英诗的欣赏
英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。
一、诗的格律
“格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”或“?”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“?”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式：
1. 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass，
So deep / in luve / am I ：
And I / will luve / thee still，/ my dear，Till a` / the seas / gang dry：
Robert Burns（1759-1796）：My Luve Is like a Red，Red Rose
注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：?－／?－／?－／（?－）
2.扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－?／－?／－?／－
Tyger！/ Tyger！/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake：The Tyger
3. 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot：每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格??－／??－／??－
Like a child / from the womb，
Like a ghost / from the tomb，
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot：每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－??／－??
?Touch her not / ?scornfully，
?Think of her / ?mournfully.
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。
1）联韵：aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air，
It fell to earth，I knew not where；
For，so swiftly it flew，the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow：The Arrow and the Song
2）交叉韵：abab型。
Sunset and evening star，
And one clear call for me！
And may there be no moaning of the bar，
When I put out to sea，
Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）：Crossing the Bar
3）同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用／i：p／为韵脚。
The woods are lovely，dark and deep，
But I have promises to keep，
And miles to go before I sleep，
And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost （1874-1963）：Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew，the white foam flew，
The furrow followed free，
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
T.S. Coleridge：Rime of the Acient Mariner
3.内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring，the sweet spring，is the year‘s pleasant king；
Then blooms each thing，then maids dance in a ring，
Cold dath not sting，the pretty birds do sing：
Cuckoo，jug-jug，pu-we，to-witta-woo！
Thomas Nashe（1567-1601）：Spring，the Sweet Spring
三、诗的体式
有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有：
1. 十四行诗（Sonnet），源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba，abba，cdcdcd（cdecde）。前八行提问，后六行回答。
后来，怀亚特（ThomasWyatt，1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行，前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser，1552-1599）用韵脚abab，bcbc，cdcd，ee.莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare，1564-1616）用韵脚abab，cdcd，dfdf，gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。
2. 打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有
幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1）There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger；
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside，
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
2）A tutor who taught on the flute
Tried to teach two tooters to toot，
“Is it harder to toot，or
Said the two to the tutor，
To tutor two tooters to toot？“
3. 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale ，and shout again，
Responsive to his call，- with quivering peals，
And long halloos，and screams，and echoes loud.
Redoubled and redoubled：concourse wild
Of jocund din！…
William Wordsworth：There Was a Boy
4. 自由诗（FreeVerse）：现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的>（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。
四、诗的评判
对一首诗，个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅，语言精炼，联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻，一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗，只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体，接近口语，可谓大胆创新，大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1. That Time of Year
That time of year thou may‘st in me behold
When yellow leaves，or none，or few，do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold，
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang，
In me thou see‘st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west，
When by and by black night doth take away，
Death‘s second self，that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see‘st the glowing of such fire，
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.
As the deathbed whereon it must expire，
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This you perceivest，which makes thy love more strong，
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
Notes：may‘st：may behold：see late：no long ago thou：you see’st：see
fadeth：fades doth：does seals up all at rest：彻底埋葬
thy：your perceivest：perceive ere long：before long
此诗是莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564-1616）的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠，他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
此诗为五音步抑扬格，每个诗行格律为：?－／?－／?－／?－／?－／。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行：通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零，曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛，联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方，被黑夜吞没；自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息，被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs（歌坛），deathbed（灵床）使用暗喻手法，同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行：点题，人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
2. The Daffodils
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o‘er vales and hills，
When all at once I saw a crowd，
A host of golden daffodils；
Beside the lake，beneath the trees，
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way，
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay：
Ten thousand saw I at a glance，
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced；but they
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee：
A poet could not but be gay，
In such a jocund company：
I gazed - and gazed - but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought：
For oft，when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood，
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude；
Ans then my heart with pleasure fills，
And dances with the daffodils.
Notes： a crowd， a host of：many sprightly：happy glee：joy
jocund：happy bliss：complete happiness pensive：sadly thoughtful
华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth，1770-1850），十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（浪漫主义）之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花（1282年，威尔士归顺英格兰，被封公国），在英国广泛栽种，春季开花，花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌，这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
全诗语言精炼，通俗易懂，四音步抑扬格，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第二节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态；第三节，诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常；第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让
他心中充满了欢乐，随着水仙跳起舞来。
3. Song of Myself
I celebrate myself，and sing myself，
And what I assume you shall assume，
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
I loafe and invite my soul，
I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
My tongue，every atom of my blood，form‘d from this soil，this air，
Born ere of parents born here from parents the same，and their parents the same，
I，now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin，
Hoping to cease not till death.
Creeds and schools in abeyance，
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are，but never forgotten.
I harbor for good or bad，I permit to speak at every hazard.
Nature without check with original energy.
Notes： a spear of：a piece of school：学说，流派hazard：chance
abeyance：the condition of not being in use for a certain time
惠特曼（Walt Whitman，1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。
文中I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
从上看出，诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及，关键要抓住诗中的意象，了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同，但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。
英语诗歌欣赏
1.一首诗（a poem）往往包含有若干诗节（stanze），每节又分为若干行（line 或verse），每个诗行由若干音步（foot）组成，音步则是由一定数目的重读音节（arsis或ictus）和非重读音节（thesis）按照一定规律排列而成。音步的排列方式构成英诗的格律（meter 或measure）。
2.依照每一音步中重读音节（扬）和非重读音节（抑）的排列方式，可以把音步分成不同种类，即格律。
常见的英语诗歌格律有四种。
a)抑扬格（Iambus; the Iambic Foot）：一个音步由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
b)扬抑格（Trochee; the Trochaic Foot）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成。
c)扬抑抑格（Dactyl）：一个音步由一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节构成。
d)抑抑扬格（Anapaest; the Anapaestic Foot）：一个音步由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成。
不常见的几种格律：
e)抑扬抑格（Amphibrach; the Amphibrachy Foot）：一个音步由三个音节组成，其中第一、三个音节为非重读音节，第二个音节为重读音节。
f)扬扬格（Spondee）：一个音步由两个重读音节构成。
g)抑抑格（Pyrrhic）：一个音步由两个非重读音节构成。
3.音步也有完整和不完整之分。诗行中每个音步的格律都相同，则为完整音步（actalectic foot）；如果诗行最末一个音步缺少一个音节，则为不完整音步（cactalectic）。
4.诗的各行音步数目不定，诗行按音步数量分为以下几种：
一音步（monometer）、二音步（dimeter）、三音步（trimeter）、四音步（tetrameter）、五音步（pentameter）、六音步（hexameter）、七音步（heptameter）、八音步（octameter）
超过八音步的诗行在英语诗歌中较为少见。
5.音步的数目与格律结合起来，又可进一步细分为许多小类，如抑扬格一音步（iambic monometer），扬抑格一音步（trochaic monometer），抑抑扬格三音步（anapaestictrimeter），扬抑格四音步（trochaic tetrameter），抑扬格五音步（iambic pentameter），扬抑格六音步（trochaic hexameter）等。
从音步数目上看，三音步、四音步和五音步最为常见，尤其是抑扬格五抑，如十四行诗体（sonnet）、英雄双行体（heroic couplet）、素体诗或无韵诗（blank verse）等均以抑扬格五音步的诗行写成。
（摘自罗良功《英诗概论》，武汉大学出版社，2002）
如何欣赏英文诗歌
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。欣赏英文诗歌和学习英语语言，是相辅相成的。在欣赏英文诗歌时，我们可以从诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判等方面来考虑。
一、节奏(Rhythm)
声音反映、服务、深化意义的原理不仅特指语音范畴，同样适用于格律变化，即节奏。诗歌除了音韵美，还有节奏美。“诗人取得音乐美的方式有二：借助于字音的选择与安排；借助于重音的安排。”前者是指通过拟声选择与意义相联系的、对应的元音与辅音；后者即诗人通过对格律的掌握，来控制思维流动的速度与进程，从而追求与意境相吻合的节奏美。
英诗的节奏是有规律性的。在英诗中，重读音节(stressed syllable)和非重读音节(unstressed syllable)按规律交替出现。重读音节和它相邻的非重读音节构成一个音步(foot)音步的交替出现，产生跌宕起伏，曲折绵延的艺术效果和美感。一个双音节以上的词有重读音节（可标记为－）和非重读音节（可标记为︶）。在句子中，不同的单词也有重轻读之分。一般来说，实义词通常重读。它包括名词，部份代词尤其是疑问代词和指示代词，形容词、数词、副词和动词。虚词通常非重读。它包括助动词、大多数的代词、连接词、冠词和前置词。分析英诗格律的第一步就是将每一诗行划分成音步，这种方法称为(scansion)。如:
I wan/dered lone/ly as/ a cloud (William Wordsworth)
这个诗行就可划分成4个音步。每行诗所包含的音步各异。含有一个音步的称为“单音步”(monometer);含有二个音步的称为“双音步”（diameter）含有三个音步的称为“三音步"（trimeter）;四音步称为(tetrameter);五音步称为(pentameter );六音步称为(hexameter);七音步称为(heptameter)及八音步(octometer )。由于一个音步中重读音节所处的位置不同，音步有不同的类型。传统英诗的音步有七种类型。
1. 抑扬格（Iambus）：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass，
So deep / in luve / am I ：
And I / will luve / thee still，/ my dear，
Till a` / the seas / gang dry：
Robert Burns（1759-1796）：My Luve Is like a Red，Red Rose[4]
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：︶－／︶－／︶－／（）－）
2.扬抑格（Trochee）：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－︶／－︶／－︶／－
Tyger！/ Tyger！/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night (William Blake：The Tyger)
3. 抑抑扬格（Anapaestic foot）：每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格︶︶－／︶︶－／︶︶－
Like a child / from the womb，
Like a ghost / from the tomb，
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 扬抑抑格（Dactylic foot）：每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－︶︶／－︶︶
ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully，
ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully. ( Thomas Hood )
5. 抑扬抑格（Amphibrach）：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格︶－︶／︶－︶／︶－︶下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.
⒍扬扬格(Spondee):由两个重读音节构成，（ˊˊ）如;retell
其目的主要是为了强调或突出。这种类型在诗歌中较少出现，
I, saw thee weep—the big bright tear came o'er that eye of blue. (Byron)
这行诗主要以抑扬格为主。在第六，第七音节发生变格，为扬扬格。
⒎抑抑格(pyrrhic ):由两个非重读音节构成。这种类型较为罕见。
ˊOne for the/ ˊmaster, and/ˊone for the/ˊdame.
下面让我们通过对弗罗斯特的一首短诗的拟声和押韵的分析，来说明诗人是如何借助语音这一外在形式来达到语音象征以及语音增补意义的：
The Span of Life
The old dog barks backward without getting up
I can remember when he was a pup.
一生
老犬回头虚吠两声，都不想站起
我还记得它小时侯的活动
这首诗是抑抑扬格，每行有四个音节，双行押脚韵。诗歌对比了一条老狗的衰老与幼小时的活跃诗人本身选用三个音节的格律，本是快速的格律，但在第一行中却以很不一般的方式阻碍了格律的速度。在第二个音部上使用了扬扬扬格，并且还紧跟在第一个音部的重音节后面，造成了四个重音节排在一起的局面，并且所有的重音都是以辅音开始和结尾，这样读者读起来势必会感到很困难，因为口型在发出下一个音节时必须改变。其结果是这行诗不得不十分缓慢地前进，甚至于丢失了节奏，很不上口。真的，这行凋敝的诗正如那条老狗，它在欢迎主人时只空吠了两声，连头也不转回，躺着不动。但我们在读第二行时，却感到惊人的对比。其格律是正规的抑抑扬格。这里包含的辅音都很光华而柔和，其节奏很轻快、正规，每个音节都落在元音或辅音中的流音上。这样，这两行诗的进程都与字句所含的视觉意象相一致。还有一点，诗人在第一行诗里用back 的首韵来加强前面的象声词bark，这声音突出了听觉形象，就象回声一样。如果说这一首两个诗行的诗具有强大的表现力，其主要原因就是声与意的美妙结合。
二、押韵（Rhyme）
英语诗歌的押韵可以根据单词的内音素重复的部位不同而分成不同种类,最常见的有头韵(Alliteration) 、谐元韵(Assonance) 、腹韵（Consonance）、尾韵( End Rhyme)。
⒈头韵(alliteration) 是英语语音修辞中很重要的一部分,也是英诗中常见的以音表意的手法之一，是指词首或重音节的第一个辅音字母相同。作为一种语音修辞格,头韵不仅能增强语言的节奏性、生动性，体现一种韵律美和音乐美，还能起到渲染气氛，烘托感情，加强语言表现力等效果。
⑴. I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,
Among my skimming swallows;
I make the netted sunbeam dance
Against my sandy shallows. (Alfred Tennyson)
这是英国诗人丁尼生的诗《小溪》(The Brook)中的一节，这首诗仅第一行就用了两对头韵“slip, slide”和“gloom, glance”来描写小溪(诗中的“我”)的一连串动作:“我滑动，我流淌，我暗淡，我闪光，”该诗还大量地运用鼻辅音（如/m/、/n/和/ /共出现13次)送气音(如/s/和/z/共出现11次)和流音(如/Ι/共出现6次)，有效地烘托出小溪的静谧与安宁。第一行中的两对头韵及其清脆柔和的音节与小溪的轻快流淌、潺潺远去构成了巧妙的吻合。软辅音的交替出现，头韵的使用与ABAB式的韵脚形式相配合，使这节诗具有极强的乐感和令人耳目一新的音韵美。
⑵. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
这是英国诗人柯尔律治的名诗《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)中的一节,/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动地写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。诗人把音韵和意境巧妙地结合起来的高超技艺精妙绝伦，令人在阅读时产生无限的联想。使读者似乎感到清风拂面，看到渔船破浪前进，听到紧随船尾的波浪的声音。在上面前三行诗中，押头韵的/f/重复了7次，/f/这个摩擦送气的清辅音，模仿柔风轻涛的声响,创造了一种宁静的意境；最后两个/s/音，宛如和风吹过沉寂海面发出的咝咝声。另外blew 和flew, first 和burst，free 和sea 等分别押尾韵, 造成诗行悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。
⒉谐元韵(Assonance)指两个或两个以上词的重读元音音素相同，而末尾的辅音音素则不同。如
Make ready, make ready, my merry men
ourgucle ship sails the morn’-
Now ever dark, my master dear
I fear a deadly storm' (Sir Walter Scott)
在第二、四行末，morn，和storm是押or的腹韵。
⒊辅韵(Consonance)是指辅音重复（尤指位于词尾的），但前面无相同或相似的元音。同头韵一样，辅韵亦是英文诗歌中常用的一种文学手法(literary technique)，试看下面的一段，体会辅韵在诗歌中的运用：
And the afternoon, the evenings, sleeps so peacefully!
Smoothed by long fingers,
Asleep…tired…or it malingers,
Stretched on the floor, here you and me.
(T.S Eliot: The Love Song of J.AlfredPrufrok)
诗中柔和的辅音/s/和/l/在不同单词的不同部位多次重复,有机地配合了内容,并创造了一种宁静、松弛、昏昏欲睡的音响气氛。
⒋英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法( Rhyming Scheme ) 。常见的有两行转韵(AABB) 、
隔行交互押韵(ABAB)、隔行押韵(ABCB) 、交错押韵(ABBA)和同韵（AAAA）。
尾韵(End Rhyme)是最重要的,也称韵脚,指的是词尾音素重复。在诗行的末尾押韵。尾韵又有不同的表现形式。
⑴联韵：AABB型。
I shot an arrow into the air，
It fell to earth，I knew not where；
For，so swiftly it flew，the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow：The Arrow and the Song)
⑵交叉韵: ABAB型。
Sunset and evening star，
And one clear call for me！
And may there be no moaning of the bar，
When I put out to sea，( Alfred Tennyson：Crossing the Bar)
⑶隔行压韵: ABCB型。这种形式在英语歌谣（Ballad）中经常见到。
O, my luve’s like a red, red rose.
That’s newly sprung in June;
O, my luve’s like a melodie
That’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns: A Red, Red Rose)
⑷交错压韵：ABBA型。
Eternal Spirit of the chainless Mind!
Brightest in dungeons, Liberty! thou art:
For there thy habitation is the heart-
The heart which love of thee alone can bind; ( G.G.Byron: Sonnet on Chillon)
⑸同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用／i：p ／为韵脚。
The woods are lovely，dark and deep，
But I have promises to keep，
And miles to go before I sleep，
And miles to go before I sleep. (Robert Frost：Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening) 三、诗的体式（Form）
正如汉语的律诗、绝句，日语的俳句各有其固定严格的格律，英语的诗歌也有它特定的体式，主要表现在诗的韵脚、行数、音节数以及内容的排布上。有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头--例外的恐怕文学史上只有美国诗人e.e.cummings一人）；有的诗则不分节。英文诗体多受意大利、法国等外国作家所创作的诗体的影响，种类繁多，各有其相对固定的格式。这里选取有代表性的加以介绍。
1.英雄双韵体（Heroic Couplet）
英国诗歌之父乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)在其著作《坎特伯雷故事集》( The Canterbury Tales)中采取的诗体形式。诗行以五步抑扬格为基本节奏，每两行压韵，铿锵有力，被称为“英雄双韵体”。从乔叟后，它取代了古英语中的头韵，为后来的诗人所沿用。
2. 十四行诗（Sonnet）
源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba，abba，cdcdcd /cdecde。
前八行提问，后六行回答。后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt，1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行，前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser，1552-1599）用韵脚abab，bcbc，cdcd，ee.莎士比亚（William Shakespeare，1564-1616）用韵脚abab，cdcd，dfdf，gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。
3. 打油诗（Limericks）
通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
4. 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。
5. 自由诗（Free Verse）
现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的Leaves of Grass中，就采用此格式。6．八行体（octave）
英国伟大诗人拜伦所作叙事诗巨著《唐璜》，则是用意大利八行体作成的，王佐良在序里作了这样的说明：
……拜伦的另一胜利，在于他为他那夹叙夹议的风格，找到了合适的诗体，即意大利八行体（ottavarima）。
这八行体，经过意大利诗人普尔其、勃尼等人的运用，有一个显著的优点，即能够适应口语风格，在高明的诗人笔下更能做到庄谐并陈，伸缩自如，而同时它又有格律，有脚韵，保持了诗的形式和特色。八行体在结构上有一个特点，即前六行隔行押韵，等到最后一变，来了互相押韵的两行。拜伦利用了这个结构特点，一般以前六行作叙述或引论，而大力经营这最后两行……总之，无论写人，写事，写景，写气氛，无论讲大道理或私房话，谈人生或书本，模仿别人口吻或用独特的拜伦声音说话，正面阐扬或用倒笔一笔勾销，拜伦都做得异常出色。他把这适应口语风格的八行体运用到了空前纯熟、灵活、又空前锐利的程度。
英语诗歌欣赏
1. Nothing gold can stay by Robert Frost Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf, So Eden sank to grief. So dawn goes down to day, Nothing gold can stay. 参照: 简简吟白居易 苏家小女名简简，芙蓉花腮柳叶眼。十一把镜学点妆，十二抽针能绣裳。十三行坐事调品，不肯迷头白地藏。玲珑云髻生花样，飘飖风袖蔷薇香。殊姿异态不可状，忽忽转动如有光。二月繁霜杀桃李，明年欲嫁今年死。丈人阿母勿悲啼，此女不是凡夫妻。恐是天仙谪人世，只合人间十三岁。大都好物不坚牢，彩云易散琉璃脆。 2. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 3. The farthest distance in the world By Tagore [t?'g?:] The farthest distance in the world is not between life and death but when I stand in front of you yet you don't know that I love you The farthest distance in the world is not when I stand in front of you yet you can't see my love but when undoubtedly knowing the love from both yet cannot be together The farthest distance in the world is not being apart while being in love but when plainly can not resist the yearning yet pretending you have never been in my heart
英语诗歌欣赏(英国)
How do I love thee? 我是怎样地爱你 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? 我是怎样地爱你？ Let me count the ways. 让我逐一细述。 I love thee to the depth and breadth and height 我爱你之深邃，之宽广，之高远 My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight 尽我的灵魂所能及之处—犹如探求 For the ends of being and ideal grace. 玄冥中神的存在和美好之极。 I love thee to the level of every day’s 我爱你如每日之必需， Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. 阳光下和烛焰前都少不了。 I love thee freely, as men strive for right. 我自由地爱着你，像人们争取他们的权利； I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. 我纯洁地爱着你，如人们在赞美前会垂首。 I love thee with the passion put to use 我爱你，带着我昔日悲伤时的 In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith. 那种激情，童年时的那种诚意； I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
我爱你，抵得上往日对圣者怀有的 With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, 如今似已消逝的那种爱-我用呼吸， Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, 用微笑，用眼泪，用我整个生命来爱你！ Sonnets from the Portuguese_ No. X 不过只要是爱，是爱，可就是美， Yet, love, mere love, is beautiful indeed 就值得你接受。你知道，爱就是火， And worthy of acceptation. Fire is bright, 火总是光明的，不问着火的是庙堂 Let temple burn, or flax. And equal light 或者柴堆－－那栋梁还是荆榛在烧， Leaps in the flame from cedar-plank or weed. 火焰里总跳得出同样的光辉。当我 And love is fire. And when I say at need 不由得倾吐出：“我爱你！”在你的眼里， _I love thee ... mark! ... _I love thee_ -- in thy sight 那荣耀的瞬息，我忽然成了一尊金身， I stand transfigured, glorified aright, 感觉到有一道新吐的皓光从我天庭 With conscience of the new rays that proceed 投向你脸上。是爱，就无所谓卑下， Out of my face toward thine. There's nothing low 即使是最微贱的在爱：那微贱的生命 In love, when love the lowest: meanest creatures
英语诗歌赏析：Whatever You Say, Say Nothing
英语诗歌赏析：Whatever You Say, Say Nothing "Religion's never mentioned here", of course. "You know them by their eyes," and hold your tongue. "One side's as bad as the other," never worse. Christ, it's near time that some small leak was sprung In the great dykes the Dutchman made To dam the dangerous tide that followed Seamus. Yet for all this art and sedentary trade I am incapable. The famous Northern reticence, the tight gag of place And times： yes, yes. Of the "wee six" I sing Where to be saved you only must save face And whatever you say, you say nothing. Smoke-signals are loud-mouthed compared with us： Manoeuvrings to find out name and school, Subtle discrimination by addresses With hardly an exception to the rule That Norman, Ken and Sidney signalled Prod And Seamus (call me Sean) was sure-fire Pape. O land of password, handgrip, wink and nod,
英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)
The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry is poetry Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language. “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” “Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.”Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. Poetry is the image of man and nature. ~ “诗言志，歌咏言。” ---《虞书》 “诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。” ---《诗·大序》 “诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。” ---艾青：《诗论》 Sound System of English Poetry a. The prosodic features Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language. Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed. Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables. eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright — In the /forest /of the/ night, What im/mortal /hand or /eye Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try ---W. Blake Length: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect. eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. ---Thomas Gray Long vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting. Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry.
英文诗歌短篇励志经典-英语诗歌经典100篇
英文诗歌短篇励志经典|英语诗歌经典100篇 咖啡苦，回味无穷;伤痛苦，心里铭记;磨难苦，励志人心;感情苦，更显真心;生活苦，倍加珍惜。苦，让我们感谢生活;苦，让我们看到真心：虽苦犹甜。小编精心收集了短篇励志经典英文诗歌，供大家欣赏学习! 短篇励志经典英文诗歌篇1 ON CHANGES Irene Dunlap Change is the only absolute in the world, the only thing that you can depend on. Nothing stays the same. Tomorrow will come, bringing with it new beginnings and sometimes unexpected endings. You can hold on to the past and get left in the dust; or, you can choose to jump on the ride of life and live a new adventure with perseverance and an open mind. 论变化 艾琳·邓莱普陈采霞译 变化是世界上 惟一绝对的东西， 是惟一 你能相信的事情。 没有什么能一成不变， 明天将来临， 它会带来 新的开始，并且有时 还会带来意想不到的结局。 你可以抓住过去， 蒙受遗弃; 或者，你可以选择 跃上生命之车 进行一次新的冒险， 凭借坚持不懈 和广阔的胸怀。短篇励志经典英文诗歌篇2 THE VALUE OF TIME Katharine Sun
适合朗诵的英文诗歌欣赏
适合朗诵的英文诗歌欣赏 【篇一】适合朗诵的英文诗歌欣赏 The Passionate Shepherd To His Love by Christopher Marlowe 牧羊恋歌克里斯托夫·马洛 Come live with me and be my love, 来与我同住吧，做我的爱人， And we will all the pleasures prove, 我们将共享一切欢乐; That Valleys, groves, hills, and fields, 来自河谷、树丛、山岳、田野， Woods, or steepy mountain yields. 来自森林或陡峭的峻岭。 And we will sit upon the Rocks, 我们将坐在岩石上， Seeing the Shepherds feed their flocks, 看牧人们放羊。 By shallow Rivers to whose falls 浅浅的小河流向瀑布， Melodious birds sing Madrigals. 小鸟唱着甜美的情歌。
And I will make thee beds of Roses 我将为你用玫瑰作床， And a thousand fragrant posies, 还有上千支花束， A cap of flowers, and a kirtle 一顶鲜花编的花冠，一条长裙Embroidered all with leaves of Myrtle;绣满桃金娘的绿叶。 A gown made of the finest wool 用最细的羊毛织一条长袍， Which from our pretty Lambs we pull;羊毛剪自我们最可爱的羊羔， Fair lined slippers for the cold, 一双漂亮的衬绒软鞋为你御寒， With buckles of the purest gold; 上面有纯金的带扣。 A belt of straw and Ivy buds, 麦草和长春藤花蕾编的腰带， With Coral clasps and Amber studs： 珊瑚作钩，琥珀作扣， And if these pleasures may thee move,
中英文诗歌鉴赏
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英语诗歌以其独特的文体形式充分调动、发挥语言的各种潜能，使之具有特殊的感染力。读来隽永，富有音韵美。下面是是由带来的关于经典英文诗歌，欢迎阅读! 【篇一】关于经典英文诗歌赏析 I Started Early - Took My Dog Emily Dickinson (1830-86) I started Early - Took my Dog And visited the Sea The Mermaids in the Basement Came out to look at me And Frigates - in the Upper Floor Extended Hempen Hands Presuming Me to be a Mouse Aground - upon the Sands But no Man moved Me - till the Tide Went past my simple Shoe And past my Apron - and my Belt And past my Bodice - too And made as He would eat me up As wholly as a Dew Upon a Dandelion's Sleeve And then - I started - too And He - He followed - close behind I felt His Silver Heel Upon my Ankle - Then my Shoes
Would overflow with Pearl Until We met the Solid Town No One He seemed to know And bowing - with a Mighty look At me - The Sea withdrew 【篇二】关于经典英文诗歌赏析 The Wild Swans At Coole William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) The trees are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October twilight the water Mirror a still sky; Upon the brimming water among the stones Are nine-and-fifty swans. The nineteenth autumn has come upon me Since I first made my count; I saw, before I had well finished, All suddenly mount And scatter wheeling in great broken rings Upon their clamorous wings. I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my heart is sore. All's changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore,
经典英语小诗4首
1.A Grain of Sand ——by William Blake To see a world in a grain of sand And a heaven in a wild flower Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour 2.Seize the day Gather the rose-buds while you may Old time is still a-flying And this same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying. 3.Dreams Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow 4.The furthest distance in the world
The furthest distance in the world Is not between life and death But when I stand in front of you Yet you don't know that I love you The furthest distance in the world Is not when I stand in front of you Yet you can't see my love But when undoubtedly knowing the love from both Yet cannot be together The furthest distance in the world Is not being apart while being in love But when painly can not resist the yearning Yet prending you have never been in my heart The furthest distance in world Is not but using one's different heart To dig an uncrossable river For the one who loves you
十二篇经典英文诗歌赏析
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精选最新经典英文诗歌欣赏集锦
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Teaching Plan for Poetry Appreciation Class < A Perfect Day > Wuxi NO.3 Senior School Grade Two By Wu Yan
A Perfect Day When you come to the end of a perfect day, And you sit alone with your thought, While the bells ring out with a carol gay, For the joy that the day has brought Do you think what the end of a perfect day Can mean to a tired heart, When the sun goes down with a flaming ray, And the dear friends have to part? Well, this is the end of a perfect day, Near the end a journey too; But it leaves a thought that is big and strong, with a wish that is kind and true. For memory has painted this perfect day, With colors that never fade, And we find at the end of a perfect day, The soul of a friend we’ve made
经典英文诗歌欣赏集锦
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初中英语诗歌_初中经典英语诗歌欣赏
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Was as merry，一样的美妙 That a cherry 那里的樱桃 Was as red，一样的鲜红 That lead 那里的铅 Was as weighty，一样的沉重 That fourscore 那里的八十 Was as eighty，同样也是八十 That a door 那里的门 Was as wooden As in England--和英格兰一样，也是木制的So he stood in his shoes 因此，他着鞋而立And he wonder'd;大感惊奇 He stood in his shoes 他着鞋而立 And he wonder'd.大感惊奇
初中经典英语诗歌：My Heart Leaps Up My heart leaps up when I behold, 当天边彩虹映入眼帘， A rainbow in the sky： 我心为之雀跃; So was it when my life began; 初生时即如此， So is it now I am a man; 我现在仍不变， So be it when I shall grow old, 将来也会如此， Or let me die! 否则我宁愿死去! The Child is father of the Man; 儿童是成人之父;
泰戈尔经典英语诗歌
泰戈尔经典英语诗歌:当时光已逝 When Day Is Done 当时光已逝 If the day is done , 假如时光已逝， If birds sing no more . 鸟儿不再歌唱， If the wind has fiagged tired , 风儿也吹倦了， Then draw the veil of darkness thick upon me , 那就用黑暗的厚幕把我盖上， Even as thou hast wrapt the earth with The coverlet of sleep and tenderly closed , 如同黄昏时节你用睡眠的衾被裹住大地， The petals of the drooping lotus at dusk. 又轻轻合上睡莲的花瓣。 From the traverer, 路途未完，行囊已空, Whose sack of provisions is empty before the voyage is ended , 衣裳破裂污损，人已精疲力竭。 Whose garment is torn and dust-laden , 你驱散了旅客的羞愧和困窘， Whose strength is exhausted,remove shame and poverty ,
使他在你仁慈的夜幕下， And renew his life like a flower under 如花朵般焕发生机。 The cover of thy kindly night . 在你慈爱的夜幕下苏醒。 I am not yours, not lost in you, Not lost, although I long to be Lost as a candle lit at noon, Lost as a snowflake in the sea. 我不属于你，也没有沉迷于你， 没有，尽管我是如此希冀 像正午的蜡烛融化， 像雪花融汇在大海里。 You love me, and I find you still A spirit beautiful and bright, Yet I am I, who long to be Lost as a light is lost in light.
经典英语诗歌-Aerialist
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