2012东南大学英语考博阅读理解

2012东南大学考博英语真题阅读理解

TEXT B

Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travelers scratching their heads over what s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travelers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, One world and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travelers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, One world and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years.

But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground （rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew）and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft.

So alliances are terrific for airlines-but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP（frequent flyer program）benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's the promise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: "Global travelers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.

Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing

services and running joint marketing programs. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "I don't see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline."

Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.

The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveler you are.

Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you re a Marco Polo Club "gold" member of Cathay Pacific s Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of One world, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you've never flown with them before.

For those who haven't made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline's Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25,000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways.

If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare.

The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things to all people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them.

19. Which is the be st word to describe air travelers’ reaction to airline alliances?

A) Delight.

B) Indifference. C) Objection.

D) Puzzlement.

20. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit

______.

A) North American airlines and their domestic travelers

B) North American airlines and their foreign counterparts

C) Asian airlines and their foreign travelers

D) Asian airlines and their domestic travelers

21. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances?

A) Baggage allowance.

B) Passenger comfort.

C) Convenience.

D) Quality.

22. One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be

more expensive as a result of ______.

A) less convenience

B) higher operation costs

C) less competition

D) more joint marketing

23. According to the passage, which of the following categories of travelers will

gain most from airline alliances?

A) Travelers who fly frequently economy class.

B) Travelers who fly frequently business class.

C) Travelers who fly occasionally during holidays.

D) Travelers who fly economy class once in a while.

TEXT B

短文大意：本文主要论述的是航空公司联合的利与弊。

19. 答案：D

【参考译文】下面哪一项最能描述乘客对航空联合的看法？

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】短文第一段开头提到航空联合时说：“Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their heads o ver what’s going on in the skies.”这表明乘客非常疑惑，因为他们不知道航空公司到底发生了什么事。由此可直接选D“迷惑的”。

20. 答案：B

【参考译文】根据文章内容，谁是联合同盟成立后的主要受益者？

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】文章第二段表明，北美航空公司和亚洲航空公司都想向海外发展，如果联合就可以达到资源共享，以降低成本，提高利润。故选项B为正确答案。

21. 答案：A

【参考译文】下列哪一项不是航空联合所带来的益处？

【试题分析】本题为细节题，可用排除法解答。

【详细解答】文中第三段讲到，航空公司认为联合对乘客绝对有好处。实现全球服务网络，乘客不用再等上几个小时或担心自己的行李，休息室增大，提高了质量。因此可排除选项B，C和D。这里只有选项A“行李的最高限额(将增大)”没有提到，故为正确答案。

22. 答案：C

【参考译文】反对者预见联合的不利处可能是航空旅行更加昂贵，原因是什么？

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】短文第五段第二句说“Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight.”由此可见，联合将最终导致票价上涨，因为联合的两个公司将共享路线，载满乘客，而不是互相竞争，装载70％的乘客。故答案选C 23. 答案：B

【参考译文】根据文章内容，下列哪一类旅客将从航空联合中受益最多？

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】文章倒数第四段说，已在一个大航空公司获得FFP的顶级席位的人将受益最多。FFP指frequent flyer programme类的人。而能取得顶级席位的应该是坐商业舱的人，而不是坐经济舱的人。故选项B为正确答案。

TEXT D

How is communication actually achieved? It depends, of course, either on a common language or on known conventions, or at least on the beginnings of these. If the common language and the conventions exist, the contributor, for example, the creative artist, the performer, or the reporter, tries to use them as well as he can. But often, especially with original artists and thinkers, the problem is in one way that of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at leas t of developing the language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing his precise meaning.

In literature, in music, in the visual arts, in the sciences, in social thinking, in philosophy, this kind of development has o ccurred again and again. It often takes a long time to get through, and for many people it will remain difficult. But we need never think that it is impossible; creative energy is much more powerful than we sometimes suppose. While a man is engaged in this struggle to say new things in new ways, he is usually more than ever concentrated on the actual work, and not on its possible audience. Many ar tists and scientists share this fundamental unconcern about the ways in which th eir work will be received. They may be glad if it is understood and appreciated, hurt if it is not, but while the work is being done there can be no argument. T he thing has to come out as the man himself sees it.

In this sense it is true that it is the duty of society to create condition s in which such men can live. For whatever the value of any individual contribut ion, the general body of work is of immense value to everyone. But of course thi ngs are not so formal, in reality. There is not society on the one hand and thes e individuals on the other. In ordinary living, and in his work, the contributor shares in the life of his society,

which often affects him both in minor ways a nd in ways sometimes so deep that he is not even aware of them. His ability to m ake his work public depends on the actual communication system: the language its elf, or certain visual or musical or scientific conventions, and the institution s through which the communication will be passed. The effect of these on his act ual work can be almost infinitely variable. For it is not only a communication s ystem outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communication syste m which is in fact part of himself. Many contributors make active use of this ki nd of internal communication system. It is to themselves, in a way, that they fi rst show their conceptions, play their music, present their arguments. Not only as a way of getting these clear, in the process of almost endless testing that a ctive composition involves. But also, whether consciously or not, as a way of pu tting the experience into a communicable form. If one mind has grasped it, then it may be open to other minds.

In this deep sense, the society is in some ways already present in the act of composition. This is always very difficult to understand, but often, when we have the advantage of looking back at a period, we can see, even if we cannot e xplain, how this was so. We can see how much even highly original individuals ha d in common, in their actual work, and in what is called their “structure of fe e ling”, with other individual workers of the time, and with the society of that t ime to which they belonged. The historian is also continually struck by the fact that men of this kind felt isolated at the very time when in reality they were beginning to get through. This can also be noticed in our own time, when some of the most deeply influential men feel isolated and even rejected. The society an d the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.

27. Creative artists and thinkers achieve communication by ___.

A. depending on shared conventions

B. fashioning their own conventions

C. adjusting their personal feelings

D. elaborating a common language

28. A common characteristic of artists and scientists involved in creativ e work is

that ___.

A. they cave about the possible reaction to their work

B. public response is one of the primary conceits

C. they are keenly aware of public interest in their work

D. they are indifferent toward response to their work

29. According to the passage, which of the following statements is INCORR ECT?

A. Individual contributions combined possess great significance to the publ ic.

B. Good contributors don’t neglect the use of internal communication syste m.

C. Everyone except those original people comes under the influence of socie ty.

D. Knowing how to communicate is universal among human beings.

30. It is implied at the end of the passage that highly original individu als feel isolated because they ___.

A. fail to acknowledge and use an acceptable form of communication

B. actually differ from other individuals in the same period

C. have little in common with the society of the time

D. refuse to admit parallels between themselves and the society

TEXT D

短文大意：本文论述的是科学家和艺术家们如何表达思想，进行社会交流的。

27.答案：B

【参考译文】富有创造力的艺术家与思想家是如何进行交流的？

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】短文第一段第三句指出，富有创造力的艺术家与思想家是“…in one way tha t of creating a language, or creating a convention, or at least of developing th e language and conventions to the point where they are capable of bearing his pr ecise meaning.”选项B与此意一致，故为正确答案。

28.答案：D

【参考译文】从事创造性工作的艺术家和科学家们共同的特征是什么？

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】短文第一段最后几句说“Many artists and scientists share this fundamen tal unconcern about the ways in which their work will be received. They may be g lad if it is understood and appreciated, hurt if it is not, but while the work i s being done there can be no argument.”由此可知，他们只看重作品本身，而不在意人们对他们创作的反应，故答案选D。

29.答案：C

【参考译文】根据该短文，下列哪一种说法是不正确的？

【试题分析】本题为排除题。

【详细解答】从短文第二段中可找出选项A、B和D的意思。由“For it is not only a commun ication system outside him; it is also, however original he may be, a communicat ion system which is in fact part of himself. ”可知，无论任何人在创作过程中都必将会受到社会的影响，故答案选C。

30.答案：A

【参考译文】文章结尾处暗示了那些具有创造力的人们感到孤独，其原因是他们怎样？

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】短文最后一句话“The society and the communication are there, but it is difficult to recognize them, difficult to be sure.”这里是说，他们其实与当时的社会以及同时代其他人之间都存在着许多共同点，但他们自己不承认。因此他们感到孤独的真正原因是没有找到合适的表达方式。故答案选A。

Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they a re to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by commenting on its tininess, its unimportance , the difficulty of its language, the general small-mindedness and self-indulgen ce of their countrymen and the high taxes. No Dane would look you in the eye and say, “Denmark is a great country.” You’re supposed to figure this out for yo urself.

It is the land of the silk safety net, where almost half the national budg et goes toward smoothing out life’s inequalities, and there is plenty of money f or schools, day care, retraining programmes, job seminars-Danes love seminars: t hree days at a study centre hearing about waste management is almost as good as a ski trip. It is a culture bombarded by English, in advertising, pop music, the Internet, and despite all the English that Danish absorbs—there is no Danish Academy to defend against it —old dialects persist in Jutland that can barel y be understood by Copenhageners. It is the land where, as the saying goes,“ Fe w have too much and fewer have too little, ”and a foreigner is struck by the swe e t egalitarianism that prevails, where the lowliest clerk gives you a level gaze, where Sir and Madame have disappeared from common usage, even Mr. and Mrs. It’ s a nation of recyclers—about 55 % of Danish garbage gets made into something new— and no nuclear power plants. I t’s a nation of tireless planner. Trains run on time. Things operate well in general. Such a nation of overachievers — a brochure from the Ministry of Busines s and Industry says, “Denmark is one of the world’s cleanest and most organize d countries, with virtually no pollution, crime, or poverty. Denmark is the most c orruption-free society in the Northern Hemisphere. ”So, of course, one’s heart l ifts at any sighting of Danish sleaze: skinhead graffiti on buildings(“Foreigne r s Out of Denmark! ”), brok en beer bottles in the gutters, drunken teenagers slu mped in the park.

Nonetheless, it is an orderly land. You drive through a Danish town, it co mes to an end at a stone wall, and on the other side is a field of barley, a nic e clean

line: town here, country there. It is not a nation of jay-walkers. Peopl e stand on the curb and wait for the red light to change, even if it’s 2 a.m. a n d there’s not a car in sight. However, Danes don’ t think of themselves as a w ai

nting-at-2-a.m.-for-the-green-light people——that’s how they see Swedes and Ge r mans. Danes see themselves as jazzy people, improvisers, more free spirited than Swedes, but the truth is( though one should not say it)that Danes are very much like Germans and Swedes. Orderliness is a main selling point. Denmark has few n atural resources, limited manufacturing capability; its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distributor of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maintained.

The orderliness of the society doesn’t mean that Danish liv es are less me s sy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear ple nty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. An orderly society c an not exempt its members from the hazards of life.

But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldn’t feel bad f o r taking what you’re entitled to, you’re as good as anyone else. The rules of th e welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your jo b, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest witho ut a sense of crisis.

16. The author thinks that Danes adopt a ___ attitude towards their country.

A. boastful

B. modest

C. deprecating

D. mysterious

17. Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the pa ssage?

A. Fondness of foreign culture.

B. Equality in society.

C. Linguistic tolerance.

D. Persistent planning.

18. The author’s reaction to the statement by the Ministry of Business a nd Industry is ___.

A. disapproving

B. approving

C. noncommittal

D. d oubtful

19. According to the passage, Danish orderliness ___.

A. sets the people apart from Germans and Swedes

B. spares Danes social troubles besetting other people

C. is considered economically essential to the country

D. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles

20. At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT that ___.

A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefits

B. Danes take for granted what is given to them

C. the open system helps to tide the country over

D. orderliness has alleviated unemployment

答案：

TEXT A

短文大意：本文是有关丹麦社会秩序的介绍。

16.答案：B

【参考译文】作者认为丹麦人对他们的国家持什么样的态度？

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】短文第一段首句说“Despite Denmark’s manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes.”由此可知，丹麦人对他们的国家持谦虚态度，故答案选B。

17.答案：A

【参考译文】下列哪一项不是文中所评价的丹麦人的特征？

【试题分析】本题为细节题，可用排除法解答。

【详细解答】短文第二段第二句说“…and despite all the English that Danish absorbs — there is no Danish Academy to defend against it — old dialects persist in J utland that can barely be understood by Copenhageners.”由此可知，丹麦是一个在语言上有容忍性的国家，故可排除选项C；下一句接着说“It is the land where, as the sa ying goes,“ Few have too much and fewer have too little, ”and a foreigner is str uck by the sweet egalitarianism that prevails,…”由此可知丹麦社会是个人人平等的社会，故可排除选项B；由本段最后一句“It’s a nation of tireless planner. Trains r un on time. Things operate well in general.”可知，丹麦是个有秩序守时的国家，故可排除选项D。文中并没有提到丹麦人喜欢外国文化，故选项A为正确答案。

18.答案：D

【参考译文】作者对工商业部长所说的话的反应是什么？

【试题分析】本题为推理题。

【详细解答】工商部长在讲话中说到丹麦是世界上最干净，最有秩序的国家，没有污染，没有犯罪与贫穷等等，作者并没有直接地表达自己的态度，而是列举了一些与该部长谈话相反的社会现象，由此可知，作者是持怀疑的态度，故答案选D。

19.答案：C

【参考译文】根据该短文，丹麦社会的井然有序怎样？

【试题分析】本题为细节题。

【详细解答】短文第四段中说到“Orderliness is a main selling point.”由于丹麦缺乏自然资源，井然有序的社会秩序对该国经济发展起到重要作用，故选项C为正确答案。

20.答案：D

【参考译文】下列哪一项不是作者在文中最后一段陈述的内容？

【试题分析】本题为细节题，可用排除法解答。

【详细解答】由本段第三句“The rules of the welfare system are clear to everyone,… ”，可排除选项A；由第二句中的“…you shouldn’t feel bad for taking what you’re e ntitled to,…”可排除选项B；由最后一句“the orderliness of the system makes it p ossible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.”可排除选项C。本段并没有提到“井然有序的社会秩序有可能减轻失业问题”，故答案选D。

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考博英语(阅读理解)-试卷80.doc

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