英语长难句

2010考研南昌新东方唐迟——长难句解析（内部资料）

如何对句子进行层次化：对于简单句谓语动词是他的核心。对于复杂句，连词是他的核心。

我们有一个具体的方法：括号匹配原则：括号成对出现的，不会茕茕孑立形影相吊，只有一个括号，那是失恋的括号，会自杀的。所以括号的出现，一定要成双成对。那么我们如何运用括号呢，就是当我们怀疑这个地方可能出现一个层次的时候，我们就划上一个括号的左半边，当这个层次结束的时候，那我们再划上一个右括号。那么所谓的括号匹配原则就是说，当我们的句子结束的时候，你看一下你的左右括号是否数量相同。如果不同，说明错了吧，不会有哪个多出来的括号跟了别人的吧，没有第三者插足的括号，括号原则是专一的原则，是从一而终的原则。

我们现在来看下面的例子，我们在例子上进行括号原则的练习，而以后我们习惯以后，是不需要我们用笔和纸来划括号的，看到句子，在我们的脑子里就已经有括号存在了。

我们先读例一，读的时候，我们先把连词划出来。这个句子先不着急去理解，我们只把该划出来的地方划出来。开始的几个例子都很简单。

例1：However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.

1、

however 副词，做状语，丢到一边

2、

for many years 介词短语作状语，位置很灵活，还好放在开头，容易判断，怎么样，丢到一边。

3、

physicists物理学就，名词出现，估计是主语。

4、

thought 是一个实意动词，那么实意动词后面有个that，接宾语从句，划上一个左括号了，后面是完整的还是非完整的？完整的，那么就按照完整的规则去找这个宾语从句的结束点。

5、

atoms and molecules是名词的并列，那么就是从句的主语吧

6、

were系动词，谓语出来了。后面much more likely to emit light spontaneously句子完整了没有，完整了，是不是划上一个右括号，…..别着急吧，spontaneously and后面如果还是一个副词，那不仍然是做一个并列的副词成为这个句子的状语，所以先别着急，看看and后面是什么成分，是个that，好了，我们知道这个that应该是和前面的那个that并列共同作为thought的宾语，引导宾语从句。那么我们这个时候再在spontaneously后面划上一个右括号吧。表示第一个从句的结构完整了。而在and后面划上一个左括号，表示开始另一个结构层次的划分。

7、

后面同理。

8、

那我们几个层次。有的同学说两个层次，因为有两个括号。答案对了，推倒过程错了。两个括号但没有嵌套，所以是并列的层次。但主句是第一个层次physicists thought，不用划括号的吧。

9、

意思：物理学家想到两件事情。一件是原子和分子容易自发地发出光；另一件是受激发者可能会更加弱。

10、

翻译的时候注意，现在很简单，但是一旦嵌套多了，就不好翻。等会就会遇到，如果在试图用中文的模式去翻译，就很麻烦。

例2：It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

1、

It appeared that，属于我们前面所讲的第一种情况，动词后接that，而这里的appear不是实意动词，而相当于系动词，这里是一个表语从句了

2、

判断出是表语从句，那后面的that引导的是完整的还是非完整的，按照完整结构来划分，先划个括号

3、

Canada 作主语，后面是一个系动词，系动词后面可以接形容词作表语，介词短语，the book is on the desk 或者动词的ing形式，或者动词的被动语态，还有副词吧，但是是特定的here there作表语，I am here . 而这个地方跟的是once more 是一个副词，但又不是我们说的here there 所以不是表语，而是作状语吧，拿到一边，falling 过去进行时了吧。而且是falling in step with 词组，落入一个步伐，一种趋势。

4、

到这句子完整了没，完整了吧，我们是不是要划上另一个右括号呢，不着急，因为我们后面还有一个that，如果这个that引导了一个定语从句，那就是要修饰它前面的先行词，那就属于前面的那个句子吧，就成了嵌套了吧。来，我们看，是不是这样。我问大家，That引导的是什么从句。定从。那么先行词是什么。看清楚，trend。不是family 。toward smaller families是我们的介词短语作后置定语修饰trend。刚才我们讲过的，后置定语的情况！我们把知识点全揉进去了。那么我们不着急划上右括号，而且我们还要再划上第二个左括号吧，因为一个嵌套成分出现了吧，定从阿！

5、

that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.这里的since 是做介词短语作状语，也不是主干成分。那么这个定语从句结束了，不完整的嘛。那么时候我们可以对应第二个左括号划上一个右括号了吧。表示这个定语从句的成分结束了。随着这个定从的成分结束，我们的第一个

表语从句是不是也结束了，（还没结束？句号都出了，你得给句号点面子吧，句号就这一个功能了）所以我们现在再对应第一个左括号划上第二个右括号。

6、

这个句子几个层次，三个，和第一个比多了一个，有了嵌套，稍微复杂点了。

7、

有这么一件事，加拿大又一次落入了一种趋势，这种趋势曾经在西方的工业革命的时候就发生过。

8、

翻译的时候注意吧，不要试图把它翻成嵌套的形式吧。跟自己过不去嘛，好不容易翻出来，然后还要再给中文句子作一个长难句分析。

例3：The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents.

1、

特点：长。但是我们惊喜的看到两个逗号，怎么办。干掉他。太高兴了。

2、

而且还有冒号哟。爽。前后两个层次。

3、

第一个and连接的是两个动词，虽然前面有介词短语作状语分隔开来。属于谓语并列。

4、

When引导什么从句，状语还是定语，这里不是状语，虽然翻译上区别上不大，理解上也不会出现太大歧

义，但我们这里讲就把他讲清楚，在when 前面是一个表示时间的词吧twentieth century，做为了先行词。而状语从句是不需要先行词的吧。那么这里是定从，出现嵌套了，那么打上一个左括号吧。注意是在when 的后面划，when是连词本身不作成分。而且when作为定从的引导词是关系副词，就是我们这的连词吧，引导完整的句子还是非完整的句子？完整的。来吧，按照完整的句子原则往下找结束吧。

5、

it was recognized（动词的被动语态）for the first time that，这个that引导的是什么从句，主语从句吧，it作形式主语了。

例4：Using techniques first developed f or the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.

1、

developed 过去分词作后置定语：这里强调一句，如果是现在分词作后置定语，因为现在分词不可能直接跟在名词后面作谓语动词吧，除非有be动词一起表示进行时。而过去分词，如果它的过去式和过去分词形式不同，也好判断。困难主要出现在过去分词和现在分词的形式相同，特别当他们都是ed形式的时候。这个时候我们怎么判断。就看这个分词前面的那个名词是这个动作的发出者还是接受者（被动的），如果是发出者，那么这个ed形式的动词是谓语动词的过去式，如果是被动的承受者，那就是过去分词作状语。本句中…

2、

逗号后面的the DSDP’s dril l ship, the Glomar Challenger,有的同学一看，太高兴了，逗号出现，插入语拿掉不看，这个句子没脑袋了！这里是不是插入语？这是句子的主语，前面using techniques现在分词作状语吧，而这里是两个并列的同位语，换句话说，我们处理的方法是去掉任意一项，剩下一个，都没问题，他们表示同一个意思。

3、

And 连接的是哪一个。是was able to 还是maintain 。大多数同学都能回答正确，但问为什么的时候，许多同学往往不得其所。其中有的人说时态不一样。And 可以连接两个不同的时态I was a student and now I am a teacher. 所以时态不是真正的原因。真正的原因主谓一致。那么这个地方，前面主语是第三人称，要么动词一般时+s 要么过去式+ed总之不能是原形。

4、

通过运用这项首次为了远洋石油天然气开采而发明的技术，DSDP这艘钻探船可以在海洋的表面保持稳定，并钻探到很深的地方。

5、

后面extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.分词作状语。我们的几种句型全部运用出来了。

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语言的二意性，这个and的并列。是和谁并列。Rock 是和sediment 并列还是和samples并列。我们这里无法判断。但都不理解我们对句子本身的理解。这叫做语言的二意性。

7、

恶意的和良性的。但我们遇到的时候，就需要通过上下文。

例5：The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly.

1、

把单词的问题先解决掉。desperate plight 萧条景象eclipsed月食-〉掩盖。spectacularly.壮观。

2、

咱们上的是阅读，而不是语法，所以我们除了要看里面的句法语法点，也同时要关注逻辑关系，我们首先

看这个句子The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that这句话机构完整否，完整了，那么后面这个that引导的是什么从句，同位语（the fact that 说明fact的具体内容的吧），那么争议的焦点就在于后面的这个though到底是谁的从句，是主句的从句还是同位语的从句。

3、

如果是主句的从句，那么去掉同位语从句逻辑关系保持不变，就成了：The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact, though less spectacularly.但我们发现，这里只出现了south连北方在哪里都没有，缺乏了比较的对象吧，所以应该是同位语从句的从句。

4、

南方萧条的景象掩盖了一个事实，什么样的实事呢，尽管北方的萧条景象不那么壮观，却依然需要重建。5、

我要强调的另一种错误的理解，如果仍然理解成为是主句的从句，那么这个though 引导的从句所省略的主语应该和主句相同，就成了景观南方的萧条不那么壮观。也就是说：南方萧条的景象掩盖了一个事实，北方也需要重建，尽管南方的萧条不那么壮观。逻辑有错吧，没那么萧条，就不可能掩盖吧。可不可能，没转过来。

6、

巴西踢中国队踢，由于巴西踢的不那么好，于是巴西掩盖了中国队的光芒。荒谬

7、

或者找两个实力接近的，中国队和尼泊尔队，实力相当吧，都是有望成为世界五百强的球队。由于尼泊尔队踢的不好，于是掩盖了中国队的光芒。荒谬

8、

所以我们不是单纯的强调句法语法，还要看到内在的逻辑关系

例6：The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.

1、a break with 是一项突破

2、直接雕刻是19世纪传统的突破

3、in which 后面应该是完整的成分吧

4、and 后面连接的是一个完整的句子。所以这里的一个特殊的现象是两个并列的句子作为定语从句。都是用来修饰tradition

5、我们这么理解：直接雕刻是19世纪传统的突破（第一个层次）。

6、第二个层次：在传统的做法中，有这样两件事情：1 制作粘土模型被认为是一种创造性的艺术，2 这些作品（指的是粘土模型）被交到了助手那里，（这里有两个or，分别连接谁和谁，谁和谁并列）要么被铸造成石膏或青铜。要么被雕刻成大理石。

例7：Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.

1、

anyone 后面跟的who 定从

2、

而且后面有一个宾语从句，counterpart是对应物

3、

这句话关键在于逗号后面的部分到底是什么成分

4、

作状语，因为他是独立主格结构：对于这个独立主格的概念，首先了解它的构成方式：with + n + 分词或短语介词短语形容词不定式名次+ 其他成分（这里with 和其他成分可以省略）需要大家明确的是，他

只能在句子中作状语。

5、

独立逐个结构不能单独成句，否则语法错了吧，一个句子不能有两套主位成份。这里的n 在独立逐个结构中相当于一个主语，独立主格，主就在这，但他又不是独立的句子。所以这个名词实际上是所发生的动作或承受状态的逻辑主语。先写下来，我再解释。这就回到我们的一个问题，为什么不用分词作状语。

6、

有个叫jack的人回家看电视，条件是完成家庭作业。Finishing his homework ，jack started to watch TV. 这句话的主语是jack 同时还充当了分词结构中的逻辑主语。

7、

假设现在还有一个人，叫Jones ，他和jack 同居，但是他们有矛盾。Jack要看电视，但jones 要做作业,可以用when 引导的状语从句，但我们可以简单一点Jones finishing her homework ，Jack started to watch TV. 所以我们可以发现，当这个动作不是句子的主语发出的时候，就用到独立主格结构。

8、

The girl went into the classroom ，with her nose red.(形容词)

9、

其实我们生活中每天都会遇到独立逐个

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交易正在进行中，请稍候。Transaction being processed，please wait.

所以大家翻译的时候一定要注意。

例8：The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods; since 1790’s, North American entrepreneurs ------ even without technological improvements ------ had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process.

1、impressive给人留下深刻印象的。我们往往都是一个褒义的用法。It is good 直接换成it is impressive.

2、stemmed primarily from 来源于the way 某种方式后面是一个定语从句而且后面还有一个分号隔开，两个层次了。

3、出口方面所取得的令人映像深刻的收获（好的收获）主要来自于工人生产产品这样一种方式。

4、分号后面18世纪90年代以来，北美的企业家们——尽管技术上没有发展——但已经还是扩大了输出系统的范围。什么样的系统呢，使得手工生产效率更高的系统。通过什么方式呢，by 方式状语吧，通过把原材料给一系列的工人们这样一种方式，什么样的工人呢，处于生产过程中的单个环节上的工人。

例9：The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.

1、artist 艺术家artisan 工匠

2、be attributable to 归因于

3、这个句子，现在我们看来很简单了吧，fact 后面接了一个同位语从句，然后是一个非限制性的定从，工匠被经常认为是艺术家这样一个事实，要归因于Arts and Crafts Movement手工艺品运动。

例10：A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.

1、主语A few art collectors 谓语introduced 引入introduced European art traditions to those colonists introduce sth to sb 引入某人把欧洲艺术的传统介绍给了这些殖民者。

2、privileged判断是谓语动词还是非谓语动词吧。是哪一种？很明显非谓语动词。被赋予了一种特权，什

么样的特权呢，去参观他们画廊的特权。

3、中间的插入成分先跳过。好，难点就在这，后面这个and established到底是和谁并列，使和动词introduced 并列还是和分词privileged并列。如果和introduced 并列那么主意就是collectors 如果是和分词privileged 并列，那么逻辑主语就是colonists。

4、怎么判断，根据内容吧，殖民者不可能被established 作后置定语修饰，他不可能成为被建立吧，所以这个地方应该是全句的一个谓语，and 连接的是句子的两个独立的谓语动词，他们的共同的主语是collectors 他们在相关的领域内建立起了一套思想，这套思想是关于艺术的价值以及need for institutions 对制度的需求，这种制度关注的是一种激励。

补充：词组被拆散的现象

It can be inferred /from the passage/ [that a historian (who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century )would probably be most aided /by better information about which of the following?/]

从文章中可以推断出来，[一个希望比较（十五世纪的某个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人）的犯罪率与（另一个十年中的城市每千人）的犯罪率的] 历史学家将会在下列哪种信息中获得最大的帮助。

Increasingly ,historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492—new estimates of which soar as high as 100 million ,or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time—and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century.

越来越多地，历史学家们正把一种巨大的不同归罪于从欧洲传来的疾病。这种不同是体现在1942年美洲当地

人口的数量和十九世纪幸存的几百万纯种印地安人数量之间的。最近对1942年的美洲人口数的估计上升到了一亿，或是当时总人口数的六分之一。

（1）

倒装句的阅读方法

倒装读不懂的原因,是为什么?

我们倒装分几种:部分倒装和完全倒装

部分倒装基本不构成障碍吧，因为都有助动词参与，所以我们明确知道是倒装

not only never not only do I

而我们遇到障碍最大的是完全倒装：主谓宾——〉宾谓主

I eat rice ——〉rice eat I （主谓宾这种还比较少，逻辑有问题，所以通常是主系表的结构进行倒装，york is great Great is york

我们为什么要倒装：不是强调，而是平衡结构！！！

以york is great 为例，通常不会简单的一个句子出现吧，我们往往要往里面加入修饰成分，

例如：york is great，who is my friend 修饰成分和被修饰成分被割开了——〉

York who is my friend is so great 主语太长。避免头重脚轻。

这个时候我们采取倒装So great is york who is my friend

从而使得结构平衡——〉倒装没有太大的限制了！！！

所以我们在阅读时，给我们造成的障碍，就是我们遇到一个句子并不好判断他是否是倒装（部分倒装有助动词提示）

好，那我们如何来判断呢：

1、正常的语序是主谓宾: 那么当我们的谓语动词前面不是主语的时候是否就说明这是一个倒装了呢？

2、那么能够做主语的是哪些：名词、代词、动名词（不是分词！）、不定式、主语从句！（it 作形式主语）所以当我们读到一句话，发现前面的成分都非上述几种情况，那么这个句子就是倒装了吧，你看如果是个形容词，那肯定是倒装了吧。

3、怎么处理倒装：很重要，做好笔记！！！我们处理倒装的方法就是：倒过来！，就ok了吧

我们先看几个例子：

例1：Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.

1、

我们读到的第一个动词是lay

2、

而lay 前面的是herein 什么词？是adv 相当于in this place

3、

副词不能做主语，不是哪些成分吧，所以这个地方就出现倒装了

4、

我们直接倒过来吧，主语在哪里

Lay 后面全是吧：the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.，如果我们放在句首的话是不是就显得头重而脚轻了。

5、

所以到过来the beginning of what lay herein 有一件事情的开端在这里出现什么样的开端呢ultimately turned from ignorance to 最终从无知到否定中而来的开端（from to 的结构连接的是ignorance of 无知不时是略ignore）和denial of 关于什么的无知和否定呢医学中营养学疗法的价值的无知和否定。

6、

一个关于医学中营养学疗法的价值的从无知到否定这样的一种趋势在这里开始了。

7、

这句话相当绕的，运用我们的倒装，再结合我们前面学习的句法分析，一层一层才能搞定吧。

例2：Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.

1、

sometimes 后面先不看吧

2、

第一动词是are 而前面是Surrounding the column，那我们能不能判断是倒装呢？不能吧，如果是分词的话，就是倒装吧。而如果是动名词那是可以做主语的吧

3、

怎么判断。两个思路：（1）主谓一致吧，如果是动名词作主语，肯定是第三人称单数，如果不是的话，那肯定是倒装了吧。这个地方很明显吧，are！不是第三人称单数，那前面的不是动名词而是分词吧，肯定是倒装了吧。但是假如我们前面这个仍然是ing 的形式而后面的动词也是第三人称单数的形式，我们就又不好判断了吧。-〉（2）如果是一个动名词作主语而且是一个正确的语序的时候，后面通常是一个主席

表结构，那么后面的表语应该就是修饰这个主语的吧。而这些标语成分是形容词副词的话，那肯定不能做主语，也就是说，肯定不是倒装句：finding job is important 。但是如果这个表语成分是名词的时候，又不好判断了吧，singing is one thing ，dancing is another thing。（而这其实就是一个判断句：什么是什么）4、

好，我们划个图吧（因为我们发现其他都好判断，就是碰到动名词的时候就郁闷）划个图全部解决：

例3：With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.

1、

with 介词短语作状语，prosperity繁荣伴随着繁荣的增长，brought on 过去分词作定语修饰prosperity 由

第二次世界大战带来的繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长it 就是前面整个事情。

2、

年轻人结婚，建立家庭，两个and 并列，以及由此而开始的家庭规模的扩大。Larger than had their predecessors 比他的先辈们还大。

3、

这里是出现了一个倒装吧正常的应该是larger than their predecessors had 吧

4、

而这个倒装是由比较级引出来的吧。我们看一下通常的几种比较级引出的倒装

5、

我比你高：I am taller than you . 这里没倒装吧。状态的比较不需要倒装。

6、

我跑的快：I run fast 我比你跑的快：I run faster than you. 而这里注意的是比较对象的一致吧，我们这是谁和谁比，fast 修饰修饰的是run吧，实际上应该是I run faster than you do （run ）的省略。比动作了，和前面的比状态比一样了。前面那句I am taller than you 没倒装也没省略了，因为比较对象是一致的。7、

我比Tom 跑的快I run faster than Tom runs，但英文的表达应该是倒装的形式：I run faster than runs Tom . 不对吧。应该是does T om

8、

所以比较级别倒装的条件：1、首先是比较的对象是动词而非状态2、被比较的主体是名词而不是代词。（I run faster than you do 没有倒装，因为you 是代词）

9、

我们原句中raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 符合这两个条件：1、比较的是raise 2、predecessors. 倒装had（句子本身就是过去式，而predecessors又是过去的过去了。

10、

Depression萧条（特指60-70年代的大萧条，背景）

例4：Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Se cond World War is the country’s impressive population growth.

1、

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War没有谓语动词，我们读到的第一个谓语是is

2、

按照我们前面判断的原则，有没有符合作主语的成分

3、

Second World War 前面有after 作的是时间状语。20years 前面有in 也是时间状语。any understanding of Canada前面有basic to 是形容词+介词短语，所以没有可以做主语的成分。

所以是倒装无疑了吧，还原过来就成了：The country’s impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War

4、

A is basic to 这是我们经常看到的顺序结构，A+ be+adj + prep

5、

而我们经常看到的倒装就是adj + prep + be + A

6、

这种结构在toefl里很常见。等会还能碰到。

7、

这个国家给人留下深刻印象的人口增长是来了解二战后20年加拿大这个国家的基础。或者说要想了解二战后20年加拿大这个国家，就需要了解这个国家给人留下深刻印象的人口增长。

例5：Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear（养育）their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.

1、

讲一个很重要的词，among ：among … ，跟一个句子这是我们很熟悉的，介词短语作状语放在句首：Among all the course ，I hate reading most。（是不是这样）

2、

Among B + be + A ：这是一个倒装结构吧，因为among B 不管B是什么，总之是由among引导作状语，不可能是做主语吧，所以是一个倒装吧。正常的语序是A is among B吧：A 是B的一部分。（注意别理解反了）相当于one of 。而且among 后面不止写一个，往往写一堆吧。而在老托福里，这种句型经常考吧，因为有一个好处，A或者B里经常充斥了一堆你不认识的单词，但这个时候，我们随便认识其中一个就搞定了吧。放到咱们的句子中就可以理解了

mong the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear（养育）their young 相当于我们的B 后面是be动词are 后面就是A部分了吧，正确的顺序是common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.are among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear（养育）their young

3、

打死不认识后面的那些雅特兰大海婴，北部塘鹅，我们知道是前面的seabird就ok了。

例6：Implicit in it is an aesthetic（美学）principle as well that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.

1、同学们怎么断句的啊，Implicit in it is

2、这是什么一种情况还记得吗，例4 basic to adj+prep 倒装吧+ be 美学原理也是一种含蓄的在it 里（上下文去判读it，我们这不管）

3、that 引导一个什么从句。按照我们的原则吧。想想。定语从句的，表语从句的。我们前面说的判断原则是什么：看完整否。完整那肯定不是定语从句了吧。这里是同谓语从句。先行词是aesthetic（美学）principle 具体说明内容。

4、美学原则，什么样的美学原则，媒体具有某种美丽的性质和表达，什么样的表达（with which这个地方才是定语从句把）雕刻者必须把自己的美学敏感性带入到一种harmony和谐中。而这样的一种原则是含蓄的。

例7：Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity（忠贞; 忠诚）a manner of technique and composition合成的物质；作品（如乐曲﹑诗或书）consistent with those of America’s first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery风光bordering the Hudson River.

1、

来吧，判断吧，按照我们的步骤，动词在哪里，was ，前面是adj吧，倒装了吧。

2、

Most 是不是最高级不是吧，表示最高级的加上the ，这里就是副词相当于very

3、

但是这句话的难点好像又不在倒装上。

4、

Maintain 后面有一个with a certain fidelity 名词，而后面的a manner 又是一个名词，两个名词放在一起

这挺奇怪了吧。怎么回事

5、

问题的关键还是在于，maintain是什么动词（及物还是不及无吧）那么maintain这里是及物还是不及无呢。及物！既然是及物，后面的宾语需要with这个介词来连接，直接就跟了吧，所以这个地方with a certain fidelity 是介词作状语吧，manner才是maintain的宾语。

6、

这就是ets的一个惯用伎俩吧。把介词插在一个及物动词和他的宾语之间，不打逗号。这样就分不清了。所以问题关键分期这个介词短语是做什么，状语还是宾语。怎么分，看动词的及物还是不及物吧。这里在with a certain fidelity之间打上两个逗号，大家都会吧

7、

维持了一种方法，怎样维持的呢，通过一种忠诚或坚持吧。

例8：With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge（n欲望，v驱策）for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.

1、

倒装在哪里there arose（there is 就是最典型的倒装吧，一说很简单吧，there is a book 书在那）那么这里的there arose 就是什么arose there

2、

逗号前面很简单吧，with 引导伴随状语：随着世纪之交的手工艺品运动以及非传统资源灵感的发现，例如木质非洲雕像和面具，兴起了一种新的欲望，（什么样的欲望）传承的个人作品和有媒介参与的作品。

例9：Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.

1、10年前老toefl 题，而且这句话出现在文章段首，引无数英雄尽折腰。根本看不懂

2、：本句倒装的形式（Coincident 一致的adj）+ （with 介词）be coincident with 和…一致

3、读到的第一个谓语动词是has been

4、逗号间the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入成分，先放到一边

5、the importance of A to B A对B的重要性

6、appreciation：感激感谢欣赏理解认识

7、直译：一种对于生物多样性的重要性的理解，是和一种关注相一致的。什么样的关注呢。对物种和栖息地不断消失的现象的消失

8、我们越来越关注生物多样性对于地球和人类的健康的影响，以至于我们开始去关注不断开始出现的物种和栖息地的消失。（提到了两件事：一种是物种和栖息地在消失。另一种是我们关注健康。而这两件事情之间是有关联的！什么样的关联，be coincident with 一致的关联）

例11：Matching the influx 流入of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. 1、

前面讲过的ing形式放在句首

2、

Was是谓语动词，且后面是个名词。主谓一致不好判断，后面的名词也可以做主语

3、

我们看能不能翻译成判断句

例12：Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.

1、

虚拟条件句

2、

If it had not been for

（2）

强调句的阅读方法

构成形式：it is + 强调的成分+ that

判断方法：It is obvious that York is great

It is obviously that York is great

1、去掉it is that

2、不强调形容词，还有谓语动词

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高二英语暑期班第六讲 Part 1 长难句万能公式 强化练习下列句 子的主语是 1. Travelling between the islands and observing the wildlife, you will feel as though you are getting a special view of untouched world. A. Travelling between the islands B. observing the wildlife C. you D. Travelling between the islands and observing the wildlife 2. At home, ordering food from a menu is a normal, everyday routine. A. At home B. ordering food from a menu C. food 3. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people. A. Starting before you feel ready B. you 强化练习下列句子的谓 语动词是： 1. In addition to encouraging reading as a pursuit (追求) to be enjoyed by all, the program allows strangers to communicate by discussing the book on the bus, as well as promoting reading as an experience to be shared in families and schools.

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1.Indeed, what is called body language is so much a part of us that it’s actually often unnoticed. 的确，所谓的“肢体语言”是我们自身如此大的一部分，以至于在实际中我们经常忽视它的存在。 2.To this day I know that it was because I changed my way of thinking that I completely changed my life. 到现在我才知道，因为我改变了思维方式，所以才彻底改变了我的生活。 3.Though Rita admits she often gets tired, she says she will continue with her work because she likes the feeling of having made a difference in the world. 尽管Rita 承认常常感觉很累，但她说她会继续她的工作，因为她喜欢那种在世界上能起作用的感觉。 4. was growing up in Kuala Lumpur in the early 1960s, when children from races and religions played and studied together in harmony. 在20世纪60年代早期，我在吉隆坡长大，当时不同种族和宗教信仰的孩子一起玩耍、念书，和睦相处。 4.Oscar talked his grandparents into going by Mrs. O’Brien’s house on their way home. 奥斯卡说服了他的爷爷奶奶在回家路上的时候路过奥布丽太太的家。 5.If people follow rules without taking other matters into consideration, it will be easy for them to form what is sometimes called a “black and white” view. 如果人们只是遵守规则而不考虑其他问题，他们很容易就形成了有时被称为“黑白分明”的观点。 6.Sibson’s house was three kilometers off the main road and was so well hidden by trees that he knew calling for help would be fruitless. Sibson的房子离主干道三公里的距离，被树木深深地隐藏着，因此他明白，呼救是徒劳的。 7.To my mother’s displeasure, I put in her vase my real roses which, in her eyes, were simply weeds rather than flowers. 让我母亲感到不快的是，我把我的玫瑰放在她的花瓶中，这些玫瑰花在她眼里只不过是一些杂草而不是鲜花。 8.He saw himself, perhaps, as inviting his students to start an exciting voyage into an unknown world invisible to the eye, which can be discovered only through scientific methods. 也许他认为自己在引导学生们开始一次令人兴奋的航行，这次航行将驶入一个对于学生们来说未知的、肉眼看不见的世界，而这个世界只能通过科学的方法来找到。 9.After the performance, I became a Black Wednesday fan too for a few years before getting into other kinds of music. 在演出之后，在我喜欢其他音乐之前的好几年时间里，我也成了一名“黑色星期三”的粉丝。 10.I watched as you faced the challenges of completing your studies. Starting companies with Dad, while still being a model and a Mom of five kids. 我看到你面对完成学业和同爸爸开办公司的挑战，同时，你还做模特，又是五个孩子的妈妈。 11.Whoever said babysitting was an easy way to make money obviously hadn’t met the three boys, she thought. 她想，无论谁认为照看孩子是个容易挣钱的方式，很明显他们以前从没遇到过这三个男孩。 12.He was still traveling quickly, but his wagons, instead of the gold and valuables they had been carryi4g, were now full of farming tools and bags of seeds.

高考英语阅读长难句集锦

长难句 并列： 1)People in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.（10广东A） 2)For another example, if your colleague causes you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. (10广东B) 3)Winners don’t have fewer problems in their lives; they have just as many difficult situations to face as anybody else. (10广东B) 4)That was where Lisa briefly regained consciousness, felt herself being pulled along the ground, and saw someone else holding her purse. (09广东A) 5)Some of us used big designs(图案), and some of us preferred to gather our art tidily down in one corner of our poster and let the space draw the viewer's attention to it. (09广东B) 6)No one came along to give me the grand prize, and then someone distracted me, and I probably never would have thought about that poster again. (09广东B) 7)She shows in her book a deep concern about the fall of handwriting and the failure of schools to teach children to write well, but many others argue that p eople in a digital age can’t be expected to learn to hold a pen. (09广东C) 8)Sure we all know that we’re the apple of our parents’ eyes, and that our Grandmas think we’re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics.（08广东A） 9)You should accept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.（10广东B） 10)They consider themselves to be respectable and hardworking and they look down upon members of the “lower” class, whom they often consider to be lazy, dishonest, and too ready to exploit public assistance.(06广东C) 复杂修饰： 1)We take jobs to stay alive and provide homes for our families always making ourselves believe that this style of life is merely a temporary state of affairs along the road to what we really want to do. 2)Then, at 60 or 65, we are suddenly presented with a clock and several grandchildren and we look back and realize that all those years waiting for Real Life to come along were in fact real life. (06广东D) 3)I think it is a wonderful phrase, reminding us, in effect, to enjoy the moment: to value this very day. (06广东 D) 4)Giving public credit to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world. It is also an act of generosity(慷慨) th at’s never forgotten. (05广东D) 5)Malaria has five thousand genes, and its ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control.（07广东C） 6)How many people have I met who have told me about the book they have been planning to write but have never yet found the time? 7)However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedy the situation. 8)But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating (合作) . 9)These with college degrees had watched an average of less than two hours of TV per weeknight during childhood, compared with an average of more than 2 1/2 hours for those who had no education beyond high school.