MUNICH CLAIMANT
T WENTIETH A NNUAL
W ILLEM C.V IS I NTERNATIONAL C OMMERCIAL A RBITRATION M OOT
22 TO 28M ARCH 2013
MEMORANDUM FOR CLAIMANT
L UDWIG-M AXIMILIANS-U NIVERSIT?T MüNCHEN
O N B EHALF OF:
Mediterraneo Exquisite Supply, Co.
45 Commerce Road
Capital City
Mediterraneo
CLAIMANT A GAINST:
Equatoriana Clothing Manufacturing, Ltd.
286 Third Avenue
Oceanside
Equatoriana
RESPONDENT
C OUNSEL:
Felix Aiwanger Clara Frei?muth Ronja Schregle
Sophie Schr?ter Luise Seidel Michael Strecker
T ABLE OF C ONTENTS
I NDEX OF A UTHORITIES.......................................................................................................V I NDEX OF C ASES............................................................................................................XVIII I NDEX OF A RBITRAL A WARDS.........................................................................................XXII I NDEX OF L EGAL S OURCES............................................................................................XXVI L IST OF A BBREVIATIONS...............................................................................................XXVII S TATEMENT OF F ACTS.. (1)
S UMMARY OF A RGUMENT (3)
A RGUMENT (4)
I. M R. S HORT’S W RITTEN W ITNESS S TATEMENT I S I NADMISSIBLE (4)
A. Mr. Short’s Written Statement Alone Does Not Suffice as Evidence Under the
CEAC Rules (4)
1. The circumstances call for a dismissal of Mr. Short’s written statement (5)
(a) Discrepancies in the witnesses’ perception need to be challenged in an oral
hearing (5)
(b) An oral hearing is indispensible to ensure Mr. Short’s testimony is objective (5)
2. Admitting Mr. Short’s written statement would frustrate C LAIMANT’s right to an
oral hearing (6)
B. The Tribunal Shall Disregard Mr. Short’s Statement under the IBA Rules (7)
1. The Tribunal should apply the IBA Rules as they reflect international practice in
the taking of evidence (7)
(a) International commercial arbitration recognizes the IBA Rules as best practice7
(b) The IBA Rules take account of the different approaches in the parties’ legal
systems (8)
2. Mr. Short’s written witness statement shall be disregarded under Art. 4 (7) IBA
Rules (8)
(a) Mr. Short’s absence is not justified by a valid reason (8)
(b) No exceptional circumstances legitimize an admission of Mr. Short’s statement9
C. Disregarding the Statement Does Not Violate R ESPONDENT’s Right to Be Heard9
D. An Award Based on Mr. Short’s Written Statement Might Be Set Aside (10)
1. The admission of the statement would violate C LAIMANT’S right to be heard (11)
2. Admitting the written statement would amount to unequal treatment (11)
II. D UE TO R ESPONDENT’S L ATE D ELIVERY C LAIMANT IS E NTITLED TO THE A GREED S UM OR D AMAGES (12)
A. R ESPONDENT’s Non-Delivery on 19 February 2011 Was a Breach of Contract (12)
1. The parties did not amend the Contract (13)
(a) There was no need to amend the Contract as Sec. 10 provided for the situation
of late delivery (13)
(b) Mr. Long’s conduct does not imply his intent to amend the Contract (13)
(c) Mr. Long’s reference to “paper work” does not suffice to indicate an intent to
change the Contract (14)
2. Any purported amendment is invalid lacking written form (15)
(a) Mediterraneo’s reservation under Art. 96 CISG is mandatory rendering the
parties’ agreement ineffective (15)
(i) P arties cannot change the effect of Part IV of the CISG (16)
(ii) The parties could not exclude Art. 96 CISG in particular (16)
(b) Mediterraneo’s Art. 96 CISG reservation directly leads to a written form
requirement (17)
B. The Strike at a Factory of R ESPONDENT’s Supplier Does Not Exclude Its
Liability (18)
1. The strike was not beyond R ESPONDENT’s control (18)
2. R ESPONDENT could have overcome the consequences of its supplier’s non-
delivery (18)
C. C LAIMANT Is Entitled to the Agreed Sum Under the Contract (19)
1. The applicable law allows for an agreement on specified sums (19)
2. The sum is not grossly excessive (19)
D. Subsidiarily, C LAIMANT Is Entitled to Damages under the CISG (20)
III. D UE TO R ESPONDENT’S U SE OF C HILD L ABOR C LAIMANT I S E NTITLED TO R EIMBURSEMENT OF THE P URCHASE P RICE AND D AMAGES (21)
A. R ESPONDENT Breached Its Obligation Not to Use Child Labor (21)
1. The shirts were not of the quality required by the Contract (22)
(a) “Highest ethical standards” exclude the use of child labor (22)
(i) T he term “highest ethical standards” by definition disallows the use of child
labor (22)
(ii) In light of Oceania Plus’s policy the requirement “highest ethical standards”
prohibits child labor (22)
(iii) The circumstance that ILO Convention No. 182 is in force in both
parties’ countries underlines that the parties understood “highest ethical
standards” to exclude child labor (23)
(b) The exclusion of child labor applies to R ESPONDENT’s entire business activities23
(i) T he term “conduct of business” requires R ESPONDENT to refrain from
using child labor in its entire business activites (24)
(ii) The “Yes Casual” brand requires the overall absence of child labor (24)
2. The polo shirts were unfit for their particular purpose (25)
(a) The shirts were not fit for resale in Oceanian Doma Cirun stores (25)
(i) C LAIMANT made the particular purpose known to be the resale in Oceanian
Doma Cirun stores (26)
(ii) C LAIMANT reasonably relied on R ESPONDENT’s skill and judgement to
deduce from the particular purpose that it may not use child labor (26)
(b) R ESPONDENT is liable since C LAIMANT was not aware of its use of child labor27
3. R ESPONDENT breached its obligations under Sec. 12 of the Contract (28)
B. R ESPONDENT’s Breach Is Fundamental (28)
1. C LAIMANT is substantially deprived of its expectation (29)
(a) C LAIMANT was entitled to expect polo shirts from a child labor free company29
(b) C LAIMANT was substantially deprived of its expectation (29)
2. This substantial detriment was also foreseeable to R ESPONDENT (30)
3. In any case, the Tribunal should confirm a fundamental breach since avoidance
is the only remedy which fully compensates C LAIMANT’s detriment (30)
C. C LAIMANT Declared Non-Conformity and Avoidance of the Contract (31)
D. C LAIMANT Is Entitled To Damages (32)
1. C LAIMANT suffered revocerable losses as a result of R ESPONDENT’s breach (32)
2. The losses C LAIMANT demands were foreseeable (33)
3. C LAIMANT duly mitigated all arisen losses (34)
R EQUEST FOR R ELIEF (35)
I NDEX OF A UTHORITIES
Oxford Dictionaries Online
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,
Cited as: Oxford Dictionaries
In § 104
Statista 2006: Boykott unsozialer Firmen, Kinderarbeit, schlechte
L?hne
Available at:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/statistik/daten/studie/178557/umfrage/boyko
tt-unsozialer-firmen-kinderarbeit-schlechte-loehne-etc/
Cited as: Statista 2006
In § 117
A MERASINGHE, Chittharanjan Evidence in International Arbitration
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden/Boston, 2005 Cited as: A MERASINGHE
In § 13
B EECHEY,John Cross-Examination, in: B?CKTIEGEL, Karl-Heinz (Ed.),
Beweiserhebung in internationalen Schiedsverfahren
Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne et al., 2001
Cited as: B EECHEY
In §§ 13, 45
B ENEYTO, José-Maria/ B R?DERMANN,Eckart/ M EYER,Bernhard F./ Z HAO,Hang Neue Wege in der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit: das Chinese European Arbitration Centre (CEAC) für China-Vertr?ge
[2011] Recht der Internationalen Wirtschaft, pp. 12-29
Cited as: B ENEYTO ET AL.
In § 64
B IANCA,Cesare/ B ONELL,Michael Joachim (Eds.) Commentary on the International Law of Sales The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention Guiffre, Milan, 1987
Cited as: A UTHOR in Bianca/Bonell
In §§ 68, 70, 149
B INDER,Peter International Commercial Arbitration and Conciliation in
UNCITRAL Model Law Jurisdictions
Thomson Reuters, London, 3rd ed. 2010
Cited as: B INDER
In §§ 17, 39, 45
B LESSING,Marc Die LCIA Rules – aus der Sicht des Praktikers
[2003] SchiedsVZ, pp. 198-205
Cited as: B LESSING
In §23
B R?LSCH, Martin W. Schadensersatz und CISG
Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, 2007
Cited as: B R?LSCH
In § 138
B ROWNLIE,Ian Principles of Public International Law
Oxford University Press, Oxford et al., 5th ed. 1998
Cited as: B ROWNLIE
In § 67
B RUNNER,Christoph UN-Kaufrecht – CISG. Kommentar zum übereinkommen der
Vereinten Nationen über Vertr?ge über den Internationalen
Warenverkauf von 1980
St?mpfli, Bern, 2004
Cited as: B RUNNER
In § 134
B UTLER , Allison E.
A Practical Guide to the CISG: Negotiations Through Litigation Aspen Publishers, New York 2006 Cited as:
B UTLER In §§ 67, 75
C ARON , David D./
C APLAN , Lee M./
P ELLONP??, Matti
The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. A Commentary Oxford University Press, Oxford et al., 2006 Cited as: C ARON ET AL . In § 18 C HU , Ben
Shoppers show they still care as ethical products beat downturn The Independent, London, 15 December 2011 Cited as: C HU In § 117 E NDERLEIN , Fritz/
M ASKOW , Dieter
International Sales Law: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Oceana Publications, New York, 1992 Cited as: E NDERLEIN /M ASKOW In § 166 F ERRARI , Franco
Fundamental Breach of Contract Under the UN Sales Convention: 25 Years of Article 25 CISG [2006] 25 Journal of Law and Commerce 2, pp. 489-508 Cited as: F ERRARI In § 144 F LAMBOURAS ,
Dionysios P.
The Doctrines of Impossibility of Performance and clausula rebus sic stantibus in the 1980 Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Principles of European Contract Law: A Comparative Analysis [2001] 13 Pace International Law Review, pp. 261-293 Cited as: F LAMBOURAS In § 79
F LECHTNER,Harry M. The Several Texts of the CIS
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Observations on Translations, Reservations and other Challenges to
the Uniformity Principle in Article 7 (1)
[1998] 17 Journal of Law and Commerce, pp. 187-217
Cited as: F LECHTNER
In § 68
G ARRO, Alejandro M. CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 7, Exemption of Liability for
Damages under Article 79 of the CISG
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cisg/CISG-AC-op7.html
Cited as: CISG-AC Op. No. 7
In § 81
G ODFREY,Paul C./ M ERRILL,Craig B./ H ANSEN,Jared M. The Relationship Between Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholder Value: An Empirical Test of the Risk Management Hypothesis
[2009] 30 In: Strategic Management Journal, pp. 425-445 Cited as: G ODFREY ET AL.
In § 170
G REENBERG,Simon/ K EE,Christopher/ W EERAMANTRY,J. Romesh International Commercial Arbitration. An Asia-Pacific perspective Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al., 2011
Cited as: G REENBERG ET AL.
In § 25
H ANOTIAU,Bernard Document Production in International Arbitration: A Tentative
Definition of ‘Best Practices’
[2006] ICC Special Supplement 2006: Document Production in
International Arbitration, pp. 113-119
Cited as: H ANOTIAU
In § 24
H ENSCHEL , René F.
Conformity of Goods in International Sales Forlaget Thomson/Gadjura, Copenhagen, 2005 Cited as: H ENSCHEL In § 100 H ERBER , Rolf/
C ZERWENKA , Beate
Internationales Kaufrecht. Kommentar zu dem übereinkommen vom 11. April 1980 über Vertr?ge über internationalen Warenkauf C.H. Beck Verlag, Munich, 1991 Cited as: H ERBER /C ZERWENKA In § 145 H OLTZMANN , Howard/
N EUHAUS , Joseph
A Guide To The UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. Legislative History and Commentary Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, Deventer, 1989 Cited as: H OLTZMANN / N EUHAUS In § 19 H ONNOLD , John O./
F LECHTNER , Harry M.
Uniform Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 4th ed. 2009 Cited as: H ONNOLD / F LECHTNER In §§ 84, 134 H ONSELL , Heinrich
(Ed.)
Kommentar zum UN-Kaufrecht Springer, Berlin et al., 1997 Cited as: A UTHOR in Honsell In § 127 H UBER , Peter/
M ULLIS , Alastair
The CISG: A new textbook for students and practitioners Sellier. European Law Publishers, Munich, 2007 Cited as: A UTHOR in Huber/Mullis In §§ 100, 136, 144, 168
H U?LEIN-S TICH, Gabriele Das UNCITRAL-Modellgesetz über die internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit
Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne et al., 1990
Cited as: H U?LEIN-S TICH
In § 18
K AZAZI,Mojtaba Burden of Proof and Related Issues. A Study on Evidence Before
International Tribunals
Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996
Cited as: K AZAZI
In § 37
K EILY,Troy Harmonisation and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for
the International Sale of Goods
[2003] 1 Nordic Journal of Commercial Law of the University of
Turku
Cited as: K EILY
In § 67
K ELLER,Bertram Favor Contractus. Reading the CISG in Favor of the Contract,
in: A NDERSON, Camilla B./S CHROETER, Ulrich G. (Eds.), Sharing
International Commercial Law across National Boundaries:
Festschrift for Albert H. Kritzer on the Occasion of his Eightieth
Birthday
Wildy, Simmonds and Hill Publishing, London, 2008
Cited as: K ELLER
In § 74
K IM, René/
V AN D AM, Erik The added value of corporate social responsibility NIDO, Leeuwarden, 2003
Cited as: K IM/V AN D AM
In § 117
K OCH , Robert
The Concept of Fundamental Breach of Contract Under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), in: Pace International Law Review, Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) 1998 Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1999 Cited as: K OCH In § 153 K R?LL , Stefan/
M ISTELIS , Loukas/
V ISCASILLAS , Pilar
Perales (Eds.)
UN Convention For The International Sale of Goods (CISG) C.H. Beck/Hart/Nomos, Munich, 2011 Cited as: A UTHOR in Kr?ll et al. In §§ 100, 107 K RUISINGA , Sonja
(Non-)conformity in the 1980 UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods – a uniform concept? Intersentia, Antwerp, 2004 Cited as: KRUISINGA In § 136 L EW , Julian D.M./
S HORE , Laurence
Harmonizing Cultural Differences [1999] 54 Dispute Resolution Journal, p. 33-38 Cited as: L EW /S HORE In § 25 L IU , Chengwei
Remedies in International Sales. Perspectives from CISG, UNIDROIT Principles and PECL JurisNet, New York, 2007 Cited as: L IU In § 166
Force Majeure - Perspectives from the CISG, UNIDROIT Principles,
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2005)]
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cisg/biblio/liu6.html
Cited as: L IU Force Majeure
In § 79
M AGNUS,Ulrich Die allgemeinen Grunds?tze im UN-Kaufrechts
[1995] 59 Rabels Zeitschrift für ausl?ndisches und internationales
Privatrecht, pp. 469-494
Cited as: M AGNUS
In § 48
M ALEY, Kristian The Limits to the Conformity of Goods in the United Nations
Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
[2009] 12 International Trade & Business Law Review, pp. 82-126
Cited as: M ALEY
In § 129
N EUMAYER,Karl H./ M ING, Catherine Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente international de marchandises – Commentaire
Centre du Droit de l'Entreprise de l'Université, Lausanne, 24th ed. 1993
Cited as: N EUMAYER/M ING
In §§ 79, 145
O’M ALLEY,Nathan Rules of Evidence in International Arbitration. An Annotated Guide
Informa, London, 2012
Cited as: O’M ALLEY
In passim
P ETROCHILOS,Georgios Procedural Law in International Arbitration
Oxford University Press, Oxford et al., 2004
Cited as: P ETROCHILOS
In § 35
P ILTZ, Burghardt Internationales Kaufrecht: Das UN-Kaufrecht in praxisorientierter
Darstellung
C.H. Beck München, Munich, 2nd ed. 2008
Cited as: P ILTZ
In § 136
R EDFERN,Alan/ H UNTER,Martin/ B LACKABY,Nigel/ P ARTASIDES, Constantine Redfern and Hunter on International Arbitration Oxford University Press, Oxford et al., 5th ed. 2009 Cited as: R EDFERN/H UNTER
In §§ 13, 45
S ANDERS,Pieter Procedures and Practices under the UNCITRAL Rules
[1979] 27 American Journal of Comparative Law, pp. 453-468
Cited as: S ANDERS
In § 17
S CHLECHTRIEM,Peter/ B UTLER,Petra UN Law on International Sales Springer, Heidelberg, 2009 Cited as: S CHLECHTRIEM/B UTLER In § 168
S CHLECHTRIEM,Peter/ S CHWENZER,Ingeborg (Eds.) Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG)
Oxford University Press, Oxford et al., 3rd ed. 2010
Cited as: A UTHOR in Schlechtriem/Schwenzer
In passim
S CHOOP,Jan Die Haftungsbefreiung für arbeitskampfbedingte
Vertragsverletzungen im UN-Kaufrecht (CISG)
LIT Verlag, Münster et al., 2000
Cited as: S CHOOP
In § 79
S CHROETER,Ulrich G. The Cross-Border Freedom of Form Principle Under Reservation:
The Role of Articles 12 and 96 CISG in Theory and Practice -
Working Paper 31 October 2012
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id
=2169834
Cited as: S CHROETER
In §§ 57, 67
S CHWENZER,Ingeborg CISG Advisory Council Opinion No. 5, The buyer’s right to avoid the
contract in case of non-conformity of the goods or documents
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cisg/CISG-AC-op5.html
Cited as: CISG-AC Op. No. 5
In § 153
S CHWENZER,Ingeborg/ L EISINGER,Benjamin Ethical Values and International Sales Contracts, in: Cranston, Ross/ Ramberg, Jan/Ziegel, Jacob (Eds.), Commercial Law Challenges In The 21st Century
Iustus F?rlag, Uppsala, 2007
Cited as: SCHWENZER/LEISINGER
In §§ 153, 171
S HENTON,David Supplementary rule governing the presentation and reception of
evidence in international commercial arbitration, in: Lew, Julian D.M.
(Ed.), Contemporary Problems in International Arbitration
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht et al., 1987
Cited as: S HENTON
In §24
S HORE , Laurence
Three Evidentiary Problems in International Arbitration: Producing the Adverse Document, Listening to the Document that does not Speak for Itself, and Seeing the Witness through her Written Statement [2004] SchiedsVZ, pp. 76-80 Cited as: S HORE In § 14 S UTCLIFFE , Jonathan/
W IRTH , Markus
Witness Evidence: Written or Oral, Who asks the Questions?, in: B ?CKSTIEGEL , Karl-Heinz/B ERGER , Klaus-Peter/B REDOW , Jens, The Taking of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne et al., 2010 Cited as: S UTCLIFFE / W IRTH In § 25 UNCITRAL
UNCITRAL Digest of Case Law on the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 2012 Edition Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/pdf/english/clout/CISG-digest-2012-e.pdf Cited as: UNCITRAL Digest In §§ 70, 79 UNICEF
Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse, Child labour Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/protection/57929_58009.html Cited as: UNICEF In § 104 U NITED N ATIONS
C OMMISSION ON
I NTERNATIONAL T RADE
L AW
Report of the Working Group on the work of its seventh session, in: Yearbook Volume XV: 1984 United Nations, New York, 1987 Cited as: Working Group Report In § 42
VOGENAUER,Stefan/ K LEINHEISTERKAMP, Jan
(Eds.) Commentary on the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC)
Oxford University Press, Oxford et al., 2009
Cited as: A UTHOR in Vogenauer/Kleinheisterkamp
In § 87
V ON M EHREN,George/ S ALOMON,Claudia Submitting Evidence in an International Arbitration: The Common Lawyer’s Guide
[2003] 20 Journal of International Arbitration 3, pp. 285-294 Cited as: V ON M EHREN/S ALOMON
In § 25
VON S TAUDINGER, Julius (Ed.) J. von Staudingers Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen. Wiener UN-Kaufrecht (CISG)
Sellier-de Gruyter, Berlin, 1999
Cited as: A UTHOR in Staudinger
In §§ 93, 129, 144
V OSER,Nathalie Harmonization by Promulgating Rules of Best International
Arbitration
[2005] SchiedsVZ, pp. 113-118
Cited as: V OSER
In § 24
W ALTHER,Lena/
M ORAWIETZ,Matthias Declaration according to Article 96 CISG – Senseless? [2006] 6 Internationales Handelsrecht, pp. 252-254 Cited as: W ALTHER/M ORAWIETZ
In § 75
W ARHURST,Alysson Future roles of business in society: the expending boundaries of
corporate responsibility and a compelling case for partnership
[2005] 37 Futures, pp. 151-168
Cited as: W ARHURST
In § 117
W EIGAND,Frank-Bernd (Ed.) Practitioner’s Handbook on International Arbitration C.H. Beck Verlag, Munich, 2002
Cited as: A UTHOR in Weigand
In § 35, 42
W ITZ,Wolfgang/ S ALGER,Hanns-Christian/
L ORENZ,Manuel International Einheitliches Kaufrecht. Praktiker-Kommentar und Vertragsgestaltung zum CISG
Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft, Heidelberg, 2000
Cited as: A UTHOR in Witz et al.
In § 145
Z UBERBüHLER,Tobias/ H OFMANN,Dieter/
O ETIKER,Christian/
R OHNER,Thomas IBA Rules of Evidence. A commentary on the Taking of Evidence in International Arbitration
Sellier. European Law Publisher, Munich, 2012
Cited as: Z UBERBüHLER ET AL.
In § 29
I NDEX OF C ASES
Austria
Oberlandesgericht Linz, 23 January 2006
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/060123a3.html (full text in English)
Cited as: OLG Linz 23 January 2006 (Austria)
In § 68, 72
Canada
Corporacion Transnacional de Inversiones S.A. de C.V. et al. v. STET International, S.p.A. et al. Superior Court of Justice, 22 September 1999
[1999] CanLII 14819 (ON SC)
Cited as: STET v. COTISA (Canada)
In § 35
France
Cour d’Appel de Grenoble, 22 February 1995
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/950222f1.html (full text in English)
Cited as: Cour d’Appel Grenoble 22 February 1995 (France)
In § 138
Germany
Bundesgerichtshof, 3 April 1996
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/960403g1.html (full text in English)
Cited as: BGH 3 April 1996 (Germany)
In § 153
Oberlandesgericht Hamburg, 28 February 1997
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/970228g1.html (full text in English)
Cited as: OLG Hamburg 28 February 1997 (Germany)
In § 58
Oberlandesgericht K?ln, 21 May 1996
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/960521g1.html (full text in English) Cited as: OLG K?ln 21 May 1996 (Germany)
In § 93
Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt, 17 September 1991
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/910917g1.html (full text in English) Cited as: OLG Frankfurt 17 September 1991 (Germany)
In §§ 138, 146
Italy
Tribunale di Vigevano, 12 July 2000
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/000712i3.html (full text in English) Cited as: Tribunale di Vigevano 12 July 2000 (Italy)
In § 72
Appellationsgericht Basel-Stadt, 22 August 2003
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/030822s1.html (full text in English) Cited as: AG Basel-Stadt 22 August 2003 (Switzerland)
In § 147
Schweizerisches Bundesgericht, 15 September 2000
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/000915s2.html (full text in English)
Cited as: BG 15 September 2000 (Switzerland)
In § 145
Schweizerisches Bundesgericht, 7 September 1993
BGE 119 II pp. 386-391 (full text in German)
Cited as: BG 7 September 1993 (Switzerland)
In § 35
USA
Forestal Guarani S.A. v. Daros International, Inc.
United States Federal Appellate Court (3rd Cir.), 21 July 2010
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/100721u1.html (full text in English) Cited as: Forestal Guarani S.A. v. Daros International, Inc. (USA)
In § 75
Chateau des Charmes Wines Ltd v. Sabaté Inc.
United States Federal Appellate Court (9th Circuit), 5 May 2003
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/030505u1.html (full text in English) Cited as: Chateau des Charmes Wines Ltd v. Sabaté Inc.
In § 57
China National Building Material Investment Co. Ltd. v. BNK International LLC. United States District Court (Western District of Texas), 3 December 2009
LEXIS 113194 (full text in English)
Cited as: China National Building Material Investment Co. Ltd. v. BNK International LLC. (USA)
In § 30
Norfolk Southern Railway Company v. Power Source Supply, Inc.
United States District Court (Western District of Pennsylvania), 25 July 2008
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/080725u1.html (full text in English) Cited as: Norfolk Southern Railway Company v. Power Source Supply, Inc. (USA)
In § 60
Solae, LCC v. Hershey Canada, Inc.
United States District Court (Delaware), 9 May 2008
Available at: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d16274241.html,/cases/080509u1.html (full text in English) Cited as: Solae, LCC v. Hershey Canada, Inc. (USA)
In § 57
红景天对阿尔茨海默病大鼠行为学和脑组织抗氧化能力的影响
红景天对阿尔茨海默病大鼠行为学和脑组织 抗氧化能力的影响 作者：冀俊虎,董联玲,曹娟,杨发明,王健 【摘要】目的探讨红景天对阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型大鼠的干预效果和作用机理。方法采用腹腔注射D-半乳糖(用生理盐水配成浓度为10 mg/mL)和灌胃AlCl3(用蒸馏水配成浓度为20 mg/mL),并一次性注射东莨菪碱建立AD动物模型。通过Morris水迷宫测试系统检测大鼠学习记忆能力变化,抗超氧阴离子和总抗氧化能力测定检测各组大鼠脑组织抗氧化水平,常规HE染色和免疫组化测Aβ1-40的表达,观察大鼠海马及皮质的形态学改变。用红景天以灌胃方式对实验大鼠进行干预,并以喜得镇做对照观察其干预效果。结果模型组大鼠记忆功能明显减退,神经细胞破坏明显,海马和皮质出现β-淀粉样蛋白沉积及老年斑。中药组、西药组及空白组大鼠在水迷宫测试中,逃避潜伏期明显缩短,原平台象限比、跨平台次数明显增加,与模型组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)；模型组抗超氧阴离子和总抗氧化能力活性较其他组明显降低(P＜0.05)。结论红景天可以有效改善AD大鼠空间学习记忆能力损害,同时在清除自由基和抗氧化损伤方面有显著功效,具有神经保护作用。 【关键词】红景天；阿尔茨海默病；行为学；抗氧化能力；大鼠
Abstract：Objective To study the intervention effect and mechanism of integripetal rhodiola herb (IRH) on Alzheimer’s disease model rats. Methods Alzheimer’s disease model was made by injecting D-galactose (10 mg/mL) in abdominal cavity and taking AlCl3 (20 mg/mL) by intragastric administration, and injecting scopolamine. Morris water maze testing system was undertaken to observe the change of learning and memory ability in rats, biochemical indicator tested was to contrast the state of oxidative stress, common HE staining and immunohistchemistry staining were to observe the morphology change of the hippcampus and cortex cell. The model rats were administrated IRH by means of intragastric administration contrasting with hydergine to compare the effect. Results The memory ability of model group was obviously decreased, cellula nervosa were damaged badly. A β and senile plaques appeared on hippcampus and cortex. All of the test indexes in Morris water maze showed that the abilities of space search, learning and memory in different groups remarkably improved compared with that of the model group (P ＜0.05). The anti-02·- and T-AC activity of the model group was lower than other groups obviously (P＜0.05). Conclusion IRH has significant relieving effect on the lesion of the abilities of
阿尔茨海默病大鼠自噬相关蛋白Beclin—1和凋亡相关蛋白p53表达变化及电针的调控作用
阿尔茨海默病大鼠自噬相关蛋白Beclin—1和凋亡相关蛋白p53表达 变化及电针的调控作用 目的观察电针对大鼠海马自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1和凋亡相关蛋白p53表达的影响，探讨电针治疗阿尔茨海默病（AD）的作用机制。方法将大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组和电针组。电针组取“百会”和“涌泉”进行电针治疗，每日1次，7 d为1个疗程，共治疗4个疗程。疗程结束后尼氏染色观察各组海马CA1区组织形态的变化并计数尼氏体阳性细胞，Western blot检测Beclin-1和p53蛋白的表达。结果模型组CA1区尼氏体阳性的细胞数目较正常组显著减少（P＜0.01），电针组锥体细胞和尼氏体表达较模型组明显增多（P＜0.05）。与正常组比较，模型组海马组织中Beclin-1蛋白表达降低、p53蛋白表达升高（P＜0.05）；与模型组比较，电针组Beclin-1蛋白表达明显升高（P＜0.01），p53蛋白表达降低（P＜0.05）。结论电针治疗可对抗β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的神经元凋亡，改善AD海马组织形态变化。 标签：电针；阿尔茨海默病；凋亡；自噬；Beclin-1蛋白；p53蛋白；大鼠 上海中医药大学名师传承研究工程项目（2009120） 阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD）是一种慢性进行性的中枢神经系统退行性变性病，β-淀粉样蛋白（amyloid-β，Aβ）沉积形成的老年斑、神经原纤维缠结和神经元及其突触的缺失是其典型特征。目前AD的临床药物只能对症治疗，无法逆转其病理进程。自噬是细胞长寿命蛋白、变性或衰老细胞器的主要降解途径[1]。研究表明，自噬功能障碍与多种错折叠蛋白聚集体导致的神经变性疾病有关[2-3]。自噬障碍可能影响Aβ的清除和增加神经细胞死亡[4]，表明自噬可以保护神经元免受Aβ诱导的凋亡[5]，与AD的病理生理学密切相关。针灸治疗AD具有诸多的优势，且疗效明确[6-7]。本研究在构建AD大鼠模型的基础上，通过检测自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1和凋亡相关蛋白p53的表达变化，探讨电针治疗AD的作用机制。 1 实验材料 1.1 动物 SPF级雄性SD大鼠60只，体质量（200±50）g，上海中医药大学实验动物中心提供，动物许可证号：SCXK（沪）2008-0016，实验室符合国家动物实验设施屏障系统标准。 1.2 主要试剂与仪器 Aβ1-40，美国Sigma公司；Beclin-1兔抗大鼠多克隆抗体和HRP标记山羊抗兔二抗，美国cell signaling technology公司；p53山羊抗大鼠多克隆抗体，美