February.

The train arrives at 6 p.m

3 PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

Past Simple

Use

We use the Past Simple to talk about finished actions or past situations and habits.

She climbed the stairs and went to her room.

He always phoned on Fridays.

Form

In the Past Simple we add-ed to the infinitive(ending y changes to –ied: I carried) or we use the past form of irregular verbs. In questions and negative sentences we use the infinitive and did or didn?t.

Did you see the match last night?

We didn?t like the play. It was too slow.

Past Continuous

Uses

We use the Past Continuous to talk about:

(1) activities that continued for some time in the past.

He was watching TV all evening.

I was trying to change the tyre on the car.

(2) activities that form a background for some events.

It was raining during the whole match.

She was waiting for her boyfriend when we met for the first time.

When the Past Continuous and the Past Simple appear in one sentence, the Past Continuous describes the background(setting the scene), and the Past Simple reports an event.

We were driving along a country lane when, suddenly, a car drove past us.

Form

The Past Continuous is formed in this way:

Subject+was/were+ -ing form of the verb.

The driver was sitting behind the wheel.

4 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

Uses

We use the Present Perfect to talk about:

(1) a result of something in the past that is still obvious.

Tottenham won their last match and they have now moved to the top of the league.

(2) activities in the past but we don?t know of are not interested in exactly when they happened.

We?ve played each other before. (it doesn?t matter exactly when they played each other)

She has already tidied her room. (at some time before now but we don?t know or care when) We can use the following time adverbials with the Present

Perfect: before, ever, never, already and yet (already in statements, and yet in question and negative sentences).

I haven?t been to Spain before. I?ve already had lunch.

Have you ever been abroad? Have you had lunch yet?

We?ve never met him. I haven?t had lunch yet.

Compare the sentences:

Venus and Serena have played each other before.(It?s important that in the past they played each other but it is not important when this happened-the Present Perfect.)

Venus and Serena played each other in June 1999. (We know precisely when this happened-the Past Simple.)

5 THE PASSIVE

We use the Passive in the following cases:

(1) We don?t know or don?t need to know who performed the action;

The streets were decorated with flowers.

(2) The “doer” is obvious;

Rice is grown in the south of China.

(3) The action itself is more important than “doer”; or we don?t want to tell who performed the action;

These beliefs were not encouraged by the church.

(4) In writing, especially in scientific and technical reports, and in newspaper articles, the Passive is more formal than the Active.

Each country was allowed to design their own Euro coins which could be used in any of the participating countries.

The International Space station is now being built in the earth?s orbit.

Form

Tense Form +Past Participle

Present Simple Am/is/are +Past Participle

Present Continuous Am/is/are being +Past Participle

Present Perfect Have/has been +Past Participle

Past Simple Was/were +Past Participle

Past Continuous Was/were being +Past Participle

6 have to/not have to, can/can’t should/shouldn’t

Uses

We use have to talk about people?s obligations.

You have to pass your test before you can drive.

We use don?t have to express lack of obligation.

We don?t have to wear uniforms at our school.

You don?t have to take me to the station, My brother?s taking me.

We use can to give or ask permission, or to say that something is possible.

You can go out after you have done your homework. (permission)

You can buy CDs at the market. (possible)

We use can?t to express prohibition or to say that something is not possible.

You can?t go out tonight. (prohibition)

You can?t make bread without flour. (not possible)

We use should to say that something is advisable.

You should visit your grandparents this weekend.

We use shouldn?t to say that something is not advisable.

You shouldn?t walk alone at night.

Form

We use the infinitive without …to? after can/can?t, have to/not have to and should/shouldn?t. MiNi—Grammar

1 PRESENT SIMPLE

Uses

We use the Present Simple tense:

1 to talk about activities that we repeat regularly (routines, habits):

Peter travels to exotic places every year.

She wears a pony tail.

2 to talk about permanent situations now:

She loves to get together with her friends.

We have a very good relationship with our parents.

3 to talk about general truths:

Snow melts at 0℃.

Famous people suffer from a lot of stress.

4 to talk about future official events or timetables which we cannot change:

Christmas falls on a Sunday next year.

The last film show begins at 10 p.m.

Form

In statements we add –s or –es in the third person singular(-y ending changes to -ies):

He puts on special equipment when he dives.

She hurries to work every morning.

·The –s ending can be pronounced in three ways:

/z/ after a voiced sound (vowels, b, d, g, m, n, v and y): goes, rains, shows, plays

/s/ after a voiceless sound (f, k, p, t): talks, shops, puts

/Iz/ after /s/ /z/ /ks/ : catches, kisses, puts.

·In questions, negative sentences and short answers we use does (for third person singular) or do (for other grammatical persons):

Does she travel a lot? No, she doesn?t.

We don?t like extreme sports.

Mary doesn?t understand why risk is exciting.

Present Simple and time adverbials

We often use the following time adverbials with the Present Simple:

Always, usually, regularly, every morning/night/evening/day/week, often, sometimes, occasionally, from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly ever, never.

·Always, usually, regularly, rarely, seldom, often, occasionally, hardly ever and never appear between the subject and the verb:

He regularly swims and plays tennis.

Some people never go on adventure holidays.

·Other adverbials usually appear at the end or at the beginning of the sentence:

I baby-sit for my sister once a week.

From time to time, I dream about becoming a polar explorer.

2 PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Uses

We use the Present Continuous:

1 to talk about activities that are going on at the time of speaking:

My agent is waiting for me, I have to go. (Now, at this moment.)

2 to talk about activities that happen regularly but for a limited period of time (Temporary routines or habits.):

We?re eating a lot of seafood here in Spain. (White we?re on holiday.)

I?m learning to drive.

3 to talk about future events that we have already fixed or arranged:

I?m leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.

(Arrangements have been made.)

We?re flying to Paris tomorrow. (We?ve got the tickets.)

Some verbs (called state verbs) are not usually used in a continuous tense (see State and activity verbs 10.1)

Form

We form the Present Continuous with a present form of be + …-ing:

I?m not studying very hard at the moment.

Peter is staying at a luxurious hotel by the sea.

Are they planning to spend their holidays in Corsica?

Rules for the spelling of –ing form

1 when the verb ends with a consonant + e(write, smile, come), we drop the final –e: writing, smiling, coming

2 when the verb ends with on vowel + one consonant (pub, run, sit), we double the final consonant: putting, running, sitting (except after –w and –x: knowing, fixing)

Present Continuous and time adverbials

We can use the following time adverbials with the Present Continuous:

Just, now, at the moment, at present:

Their positions in a sentence can be:

1 between be and the –ing form of the verb:

I?m just driving to work.

2 at the end of the sentence:

We?re having a meeting at the moment/now.

3 at the beginning of the sentence:

At present many scientists are looking for intelligent forms of life outside the Earth.

Verbs not used in the Continuous

Some verbs (called state verbs) are not usually used in a Continuous tense:

1 verbs knowing or not knowing about:

Believe, doubt, forget, imagine, know, remember, realise, suppose, understand

2 verbs about appearance:

Appear, resemble, seem

3 verbs about liking or not liking:

Hate, like, love, prefer

4 verbs about the senses:

Hear, see, smell, taste

5 verbs about what things are made of or where they come from:

Be, come from, contain, include

6 verbs about possession:

Belong to, need, own, possess, want, wish

3 PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Generally, we use the Present Simple to talk about things which are permanent or long-lasting, and we use the Present Continuous to talk about things which are temporary or limited in time.

Compare the sentences:

I read British newspapers. (I regularly do it.)

I?m reading a British newspaper. (I?m doing it at the moment.)

I enjoy parties. (I generally enjoy all parties.)

I?m enjoying the party. (This particular party is enjoyable.)

4 FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS AND INTENTIONS

Be going to + infinitive without to

We use be going to:

1 to make a prediction about a future event because of something we can observe now:

My sister is going to have a baby.

Look at the sky – it?s going to be nice and sunny.

2 to express an intention to do something:

The president is going to resign.

I?m never going to buy a mobile phone.

Present Continuous

We use the Present Continuous to talk about future events that we have fixed or arranged:

A lot of people are coming to our wedding. (The invitations have been sent.)

We are staying here until the end of the month. (The arrangements have been made.)

Present Simple

We use the Present Simple to talk about future official events or timetables which we cannot change:

The meeting begins at 9.00 tomorrow morning.

The plane arrives early in the evening.

5 PAST SIMPLE

Uses

We use the Past Simple to talk about:

1 finished actions in the past:

He discovered a desert island in the pacific.

Amundsen reached the Pole before Scott.

2 past situations, that are repeated or continuous, and past habits:

The safari was exciting but dangerous.

They always interviewed new employees on Fridays.

Form

In the Past Simple we add –ed (or –ied for verbs ending -y) to the infinitive of regular verbs or use the past form of irregular verbs:

It rained all day yesterday. (Regular verb.)

I bought some chocolates for my girlfriend.

(Irregular verb.)

·We say –ed in three different ways:

/d/ after voiced sounds /b/,/d/,/g/,/I/,/m/,/n/,/v/, : smiled, opened, loved and after words that end in –y: carry –carried, worry-worried.

/t/ after voiceless sounds /f/ /k/ /ks/ /p/ : cooked, escaped, laughed, watched

/Id/ after /t/ and /d/: landed, needed

·In questions and negative sentences we use the infinitive and did or dind?t:

Did you see the match last night?

We didn?t see the beginning because we were late.

Past Simple and time adverbials

We can use the following time adverbials with the Past Simple:

Yesterday, last month, last Monday, two days ago, three years ago

·Their positions in a sentence can be at the beginning or end:

Two days ago I fell off my bike and broke my arm.

I finally passed my driving test last week.

6 PAST CONTINUOUS

Uses

We use the Past Continuous to talk about:

1 activities that continued for some time in the past:

The robbers were waiting at the bus stop.

I was planning to go on a trip to Greece.

2 activities or situations that form a background for an event:

We were talking quietly at the bar when a fight broke out.

He was sleeping under a tree when the storm began.

When the Past Continuous and the Past Simple appear in one sentence, the Past Continuous describes the background (setting the scene), and the Past Simple reports an event: In the end, I was standing there in a state of shock when a policeman asked me for my name and address.

He was having breakfast when the crash was reported on TV.

Form

We form the Past Continuous with was/were+ -ing:

The trapeze artist was preparing her act.

Was the trapeze artist preparing her act?

The trapeze artist wasn?t preparing her act.

7 PRESENT PERFECT

Uses

We use the Present Perfect to talk about:

1 past events and activities with results or consequences in the present:

Her last book has been a great success. (She is a well-known person now.)

I?ve lost my keys. (I can?t open the door.)

2 a single or repeated action in the past, often with time adverbials such as often, sometimes, when we don?t know or are not interested in exactly when they happened:

I?ve walked across the Amazon jungle. (It doesn?t matter when exactly I did that.)

Have you ever eaten sweet potatoes? (Has this happened at all, no matter when?)

I have often dreamt about going to the South Pole.

3 things that started in the past and continue up till now, often with time adverbials such as always, since, for, all my life:

I?ve always loved travel. (I still like travel.)

How long have you been a travel writer?

Form

We form the Present Perfect with a present form of have + the third form of the verb:

He has had this cough for a long time.

Have you finished your homework?

Hasn?t he decided what to do?

They haven?t seen each other for ten years.

Present Perfect and time adverbials

We use the following time adverbials with this tense:

1 before, ever, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usually, just (the position is usually after has/have, and sometimes at the end of the sentence):

Have you ever thought about becoming an architect?

We?ve never heard the story of Rip Van Winkle before.

I have often tried to cook lamb, always with disastrous results.

2 already in statements, (usually after have), and yet in questions and negative sentences, (usually at the end of the sentence):

I?ve already repaired my bike.

Have you repaired your bike yet?

I haven?t repaired my bike yet.

3 for, since, all my life:

·for tells us about the period of time which the activity has taken:

I?ve lived in this town for ten years.

I haven?t seen him for ages.

·since tells us about a point in time when the activity began:

I?ve lived in this town since 1990.

We?ve known each other since we were at school.

8 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

When we use Present Perfect we want to make a connection between a past event and the present situation. The Present Perfect is often confused with the Past Simple.

Compare:

I broke my leg last year. (In the past. There?s no link between this past event and now.)

I?ve broken my leg. (It?s still broken now, and I can?t walk.)

I was in Kenya in 1990. (We know precisely when it was.)

I?ve been to Kenya. (I was there in the past, and it doesn?t matter when.)

When we use the Present Perfect we don?t know, or aren?t interested in exactly when the event happened.

When we talk about a definite time in the past, we always use the Past Simple (NOT the Present Perfect):

I went on a safari two years ago.

NOT I?ve been on a safari two years ago.

9 THE PASSIVE

Uses

We use The Passive when we don?t know, or there is no need to say, who is the `doer` of the action, or when the action itself is more important. Compare:

My neighbour?s son damaged my roses. (we focus on WHO damaged the roses)

My roses were damaged. (we focus on the ACTION of damaging the roses)

Leonardo da Vinci finished the Mona Lisa in 1506. (the interest is in Leonardo da Vinci)

The Mona Lisa was finished in 1506. (the interest is in the painting)

Form

Present Simple: am/is/are+third form of the verb:

During the Christmas period all the shops are decorated.

I?m sometimes called Pinky by my close friends.

Present Continuous: The case is being investigated.

Past Simple: was/were + third form of the verb:

My car was stolen yesterday.

Warsaw was completely destroyed during the war.

Present Perfect: The house has been cleaned.

10 MODAL VERBS

Can

We use can:

1 to give or ask permission:

You can go there if you like.

Can I leave?

We can also use be allowed to for permission:

I?m not allowed to come home after midnight.

2 to say that something is possible:

Winter in England can be quite warm.

3 to talk about ability:

I can ride a horse but I can?t drive.

We also use be able to to form other tenses for ability:

I was able to read when I was three.

I hope I?ll be able to speak English well.

We use could as a past form:

I couldn?t come yesterday.

I could swim when I was three years old.

We use can?t:

1 to express prohibition:

You can?t smoke on the plane.

2 to say that something is impossible:

Water can?t freeze in temperatures above 0℃.

3 to express lack of ability:

I can?t speak French.

Can?t and mustn?t

We use can?t and mustn?t to express prohibiton (see don?t have to 4.5):

You can?t/mustn?t touch this switch.

·We choose mustn?t when we talk about our own decisions, and we choose can?t to report decisions taken by other people:

You mustn?t leave the class during the test. (the teacher expresses his/her decision)

We can?t enter the museum without a ticket. (the museum authorities have made this rule and we?re reporting their decision)

Must and have to

We use must and have to to talk about lbligation:

I must find a job, my parents can?t support me any longer.

You have to visit the dentist regularly.

I can?t go out now, I have to look after my baby sister.

You must be ready when I come back.

·We use must when we talk about our own decisions and we use have to to report decisions taken by other people:

I must learn English regularly. (this is my own choice)

You must come back before 10 p.m. (it is a parent?s own decision)

We have to get up very early to be at school on time. (we have no choice because this is a rule)

I have to write two essays by Monday. (I have no choice because it is the teacher?s order)

·We can use have to for tenses and forms that are not possible with must:

I had to go to bed early last night.

I hate having to get up early.

Don?t have to, needn?t and mustn?t

We use don?t have to and don?t need to or needn?t to express lack of obligation. They are the opposites of must:

We needn?t study/don?t need to study very hard before this exam.

We don?t have to wear a uniform at our school.

·We prefer don?t need to/needn?t when the decision was made by the speaker himself/herself, and don?t/doesn?t have to when the speaker reports someone else?s decision:

We don?t need to be there on time – they always begin late.

You needn?t come before 9 o?clock.

He says we don?t have to come before 9 o?clock.

We don?t have to carry all of our books to school every day.

·We use mustn?t to express prohibiton

Should/ought to

We use should and ought to:

1 to express obligation:

Everyone should/ought to learn first aid.

You shouldn?t watch so much television.

2 to give advice:

You should buy her flowers and apologise.

You ought to buy a good dictionary.

·We prefer shouldn?t to oughtn?t to:

You shouldn?t use a dictionary for this exercise.

（Book 2 Grammar）

1 PREDICTIONS will and be going to

We use will + infinitive without to when our prediction is based on intuition, knowledge, experience.

I think we will be able to have holidays on the moon in twenty years? time.

We use may/might + infinitive without to when we are not sure if something will happen or not.

I may go out tonight, if I?m not too tired.

We use be going to + infinitive when our prediction is based on evidence or facts that we can observe now.

Look at those clouds. It?s going to rain.

2 FIRST CONDITIONAL

We use the First Conditional:

1 to talk about possible future events which depend on other future events:

If the rain stops, the match will begin.

If you go to the Science Museum, you will see a lot of interesting exhibitions.

If people don?t stop polluting the air, animals and plants will soon die.

·The pattern is:

If clause main clause

If + Present Simple, will/won?t + infinitive

Without to

·Other patterns are possible, especially using modal verbs:

If you have time, we can go for a walk this evening.

2 to give someone advice or an order, and to make a suggestion or a request:

If you feel sleepy, go to bed.

If she comes, phone me.

If you want an interesting day out, visit the Science Museum.

·The pattern then is :

If clause main clause

If + Present Simple, Imperative

3 SECOND CONDITIONAL

We use the Second Conditional:

1 to talk about imagined, impossible or unlikely events in the future:

If I became an MP, I?d fight for animal rights. (the event is unlikely, and the sentence is about the future )

If the sun stopped shining, plants would disappear.

2 to talk about impossible present situations:

If I lived closer to school, I wouldn?t have to get up so early. (the situation is impossible to fulfil now, and the sentence refers to the present)

If I had more time, I wouldn?t eat fast food.

·The pattern is :

If clause main clause

If + past, would/could/might + infinitive

Without to

4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (1): TIME AND CONSESSION

When we take a sudden decision, at the moment of speaking, we use will(…ll) + infinitive without to.

Don?t wash up. I?ll do it.

I think I?ll go for a walk. I have a headache.

We use the Present Simple (! Not will) after when, as soon as, after, before.

I?ll go and pick them up as soon as the class ends.

When you finish tidying up your room, we?ll have a cup of tea.

Adverbial clause of concession

Although and though can introduce an adverbial clause of concession.

Although/Though she doesn?t enjoy her job, she works hard.

Although/Though it is small, the room is very comfortable.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (2): CAUSE, RESULT AND PURPOSE

We can use the adverbial clauses as, since and because when we give causes of situations:

As I haven?t studied, I won?t pass this exam.

(situation: won?t pass; cause: didn?t study)

Since you don?t know any French, you won?t understand this film.

(situation: won?t understand; cause: don?t know French)

I went to the library because I was looking for a book about insects.

(situation: went to the library; cause: looking for a book)

We can use the adverbial clause so that when we give the purpose of actions.

He is studying hard so that he can become a doctor.

(action: studying hard; purpose: to become a doctor.)

We can use the adverbial clause so…that or such (a/an)+ noun that when we give the result of a situation.

It is so cold that the lake has frozen over.

(situation: cold; result: frozen lake)

She was in such a hurry that she forgot to turn off the light in the house.

(situation: in a hurry; result: forgot to turn off the light)

We use so instead of such when it is put before many/much/few/little.

Famous film stars earn so much money nowadays that they can choose who to work for.

She has so many clothes that sometimes she really doesn?t know which to wear.

There are so few problems left that I believe you can deal with them yourself.

I have so little knowledge of the project that I can?t pass on any information to you.

We can use so lovely a boy to replace such a lovely boy.

Paul remained silent for such a long time/so long a time that we were beginning to wonder if he had fallen asleep.

5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME, PLACE AND MOVEMENT

Time

After lunch,

At 10 o?clock, at midnight,

At lunchtime, at night,

At the moment,

Before Christmas,

During the break,

In 1999, in April, in the morning,

On Sunday, on 1st April

Place

Above the lake/below the clouds,

At home, at the bank, at the seaside,

Behind the tree,

Between the bank and the park,

In Baker Street, in the box, in the picture,

On the table, on the bus, on the first floor,

Under the bridge/over the table

Movement

Across the park,

Along the river,

Into the building,

To/from Warsaw

6 RELATIVE CLAUSES (1)

Relative clauses give information about people and things we have mentioned:

Students who want to go to this school

Sports which are dangerous

People(who/that)I know

Something(that) you can easily change

Relative clauses that identify exactly the person or thing we are talking about are called defining relative clauses:

I?ve found the book (that) you sent me from France last year.

The boy who has just entered the room is the best student in my class.

If we didn?t have the relative clause (the darker part of the sentence), we wouldn?t know which book, or which boy, the speaker is talking about.

·In these relative clauses we don?t use a comma in front of the relative pronoun.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

We use the following relative pronouns in relative clauses:

1 who (and sometimes that )to talk about people:

I don?t like people who throw litter.

Do you know the doctor who/that operated on my husband?

Whom is the object form of `who`, used especially in formal speeches or writings.

2 that to talk about animals:

There?s the cat that scratched me.

3 which/that to talk about things, places, etc:

They live in a house which/that was built a year ago.

I usually walk my dog in the park that is in the very centre of the town.

4 whose to talk about possession:

I?ve seen the man whose dog bit you.

·We can omit the relative pronoun which, who or that in relative clauses if it is not the subject of the relative clause, i.e. if the relative pronoun is not immediately followed by a verb: Amsterdam is the place which/that we like most.=Amsterdam is the place we like most. (the subject of the relative clause is we, not which)

The girl who you met in front of the cinema is Peter?s girlfriend. = The girl you met in front of the cinema is Peter?s girlfriend. (the subject of the relative clause is you, not who)

7 LANGUAGE PROBLEM-SOLVING (2)

a/an

We use a/an when it doesn?t matter which particular person or thing we are talking about; when we mention this person/thing as an example of a group/category; or when we mention something for the first time.

The teacher is talking to a student from my class.

We bought a new car. (one of many cars, it?s not important which one precisely)

I saw a girl walking down the street.

We use a before a consonant and an before a vowel or a vowel sound.

I went to see a film last night.

I went to an exhibition yesterday.

My uncle is an honest man.

The

We use the when the other person knows who/what we are talking about and can easily

identify this person or thing; with things that are unique.

The car is dirty. (the speaker knows that there can be no misunderstanding which car is dirty) What?s the capital of Turkey?

Expressions with or without articles.

In English there are a lot of expressions where the use of the article is difficult to explain, so you have to learn the phrase:

·no article: at home, at school, go to work, go to bed, have breakfast/lunch, in hospital

·expressions with the : at the station, to the cinema, play the piano, in the evening/morning ·expressions with a: have a bath/shower, have a rest, make a cake, have a drink

We don?t use the in front of names of countries (exceptions: the United States, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic) and towns, but we do use the in front of names of rivers, seas and mountain ranges (the Danube, the Thames, the Atlantic, the Alps, the Andes).

MINI-GRAMMAR

1 WILL AND BE GOING TO

Will + infinitive without to

Uses

We use will:

1 to make predictions based on opinions or beliefs:

He?ll make a good doctor. (this is my personal opinion)

I think Poland will become a rich country one day.

Who do you think will win the match?

2 to take a sudden decision at the moment of speaking (this can be making an offer or describing an intention):

All right, I?ll help you with the housework.

I think I won?t go to the party after all.

I think I?ll go for a walk-I have a slight headache.

3 to express intentions, promises and offers:

I?ll always be your friend.

She will bring back your bicycle tomorrow.

I promise I won?t be late.

4 to make a request or invitation:

Will you wait for me?

Will you come to my party on Saturday?

be going to + infinitive without to

Uses

We use be going to:

1 to make a prediction about a future event because of something we can notice now:

He?s going to fail the test. (we notice that he doesn?t study much)

Look at whose clouds; it?s going to rain.

2 to express an intention to do something:

I?m going to change my lifestyle completely.

I?m going to study medicine.

My parents are going to move to the country.

2 CONDITIONALS

Zero conditional

We use the Zero Conditional: to describe rules, and situations where one event always follows the other:

If you freeze water, it turns to ice.

If you are kind to others, they are kind to you.

If you eat a lot of chocolate, you put on weight.

In these sentences if =when.

·The pattern is:

If clause main clause

If + Present Simple, Present Simple

First Conditional

We use the First Conditional:

1 to talk about possible future events which depend on other future events:

If the rain stops, the match will begin.

If you go to the Science Museum, you will see a lot of interesting exhibitions.

If people don?t stop polluting the air, animals and plants will soon die.

·The pattern is:

If clause main clause

If + Present Simple, will/won?t + infinitive

Without to

·Other patterns are possible, especially using modal verbs:

If you have time, we can go for a walk this evening.

2 to give someone advice or an order, and to make a suggestion or a request:

If you feel sleepy, go to bed.

If she comes, phone me.

If you want an interesting day out, visit the Science Museum.

·The pattern then is:

If clause main clause

If + Present Simple, Imperative

Unless

In First and Zero Conditionals, we sometimes use the conjunction unless + Present Simple to talk about the present and the future:

He doesn?t wear a tie unless he has to = He doesn?t wear a tie if he doesn?t have to.

I?ll fail the exam unless they postpone it. = I will fail the exam if they don?t postpone it.

Unless + positive verb = IF + negative verb.

Second Conditional

We use the Second Conditional:

1 to talk about imagined, impossible or unlikely events in the future:

If I became an Mp, I?d fight for animal rights. (the event is unlikely, and the sentence is about the future)

If the sun stopped shining, plants would disappear.

2 to talk about impossible present situations:

If I lived closer to school, I wouldn?t have to get up so early. (the situation is impossible to fulfil now, and the sentence refers to the present)

If I had more time, I wouldn?t eat fast food.

·The pattern is:

If clause main clause

If + past, would/could/might + infinitive

Without to

3 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Time clause

Conjunctions when, while, as, as soon as, before, after, until, since, by the time, the moment, next time, …are used to introduce adverbial clauses of time.

I knew nothing about what had happened until you told me.

I waited until it stopped raining.

I became very nervous before I made the speech at the meeting.

It is two years since I came to join this company.

By the time he got to the cinema, the movie had already been on for 15 minutes.

Remember to bring the book with you next time you come.

You can?t easily go to sleep after you drink strong coffee.

He will turn on the engine as soon as the signal is given.

The phone rang just as he stepped out of the shower.

As you grow older, you become wiser.

While she was asleep, thieves broke in and stole her handbag.

He was surfing the Internet while his friends were playing video gamas.

It is hard to do something creative when you are too exhausted.

Note: We usually use `as` for two short actions that happen at the same time. As for two longer actions that happen at the same time, we use `while`.

4 PRORERSITIONS

Talking about time

Use at

With clock times: at one o?clock, at 6.30

With points of time in the day: at midnight, at noon, at dawn, at sunset

With holiday periods, meaning the few days around the holiday: at Easter, at Diwali

With weekend, in British English: See you at the weekend! At weekends we go out.

Use in

With parts or the day: in the morning, in the evening

I never watch TV in the daytime.

With months, seasons, years, centuries: in May, in summertime, in 2004, in the 21st century Use on

With dates and specific days: on 29th July, on Tuesday afternoons, on the last day of term with weekend, in American English: We sometimes go there on weekends.

Talking about position and place

Use at

With particular positions or places: at the end of the corridor, at the back of the room, at the corner of the street

To mean `next to` or `beside`: She sat at her desk. He stopped me at the door.

With words for buildings, for example airport, university, restaurant, art gallery: at the airport, at the Lyceum theatre

With city or place names, when you are talking about stopping during a journey: Does this train stop at Watford?!!BUT otherwise use in – see below

Use in

With a position or place, when something or someone is inside a larger thing such as a room: in the bath, in the kitchen, in the garden, in the doorway

With cities, counties, states, and countries: When will you arrive in Tokyo? He lives in Germany.

She?s working in California.

With the names of squares, plazas etc: in Times Square

Use on

With a position or place, when one thing is attached to or touching another: a spot on the end of her nose, a jacket on the back of a chair

With street names: on the High Street, on 42nd Street, on Broadway

By is used especially in passives, to say who or what does or causes something: She was hit by a truck.

A book written by Peter Carey

Use with or in after verbs which describe a state rather than an action: The room was lit with candles.

Her house is always filled with music. The books were covered in dust.

Use with to say what tool you use to do something: I got the stain out with this brush (NOT by this brush).

5 RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses give information about people and things we have mentioned:

Students who want to go to this school

Sports which are dangerous

People(who/that ) I know

Something (that) you can easily change

Relative clauses that identify exactly the person or thing we are talking about are called defining relative clauses:

I?ve found the book(that) you sent me from France last year.

The boy who has just entered the room is the best student in my class.

If we didn?t have the relative clause (the darker part of the sentence), we wouldn?t know which book, or which boy ,the speaker is talking about.

·In these relative clause we don?t use a comma in front of the relative pronoun.

Relative Pronouns

We use the following relative pronouns in relative clauses:

1 who (and sometimes that) to talk about people:

I don?t like people who throw litter.

Do you know the doctor who/that operated on my husband?

2 that to talk about animals:

There?s the cat that scratched me.

3 which/that to talk about things, places, etc:

They live in a house which/that was built a year ago.

I usually walk my dog in the park that is in the very centre of the town.

4 where to talk about positions and places:

This is the park where we met for the first time.

5 whose to talk about possession:

I?ve seen the man whose dog bit you.

·We can omit the relative pronoun which, who or that in relative clauses if it is not the subject of the relative clause, i.e. if the relative pronoun is not immediately followed by a verb: Amsterdam is the place which/that we like most.=Amsterdam is the place we like most.(the subject of the relative clause is we, not which)

The girl who you met in front of the cinema is Peter?s girl friend. = The girl you met in front of the cinema is Peter?s girl friend. (the subject of the relative clause is you, not who)

（Book 3 Grammar）

1 RELATIVE CLAUSES (Ⅱ)

Relative clauses with where, when and why

·Relative adverbs where and when can be used to give information about places and time.

This is the place where I lost my purse.

Marco Polo traveled in China, where there were inventions and developments at that time.

She still remembers the day when Bill first walked into her office.

I?ll never forget the day when I first met this great inventor.

·After the word reason, we can why in relative clauses.

Do you know the reason why he?s so angry with me?

Is there any reason why he is fired?

I really want to know the reason why you didn?t ask me for help.

Could you tell me the reason why you waste time going to the bank when you can do it all over the Internet?

Relative clauses with prepositions + which/whom

·Relative pronouns can be used as the objects of prepositions. Usually we use prepositions before which and whom, that is, prepositions + which/whom.

This is the book for which he is looking.

He is the teacher with whom I discussed my project.

·We choose prepositions either according to the noun or pronoun it defines or to the related verb in the clause.

The train on which I?m traveling is for Shanghai.

This is the professor from whom I?ve learned a lot.

She?s doing an important project about which I know little.

Have you seen the telescope with which I studied the skies?

·But, in everyday English, it is more usual to put the preposition at the end of the clause and to leave out the relative pronoun which, whom.

The train (which/that) I?m traveling on is for Shanghai.

This is the professor (whom/that) I?ve learned a lot from.

She?s doing an important project (which/that) I know little about.

Have you seen the telescope (which/that) I studied the skies with?

2 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

More and more

Our city is getting bigger and bigger.

He felt he began to see things more and more clearly.

Less/the least

Less and the least mean the opposite of more and the most and are also used with adjectives to compare.

The boy behaves less politely than his sister.

This picture is less attractive than the one I saw last week.

That was the least exciting football game I?ve ever watched.

This hotel is the least comfortable I?ve ever stayed.

The…the…

The less I worried, the better I worked.

It always seems like the more I earn, the more I spend.

The more you eat, the fatter you become.

The more intelligent students are, the more quickly they understand ideas.

Qualifying comparative adjectives

The following expressions in bold are used to say how much difference there is between two things.

This car is much more expensive than I?ve expected.

She has a lot more contact with clients these days.

北师大版高一英语语法(必修一-必修

北师大版高一英语语法（必修一-必修四）必修一一、一般现在时和现在进行时 1，一般现在时e:反复进行的，经常性的动作（惯例或习惯） Eg, He watches soap operas. 及状态I live in Beijing. 一般现在时常和下列时间状语连用：always, usually, from, time to time, twice a week, rarely,seldom, once a month, never. 2,现在进行时：说话时正在进行的动作（现在，此刻）一定时间段内经常进行的动作和现在进行时连用的时间状语有just, now, at the moment, at present. 二、一般将来时：将来的安排和打算 1、be going to表示打算要做的事情。 2、现在进行时表示已经确定或安排好事情。 Eg,I’m getting married in June. 3、一般现在是表示不可改变的官方活动或时间表 The summer term begins on the 15thofFebruary. 三、一般过去时和过去进行时 1,一般过去时：表示过去完成的动作或过去的情境和习惯。 Eg: She climb the stairs and went to her room.

用一般过去时要在规则动词词尾加-ed，或用不规则动词的过去式，一般过去式的疑问句和否定句用did和didn’t加动词原形。 2、过去进行时：过去某段时间正在进行的动作形成某些事件发生的情境动作。 Eg, It was raining during the whole match. 当过去进行时和一般过去时出现在同一个句子中时，过去进行时描述故事发生的背景，儿一般过去时则报道该事件。 Eg，We driving along a country lane when, suddenly a car drove past us. Form:过去进行时的结构是：主语+was /were +动词-ing形式。 Eg，The driver was sitting behind the wheel. 四、现在完成时和一般过去式，现在完成时表示发生在过去的事情对现在依然有明显的影响发生在过去的动作但是不知道动作发生的时间或对动作发生的确切时间不感兴趣。现在完成时经常和下列时间状语连用： Before, ever, never, already, and , yet.already用于肯定句，yet用于疑问句和否定句。 Venus and Serena have played each other before.(重要的事他们过去进行了比赛，但是何时比赛并不重要—现在完成时) Venus and Serena have played each other in June 1999.(我们知道此事发生的确切时间—一般过去时) 五、被动语态在下列情况下使用被动语态： 1、不知道耶不需要知道谁做的这件事。

完整版初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全初中英语语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. ：who, she, you, it . 主要用来代替名词。如)： 2、代词(pron.3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I'm Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

(完整版)人教版初中英语语法完整总结

1 . (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen 从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 to 、look at ( 感官动词)+（sb. ）+do sth. eg : I am/ feel confident of myspoken English. eg:I like watching monkeys jump. I feel that I can pass the test . 2 . （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样18. be + doing 表：1现在进行时2将来时 eg:the more the more 越来越多19 . be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够?? 3. a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）eg : She is able to sing .= She can sing. 4 . agree with sb赞成某人20. be able to do sth. 能够干什么 5 . all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样e g :she is able to sing . 6 . all over the world = the whole world 整个21. be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕??世界eg : I'm afraed to go out at night . 7. along with 同??一道，伴随??I'm afraid of dog. eg : I will go along with you. 我将和你一起去22. be allowed to do 被允许做什么 The students planted trees along with their eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允 8. as soon as 一怎么样就怎么样许看电视 9 . as you can see 你是知道的(正如你所见)23. be angry with sb 生某人的气 10 . ask for ??求助向?要?（直接接想要的东e g : Don't be angry with me. 西）24. be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 12. ask sb to do sth询问某人某事为什么而生某人的气 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事25. be as ?原级?as 和什么一样 13 . at the age of 在??岁时eg : She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高 eg ：I amsixteen. = I am at the age of sixteen . 26. be ashamed to 14. at the beginning of ????的起初；??27. be away from远离的开始28. be away from 从??离开 15. at the end of + 地点/+时间最后；尽头；末29. be bad for对什么有害尾eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eg : At the end of the day eyes. 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 16. at this time of year 在每年的这个时候30. be born 出生于 17. be /feel confident of sth /that clause + 31. be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事

北师大版高一英语单词表(含必修1、2)

Unit 1 单词 1.questionnaire 2.matter 3.partner 4.lifestyle 5.shepherd 6.peaceful 7.relaxing 8.stressful 9.suppose 10.series 11.cartoon https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8512700562.html,plain 13.couch 14.switch 15.play 16.BBC 17.portable 18.remote 19.workaholic 20.paperwork 21.alarm 22.urgent 23.personal 24.document 25.midnight 26.bored 27.stress 28.studio 29.expert 30.suffer 31.pressure 32.social 33.reduce https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8512700562.html,anize 35.diet 36.stand 37.prefer 38.volunteer 39.graduate 40.minus 41.basin 1.问卷,调查表 2.要紧,有重大关系 3.搭档,合作者 4.生活方式 5.牧羊人 6.和平的;平静的 7.轻松的,放松的 8.充满压力的,紧张的 9.认为,猜想 10.连续,系列,丛书 11.卡通片,动画片 12.抱怨,投诉 13.长沙发,睡椅 14.转换,转变 15.戏剧,短剧 16.英国广播公司 17.轻便的,手提(式)的 18.遥远的 19.工作第一的人 20.日常文书工作 21.警报,警告器 22.急迫的,紧急的 23.私人的,个人的 24.公文,文件 25.午夜,半夜 26.厌烦的,不感兴趣的 27.压力 28.工作室,演播室 29.专家 30.感到疼痛,遭受(痛苦) 31.压力 32.爱交际的,社交的 33.减少,降低 34.组织 35.饮食,节食 36.忍耐,忍受 37.更喜欢;宁愿 38.志愿者 39.毕业 40.负,零下 41.水盆,脸盆

北师大版高中英语目录和语法总结(最新整理)

北师大版高中英语目录

上课进度：高一上学期：必修一、必修二高一下学期：必修三、必修四高二上学期：必修五、选修六高三下学期：选修七、选修八

“” “” At the end, Xiao Bian gives you a passage. Minand once said, "people who learn to learn are very happy people.". In every wonderful life, learning is an eternal theme. As a professional clerical and teaching position, I understand the importance of continuous learning, "life is diligent, nothing can be gained", only continuous learning can achieve better self. Only by constantly learning and mastering the latest relevant knowledge, can employees from all walks of life keep up with the pace of enterprise development and innovate to meet the needs of the market. This document is also edited by my studio professionals, there may be errors in the document, if there are errors, please correct, thank you!

初中英语语法大全(必备)

英语语法大全： 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do （例如:I like watching monkeys jump） 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同····一道，伴随······（例如: I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树） 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）（例如: ask you for my book ） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时（例如：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾（例如: At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信（例如: I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v.原) = can (+ v.原）能够……（例如: She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么（例如:she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……（例如: I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么（例如: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视、I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气（例如: Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样（例如: She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to感到羞愧 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害（例如: Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于

人教版初中英语语法完整总结

人教版初中英语语法完整总结集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#

1 .(see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+（sb.）+do sth. eg:I like watching monkeys jump. 2 .（比较级 and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样eg:the more the more 越来越多 3. a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 .agree with sb 赞成某人 5 .all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 .all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7. along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you.我将和你一起去 The students planted trees along with their teachers. 学生同老师们一起种树 8. as soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 .as you can see 你是知道的(正如你所见) 10 .ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 12. ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 .at the age of 在……岁时 eg：I am sixteen. = I am at the age of sixteen . 14.at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始15. at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17. be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English. I feel that I can pass the test . 18. be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 .be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… eg : She is able to sing .= She can sing. 20. be able to do sth. 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing . 21. be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night . I'm afraid of dog. 22. be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV. 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV. 我应该被允许看电视 23. be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don't be angry with me. 24. be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25.be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me. 她和我一样高 ashamed to away from 远离

(完整word版)北师大版高中英语单词

必修一Learning to learn Questionnaire问卷，调查表 Matter要紧，有重大关系 Partner合作者，搭档 Unit 1 Warm up Lifestyle生活方式 *shepherdxx Peaceful平静的，和平的 Relaxing轻松的，放松的 Stressful充满压力的，紧张的Suppose认为，猜想 Lesson 1 *series系列节目；系列 TV series电视连续剧 Cartoon卡通片，动画片 Talk show谈话节目，现场访谈 *complain抱怨；投诉 *couchxx发，睡椅 Couch potato终日懒散在家的人

Switch转换，转变 Switch on把开关打开，接通Switch over转换频道，转变Switch off把关掉，关上 BBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporation 英语广播公司 Portable轻便的，手提（式）的Remote遥远的 Remote control遥控 *workaholic工作狂 Paperwork日常文书工作 Alarm警报，警告器 Alarm clock闹钟 Go off（xx，爆竹等）响 Take up占据 Be filled with充满着 Urgent急迫的，紧急的Document公文，文件 Midnight午夜，半夜 Bored厌烦的，不感兴趣的Lesson 2

Stress压力 Studio演播室，工作室Expert专家Suffer遭受（痛苦），感到疼痛Suffer from忍受，遭受 Pressure压力 Social社交的，社会的 Reduce减少，降低 Organize组织 Diet饮食，节食 Prefer更喜欢，宁愿 Stand忍耐，忍受 Lesson 3 Volunteer志愿者 Graduate毕业 Minus零下，负 Basin脸盆 Challenge挑战 Support支持，支撑 Dial拨（电话号码） Design设计 Advertisement广告

北师大版高中英语必修二第6讲：Unit5 Rhythm-语法篇(学生版)

Unit 5 Rhythm 语法篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 1、状语从句（I）—时间和让步 2、状语从句（II）—原因，结果和目的在复合句中修饰主句或主句中的某一部分作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句通常由从属连词或起连词作用的词组引导。状语从句根据它表达的意思不同，可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步九类。一，时间状语从句：主要由when, whenever, after, before, as, (ever)since, as soon as, (not) until, while, immediately, the moment等连词引导。 1.when, while, as（当…时）的用法区别 ①当主句谓语动词表示短暂动作，从句中的谓语动词有持续性特征时，这三者可以互换。例：I got the news on the radio when/while as/ I was having breakfast. ②当主，从句的谓语动词都表示非持续性动作，而且两个动作几乎同时发生时，不用while, 可用when和as。例：I met as/when I was getting off the bus. ③当从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前，只能用when引导从句，不可用as或while。例：When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. ④当主句谓语动词是be doing/be about to do/had done时只能用when, when在此时相当于and at that moment就在那时。例：They were watching the World Cup when suddenly the lights went out. ⑤当主、从句的动作同时发生时，或表示对比关系，用while。例：She thought I was talking about her daughter, while in fact, I was talking about my daughter. ⑥as表示“随着”

2019-2020学年北师大版高中英语必修三单元整合训练(一)【含答案】

单元整合训练(一) [语言知识再落实] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．I'll make arrangements(arrange) for you to be met at the airport. 2．I was terrified(terrify) out of my mind，giving my first public performance. 3．It didn't take much persuasion(persuade) to get her to tell us the truth. 4．From time to time his sharp cough broke the rather frightening (frighten) stillness. 5．In the light of recent discoveries (discover)，it may be necessary to revise our previous theory. 6．He glanced at the envelope and recognised (recognition) his uncle's handwriting. 7．Of those wounded in the battle，only three survived(survival)，and now they all have passed away. 8．The journey along this route is very attractive (attract) for its picturesque scenery. 9．Yesterday Michael apologised(apologise) to his boss for being late. 10．It is reported that twenty-five thousand deaths per year are caused by air pollution(pollute)． Ⅱ.完成句子 1．Can you arrange for us to visit the Industrial Exhibition tomorrow morning? 你能不能安排我们明天上午参观工业展览会？ 2．I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me. 我最后终于成功地说服她跟我一起出去喝一杯。 3．People are banned from smoking in many public places in England. 在英国，许多公共场所禁止吸烟。 4．Some strange customs have survived from earlier times. 有些奇怪的风俗从古代沿袭下来。 5．Beautiful flowers in the streets of Beijing attracted many people's attention．

北师大版高中英语单词表

北师大版高中英语单词表北师大版高中英语模块一单词表（English）Unit 1Unit 2Unit 3 Unit1 Learning to learn questionnaire 问卷，调查表；matter要紧，有重大关系；partner搭挡,合作者； Warm-up lifestyle生活方式；shepherd牧羊人； peaceful和平的；平静的；relaxing轻松的，放松的；stressful轻松的，放松的；suppose认为，猜想 ----------------------- Lesson 1 series连续；系列，丛书TV series电视连续剧cartoon卡通片,动画片talk show谈话节目，现场访谈complain抱怨,投诉couch睡椅,长沙发 couch potato终日懒散在家的人switch转换,转变 switch on把开关打开,接通switch off把关掉,关上switch over转换频道,转变play戏剧,短剧 BBC英国广播公司portable轻便的,手提(式)的remote遥远的remote control workaholic工作第一的人,专心工作的人 paperwork日常文书工作alarm警报,警告器 alarm clock闹钟(爆竹,铃等)响 go off

take up占据be filled with充满着urgent急迫的,紧急的personal私人的,个人的document公文,文件midnight午夜,半夜 bored厌烦的,不感兴趣的 ----------------------- Lesson 2 stress压力studio工作室,演播室expert专家suffer感到疼痛,遭受(痛苦) suffer from 忍受, 遭受pressure压力 social爱交际的;社交的reduce减少降低organize组织diet饮食,节食 stand忍耐，忍受prefer更喜欢,宁愿 ----------------------- Lesson 3 volunteer志愿者graduate毕业 minus负，零下basin水盆,脸盆challenge挑战support&支持;支撑 dial拨(电话号码) design&设计advertisement广告presentation表演，展示solve解答,解决 ----------------------- Lesson 4 accountant会计,会计师tube（英）地铁crowded拥挤的nearby附近的；在附近

(word完整版)北师大版高一英语必修一语法填空.docx

单句语法填空 Unit 1 1.Can you come up ______ a better idea of solving this problem? 2.I’ve decided to switch _____ from the bus to the underground because it is more dependable. 3.I overslept this morning because my alarm clock did not go _______. 4.Tom is working in the factory _______ the moment. 5.She wrote _______ fun for many years before starting to write seriously for a living. 6.There are many students in the park ________ Saturday nights. 7.The plan received strong support _______ farmers. 8.I hope to find a good job in a foreign company after I graduate _______ college. 9.He would rather change his job than work _______ that boss. 10.That big armchair should be taken away because it takes ________ too much space in the small room. 11.It is love that makes the world _______(peace). 12.Several blue boxes under the window were ______(fill) with records. 13.I look forward to _______(see) you again soon. 14.The ideas in the show ’s _______(present) were good, but they didn ’tcome true. 15.The train was very ________(crowed), and we had to stand. Unit 2 1.So long as you make the effort and do you best, the rest of us will help pull _______. 2.The dog was panting because ________ the hot weather. 3.The people united to fight _______ the flood. 4.What subject did you major _______ at university. 5.______ more and more trees cut down, many animals are dying out. 6.He is such a lazy man ________ nobody wants to work with him. 7.It is the third time that he _____(win) first prize in the match. 8.Noise is unpleasant, ________(especial) when you are trying to sleep. 9.He prefers ______(stay) indoors to ______(go) out his afternoon. 10.Film has a much shorter history, especially when _______(compare) to such art forms as music and painting. 11.He died ______(peace) on December 10 th after a short illness. 12.The police used unnecessary ________(violent) against the crowd. 13.There were a lot of _______ (injury) and deaths in that accident. 14._______(personal), I think he is a very good man. But you may not agree. 15.We all know that learning without thinking is _______(use). Unit 3 membership right 1. If you want to be a member of the club, you should apply _______ the now.

(完整版)初中英语语法

初中英语语法：情态动词讲解及练习情态动词讲解及练习（Modal Verbs） * 情态动词也可称为“情态助动词（Modal Auxiliaries）”，因为它和基本助动词（be,do, have）都属于助动词类。* 情态动词和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。* 常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, shall, should,will, would，must,这九大情态动词；其他的还有ought to, need, dare等。一、九大情态动词的时态关系： 1. 现在式 can -- 过去式 could 2. 现在式 may -- 过去式 might 3. 现在式 shall -- 过去式 should 4. 现在式 will -- 过去式 would 5. 现在式 must -- 过去式 must （常用had to来代替）二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测” （1）can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”： 1. He can't be at home. 他不可能在家。（否定句） 2. Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗? （将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句） 3. Anybody can make mistake. 任何人都可能犯错误。（只表示理论上的可能性）（2）may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”： 1. It may rain tomorrow. （表示可能会发生）明天可能会下雨。 2. It may snow later this afternoon. （表示预测）今天下午可能会下雪。 3. You might be right. （表示有可能）你可能是对的。（3）will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”： 1. I think he will be all right now. 我想他现在一定好了。（will be 表示一定会） 2. That would be his mother. 那肯定是他母亲。（would be 表示肯定是） 3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.

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