澳大利亚历史人物
Prominent people
of Australian History
A selection of people, and iconic legends, of Australian history.
Many thousands could be listed here, however, here are a selected few:
The Barcaldine strike leaders
The 1891 Shearers' Strike, centred around Barcaldine in Queensland, during the depression of the 1890s, was in response to the pastoralists' reaction to falling wool prices of intending to reduce the shearers' wages. During the unrest, the colonial administration ordered the arrest of the shearers' leaders on charges of sedition and conspiracy. The eventual failure of the strike broke worker militancy战斗性 and led to the formation of a labour political movement to represent the interests of working people.
Arthur Calwell
Born 28 August 1896, West Melbourne, Victoria Died 8 July 1973
Arthur Calwell was Australia's first Minister for Immigration (1945 to 1949), and later became the leader of the Australian Labor Party (1960 to 1967). He was the chief architect of Australia's post-war immigration scheme, and popularised the slogan "populate or perish". Also well-known for his much-misquoted comment "Two Wongs don't make a White". His immigration program co-incided with a period when Australian industry was growing rapidly and suffering from shortages of skilled and
semi-skilled labour. Although he was an advocate for the White Australia Policy, it is interesting to note that Calwell spoke Chinese and had a great respect for Asian cultures.
See: Arthur Calwell
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/a/arthur-calwell.h tml
See: Arthur Calwell
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/a/ar/arthur_calwell.ht ml
Caroline Chisholm
Born 1808, England
Died 1877
Caroline Chisholm arrived in Australia in 1838 and set up a home for other women who had come to live here. She worked to improve life on the ships bringing people to Australia to start a new life and started a loans plan to bring poor children and families to Australia. She arranged free trips so that the families of convicts who were transported to Australia could come to join them.
Captain Cook
Born 27 October 1728, Marton, Yorkshire, England
Died 14 February 1779, clubbed and stabbed to death by the not-so-friendly natives in Hawaii
James Cook was appointed in 1768 to command HM Bark Endeavour, to carry scientists to the South Seas on observe the transit of Venus across the sun (due to occur in 1769), and to explore the South Pacific for the Great South Land that was believed to exist (referred to as New Holland, as Dutch explorers had claimed to have sighted the west and north coasts). After the scientists' Venus observations were completed, Cook charted the New Zealand coastline, and then sailed westward to find the east coast of New Holland (Australia). Land was sighted on 20 April 1770 at what was named Point Hicks, then he sailed north, landing at Botany Bay, set sail again, and then landed on Possession Island on 22 August 1770 where he formally claimed the whole east coast for Britain, naming it New South Wales.
John Curtin
Born 1885, Creswick, Victoria
Died 5 July 1945, Canberra, ACT
Australia's wartime Prime Minister. Was elected secretary of the Timber-Worker's Union in Victoria in 1911. In 1916, when Billy Hughes was trying to introduce conscription, Curtin became secretary of the Victorian Anti-Conscription Campaign Committee and was sentenced to three months' jail for his speeches in opposition to conscription; although, after an appeal, he was released having served only three days of his
sentence. Curtin entered Federal Parliament as the Member for Fremantle in 1928; and formed a Labor Government in 1941 that governed Australia through the rest of the Second World War. Curtin argued with Churchill for the sending of Australia's forces back to New Guinea to fight off successfully the Japanese thrust (until the United States could mobilise for the drive back to Japan), and he battled (unsuccessfully) with both Churchill and Roosevelt to have the Pacific war against the Japanese given the same priority as the European war against the Germans. While his Government reorganised the war effort and provided Australia with its own aircraft, guns, tanks, munitions and soldiers, they also arranged widows' pensions, unemployment benefits, as well as planning an Australian Government airline and a system of free hospitals. Curtin did not live to see the end of the war or to see his post-war reconstruction policies come to fulfilment, as he died in July 1945. Curtin is regarded as one of the greatest Australian Prime Ministers.
Daniel Deniehy
Born 16th August 1828, Sydney, NSW
Died 22nd October 1865, Bathurst, NSW
Daniel Henry Deniehy was elected to the NSW Legislative Assembly in 1857 and 1860, with his main aim to open up public lands to the working class. He helped form the New South Wales Electoral Reform League, in order to push for greater democracy. He also founded his own newspaper in 1859, the Southern Cross, to review public affairs, foster national sentiment, and work towards the federation of the colonies.
See: Daniel Deniehy: Republican Patriot
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/~natinfo/1denie
hy.htm
C.J. Dennis
Born 7 September 1876, Auburn, South Australia Died 22 June 1938, Melbourne
C.J. Dennis, poet and journalist, was popular in Australia for his down-to-earth works, written in the vernacular of the times. In 1913 Dennis published a volume titled Backblock ballads and other verses, but it was not a financial success. Immediate success was achieved with The Songs of a sentimental bloke, a love story written in slang, which was published in October 1915; three editions were required in 1915, nine in 1916, and by 1976 fifty-seven editions had been published in Australia, England, Canada, and the USA. See: Perry Middlemiss' site re. C.J. Dennis https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/lit/authors/denniscj
Mary Gilmore
Born 1864 (Mary Cameron), Cotta Walla (near Goulburn), New South Wales
Died 1962
Mary Gilmore was a teacher and writer. She was the editor of the women’s pages of the Australian Worker newspaper for 23 years. She joined William Lane's "New Australia" utopian experiment settlement in Paraguay, and married William Gilmore there in 1897 (they both returned to Australia in 1902). A well-known Australian poet, her most popular piece is "No Foe Shall Gather Our Harvest".
Ned Kelly
Birth date unknown, commonly believed to be between November 1854 and January 1855, at Beveridge (25 miles north of Melbourne), Victoria
Died on the 11th November 1880, hung at Melbourne Gaol, Victoria
Ned Kelly is Australia's most famous bushranger. Said to have been forced into bushranging by the police, who were looking to shoot him, he and his gang robbed banks rather than robbing common folk. The Kelly gang had many active supporters and a wide following, and he made plans for the establishing a Republic of North Eastern. Ned was captured at Glenrowan, and was tried at Melbourne, where he was sentenced to death by hanging.
See: Ned Kelly: Australian Iron Outlaw
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,
incl. a history of the Kelly Gang
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/html/history_01.html
The men of Kokoda - the
saviours of Australia
1942
The New Guinea campaign, which included
Milne Bay and was typified by the Kododa
Track, is seen as a defining moment in
Australia's history. This was where the
preceived invincibility of the Japanese Army was first seen to be broken. The courage and heroism of our troops on the Kokoda Track is one of the proudest and and most memorable episodes in Australia's wartime history.
See: The Kokoda Track Memorial Walkway
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au
incl. an impressive map [& sectional
diagram] of Kokoda Track
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/stations/ map.html
See: Battle For Australia
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/koko da1.html
The Lambing Flat Rebellion
1861
The Lambing Flat Rebellion was a series of violent anti-Chinese demonstrations that took place around the Lambing Flat (now Young) area of New South Wales. The Miners' Protective League demanded parliamentary representation, protection of industry, and the expulsion of the Chinese. It has been said that it was this rebellion that was the starting point for the eventual White Australia Policy at Federation.
Jack Lang
Born 21 December 1876, Sydney, NSW
Died 27 September 1975, Auburn, NSW
John Thomas Lang (familiarly known as "Jack", and nicknamed "The Big Fella") was Treasurer in the NSW Labor government of 1920-21, and Premier and Treasurer of the State twice (1925-27 and 1930-32). His first term brought many significant innovations, including child endowment, widows' pensions, increased
workers' compensation rates, reversion to the 44-hour week, abolition of secondary school fees, and votes for all in local government elections. Lang's second term, which coincided with the worst years of the Great Depression, ended with the dismissal of his government by
the State Governor (Sir Philip Game). Lang's
dismissal arose from his refusal to pay interest
on government loans borrowed from financiers in
the United Kingdom at the height of the Great
Depression.
John Dunmore Lang
Born 1799
Died 1878
The Rev. John Dunmore Lang was, besides being a minister of religion, a republican orator, writer and political organizer, who campaigned for a republic in the 1840s and 1850s, putting forward his plan for a "United States of Australia, the great republic of the Southern Seas". Lang lobbied for the end of transportation, which he saw as an endless conduit of iniquity pouring into the Colony. See: John Dunmore Lang - Patriot, Republican, Statesman, Evangelical, & Engima
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/~gsmunro/TEXT/essays/La ng.html
See: John Dunmore Lang Bicentenary 1999
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/Lang/welcome.html
Henry Lawson
Born 17 June 1867, on the Grenfell goldfields
(372 km west of Sydney), NSW
Died 2 September 1922, Abbotsford, Sydney, NSW
Henry Lawson was one of Australia's greatest
writers. His interest in the republican movement
was sparked by his exposure to the radicalism of
friends of his mother, Louisa. In 1887 he became
titular publisher of the Republican(in which
his first writings appeared), and his first
published verse, "Song of the Republic",
appeared in The Bulletin. Lawson became one of
Australia's most influential writers and showed
his interest in the ordinary men and women of Australia, such as in his story "The Drover's Wife" about a woman living and subsisting off the land on an Australian selection. His writing was often taken from memories of his childhood, especially at Pipeclay/Eurunderee. Towards the end of 1892, he was unemployed, and J.F. Archibald (editor of The Bulletin) staked him for his famous Bourke journey; while there he found employment painting houses, and then, during a brutal drought, humped his bluey, there and back, to Hungerford. This revelation of the harshness of the outback was pivotal in Lawson's understanding of the country, leaving a deep mark on Lawson's psyche and validating his belief in the "horrors of bush life", and supplied the impetus for "The Union Buries Its Dead" and "Hungerford". Lawson was well known for his bush ballads "The Teams", "The Roaring Days", and "Andy's Gone with the Cattle", as well as his social and political works, such as "Watch on the Kerb", "Faces in the Street", "Freedom on the Wallaby", and "The Army of the Rear". In 1986, Lawson married Bertha Bredt (stepdaughter of the radical Sydney bookseller W.H. McNamara, and sister-in-law of Jack Lang). He tried his hand in New Zealand (1897), then in England (1900), and returned to Sydney in 1902. His alcoholism, dating from 1898, then became a major problem leading to separation from his wife in 1903. From 1907 to 1918 Lawson was often destitute, although he was later awarded a weekly pension from the Commonwealth Literary Fund in 1920. When he died in 1922, Lawson was given a state funeral at St. Andrew's Church.
See: Old Poetry
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/authors/Henry_Lawson See: The Poetry of Henry Lawson
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/~natinfo/lawson
Ted Mack
Ted Mack is the only Australian to ever have been elected and re-elected as an independent to local, state, and federal government. He was elected to the North Sydney City Council as an Alderman in 1974, where he served until 1988 (he was Mayor of North Sydney 1980-1988); while serving as mayor, he was elected to the New South Wales state parliament as
the Member of the Legislative Assembly for North
Shore 1981-1988; and was elected as the federal Member of Parliament for North Sydney from 1990 to 1996. He instituted democratic reforms in his local area and is well-respected as a man of democracy. Mack
has been a staunch defender of electors' rights and
a passionate supporter of peoples' right to a greater
say in government. He was also elected as an independent Republican delegate to the 1998 Constitutional Convention, where he opposed the
model favoured by the Australian Republican Movement, and argued that Australian voters should have a direct say in the process to decide their Head
of State.
See: Ted Mack - The Independent
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/ted_mack_a.ht
ml#tmp
See: The truly honorable Mr Mack
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/www_root/pdf/ti010402.pdf
Captain Moonlight
Born 1842, North Ireland
Died 20 January 1880, hung in Darlinghurst Gaol, Sydney, NSW
Andrew Scott, better known as Captain Moonlight, was a bushranger. He robbed the Mt. Egerton branch (Victoria) of the London Chartered Bank, on 20 December 1870, he was brought before the Sydney Quarter Sessions for passing bad cheques and and he was sentenced to twelve months in Maitland Gaol. On his release in March 1872 he was promptly
arrested and extradited to Victoria to face a re-opening of the Mt. Egerton bank robbery case, Judge Redmond Barry (the same judge that tried Ned Kelly) sentenced him to ten years imprisonment for the robbery and gave him an additional twelve months for escaping from Ballarat Gaol for a few days whilst awaiting trial. He was released 18 March 1879, and was soon after strongly suspected of robbing the Lancefield bank, went to NSW, held up the Wantabadgery Station homestead (ending up with over 30 hostages); however, when the police were alerted, Scott and his partners-in-crime escaped, although they were later recaptured when they holed up in another homestead. He was tried in Sydney on 8 December 1879, and sentenced to death.
See: Andrew George Scott (alias "Captain Moonlight") https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/bushrangers/scott_a.ht m
Breaker Morant
Born Christmas 1865, Bideford, Devon, England
(according to him)
Died 27 February 1902, Pretoria, South Africa,
shot by a firing squad
Harry "Breaker" Morant was a horse breaker of
much repute, as well as being a writer for The
Bulletin. His origins are shrouded in mystery,
and seems to have appeared in Australia from
nowhere (or, at least, no official trace of him
arriving, or of his origins, has yet been
found). He signed up for the Boer War, was
alleged to have shot some Boer prisoners under
orders from his superior officer, Captain
Hunt, and was executed by the British Army. The
film Breaker Morant is worthwhile watching.
Henry Parkes
Born in 1815, England
Died in1896
Sir Henry Parkes was a famous journalist and politician. He was an ex-chartist and he
migrated to Sydney in 1839 and worked as a
toymaker, a labourer and a journalist. He
established the Empire Newspaper in 1850, which failed financially. He led public protests
against re-introduction of convict labour.
Elected to Legislative Council in 1854, he was
a strong democrat and disagreed with William
Wentworth's amended Constitution - he
considered it a "squatter's constitution". He organised local government bodies, and
initiated hospital reforms. He also introduced compulsory free education, withdrawing all
state aid to church schools in 1880. He was appointed Colonial secretary (1866) and Premier of New South Wales in 1872; and remained a
political giant until the final collapse of his government in 1891 which marked the end of his political career. He was a great advocate of Federation. In 1880 he called an Intercolonial Conference to discuss Chinese immigration,
following which all states (except Western
Australia) agreed to impose restrictions. He made a famous afterdinner speech at Tenterfield in 1889 which was a powerful emotional appeal on behalf of Federation. Later similar speeches throughout N.S.W. resulted in an unsuccessful Federal Conference in Melbourne (1890). Parkes was the president of 1891 National Convention but disapproved of the draft constitutions. The Australian Natives Association at Corowa (1893) adopted his suggestion that a convention be elected to draw up a constitution.
Banjo Paterson
Born 17 February 1864, near Orange, New South Wales
Died 5 February 1941, Sydney, NSW
Andrew Barton Paterson is possibly Australia's most popular poet, with his compositions including Waltzing Matilda, The Man from Snowy River, Clancy of the Overflow, and The Geebung Polo Club. He used the pseudonym of "The Banjo" for his magazine writings (an alias derived from the name of a racehorse the family owned), and had a deep affection for horses, being a natural horseman, and, not surprisingly, many of his works have a "horse theme". Paterson was caught up in colonial Australia's commitment to the unfortunate Boer War, becoming a war correspondent. Before his death in 1941, he had provided a timeless literary legacy of Australia's unique cultural heritage and identity.
See: Old Poetry
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,/authors/A_B_Banjo_Paterson
W.G. Spence
Born 1846, in a village in the Orkney Islands, Scotland
Died 13 December 1926
William Guthrie Spence is well-known as a trade union leader. He came to Australia with his father hoping to find gold on the Ballarat
goldfields in 1853. As a miner, Spence held several minor posts in the Amalgamated Miners' Association of Victoria until eventually being elected Secretary in 1882. In 1886, Spence
became foundation president of the Amalgamated Shearers' Union of Australasia and guided the union through the turbulent industrial disputes in many of Australia's shearing sheds,
particularly those in Queensland that became so prevalent in the early 1890s. By 1892, Spence had broken his ties with the Amalgamated Miners' Association in Victoria and went on to help combine several small bush unions with the
Amalgamated Shearers' Union to form, in 1894,
the Australian Workers' Union. Spence assumed the office of Secretary and four years later, President. In 1898, Spence was elected Federal Member for Darling but retained his office with the Australian Workers' Union. It wasn't until 1916, when he became embroiled in the conscription debate of that year, that he tendered his resignation. Spence died in 1926 and is buried in Coburg Cemetery.
"Inky" Stephensen
Born 1901, Biggenden, Queensland
Died May 1965, Sydney, NSW
P.R. (Percy Reginald) Stephensen was a giant of Australian letters. Stephensen's great intellectual achievement was to link together the vision of Australian political and economic independence (then from the old Empire) with the 'idea' of Australian cultural independence. He wrote The Foundations Of Culture In
Australia about Australia's Identity and the struggle for national independence - an important book in the historical development of Australia's cultural independence.
See: The Percy Stephensen Collection
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/908957898.html,.au/~radnat/stephensen
Swagmen
The swagmen are an icon of Australian
bush life. Roaming from town to town,
homestead to homestead, in search of
work, the swaggies were born in the
Great Depression of the 1890s when
there was little work to be had in the
major cities around Australia.
英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The Economy Ⅰ.工业 Manufacturing Industry 澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。86%的制造业为小企业。 Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses. 在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。它的特点包括下面几点: In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following: 1)效率低Inefficiency 澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。 Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing. 效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。 The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries. 2)高度集中Concentration 在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。 Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy. 整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖有限公司。 The entire steel industry is in the hands of one company, the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP). 3)外国投资Foreign investment 澳大利亚的制造业在很大程度上依靠外国投资。外资公司比他们的澳大利亚同行获利多。 Australian manufacturing relies heavily on foreign investment. Companies that are foreign-owned tend to be more profitable than their Australian counterparts. Ⅱ.农业 Agriculture 200年前，澳大利亚是一个没有农业的大陆。今天，农业却是这个国家的最大的和最多样化的行业。澳大利亚是世界上粮食和天然纤维的主要生产国之一。 200 years ago Australia was a land without agriculture. Today, agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading
澳大利亚概况
澳大利亚概况： 首都：堪培拉Canberra 第一大城：悉尼，2：墨尔本 世界最大羊毛出口国 国家元首：英女王，和加拿大一样有总督和总理，联邦制国家 政党：工党（最大党）australian labour party和自由党liberal party， 和英国不同，澳大利亚有成文宪法 议会参照英国，上议院senate（the upper house）和下议院house of representatives（the lower house） 新西兰概况 首都：惠灵顿Wellington
第一大城：奥克兰Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口国，称为the world’s biggest farm 国家元首：英女王 政体：议会制君主立宪制 爱尔兰概况（注意不是北爱尔兰哦，不是英国的一部分呢） 首都：都柏林dublin 英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府
伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。 议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来
澳大利亚人文地理历史汇总
澳大利亚人文地理 澳大利亚（Australia）：地处大洋洲。位于南太平洋和印度洋之间，国土面积768万平方千米，是仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国和巴西的世界上第六个陆地面积最大的国家，约相当于五分之四个中国。人口2327万（2013年），是世界上人口密度较小的国家。澳大利亚由澳大利亚大陆和塔斯马尼亚岛等岛屿和海外领土组成。它四面环海、远离他国，和最近的邻居巴布亚新几内亚的距离也有200公里之遥。东濒太平洋的珊瑚海和塔斯曼海，西、北、南三面临印度洋，其边缘海海岸线长达37000公里。是世界上唯一一个独占一个大陆的国家。它就像一片巨大的树叶，孤零零地漂泊在烟泊浩淼的大洋上，给人以远离尘世、静谧逍遥的感觉。是这个世界上最孤独、也是最安全的国家。 澳大利亚的地形很有特色。东部山地，中部平原，西部高原。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拔2228米，在靠海处是狭窄的海滩缓坡，缓斜向西，渐成平原。沿海地区到处是宽阔的沙滩和葱翠的草木，那里的
地形千姿百态：在悉尼（Sydney）市西面有蓝山山脉的悬崖峭壁，在布里斯本北面有葛拉思豪斯山脉高大、优美而历经侵蚀的火山颈，而在阿德雷德市西面的南海岸则是一片平坦的原野。墨累河和达令河是澳大利亚最长的两条河流。 澳大利亚约70%的国土属于干旱或半干旱地带，中部大部分地区不适合人类居住。澳大利亚有11个大沙漠，它们约占整个大陆面积的20%。澳大利亚是世界上最平坦、最干燥的大陆，中部的艾尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面16米。能作畜牧及耕种的土地只有26万平方公里。沿海地带，特别是东南沿海地带，适于居住与耕种。 澳大利亚的气候怡人，有两个气候区，北面（南回归线上）是热带区，其余地方属于温带区。澳大利亚气候复杂多样，四季分明，季节与北半球相反。气候炎热干燥，年平均降雨量在460毫米左右，四季月份与气温如下：春天：9～11月，最高气温20℃，最低9℃。夏天：12月～次年2月，最高气温25℃，最低14℃。秋天：3～5月，最高气温20℃，最低11℃。冬天：6～8月，最高气温14℃，最低6℃。 澳大利亚的首都是什么？ 澳大利亚最大的城市是什么？ 澳大利亚的官方语言是什么？ 澳大利亚的宗教信仰是什么？ 澳大利亚的最高政治领导人是谁？ 中国的国庆节是每年的10月1日，澳大利亚的国庆节是什么时候?
世界地理练习题澳大利亚
高二地理练习题2 一、单项选择题 下图为世界地图上的一段纬线。P点以西为海洋，Q点以东为海洋，PQ为陆地。据此完成1～4题。 1．PQ线位于() A．北半球，东半球 B．南半球，西半球 C．北半球，西半球 D．南半球，东半球 2．下列四项中，属于X地所在国的是() A．大堡礁B．泰姬陵C．好望角D．格林尼治天文台 3．北京一年中雨量最多的季节，X地() A．盛行东北季风B．降水较多C．时逢干季D．每月降水量在10毫米以下4．Y地所在国() A．处于环太平洋火山、地震带B．东岸附近海域有寒流流过 C．是世界主要的小麦生产和出口国之一D．是世界主要的稻米生产和出口国之一读下面“某地区海陆分布图(下图)”，回答5～6题。 5．图中曲线P表示某地区1月份20℃等温线，虚线 P1、P2是有待确定的等温线走向，下列判断正确的是 () A．等温线P应向P1方向弯曲 B．等温线P应向P2方向弯曲 C．等温线P通过P1、P2之间没有弯曲 D．等温线P夏季向P1方向弯曲，冬季向P2方向弯曲 6．图中阴影部分地区在发展农业的过程中，为了缓解其限制性因素，采取的有效措施是() A．营造农田防护林B．发展混合农业 C．东水西调D．禁止过度抽取地下水 2010年2月15日，中国南极长城站迎来了25岁生日。长城站上迎风招展的五星红旗，让人们不禁忆起中国科学家在这片冰雪世界里的努力和奉献。据此回答7～8题。
7．图中数字代号代表长城站的是() A．①B．②C．③D．④ 8．长城站上迎风招展的五星红旗在多数日子里，旗帜 飘向的方向是() A．东南 B．西北C．东北D．西南 读图，回答9～10题。 9．甲、乙两地所在国家在自然地理特征方面相似的是 () A．都是所在大洲面积最大的国家 B．都位于太平洋与印度洋之间的航运要道上 C．境内热带荒漠面积都比较大 D．境内都有一条纵贯南北、流量丰富的大河 10．关于甲、乙两地所在国家经济发展的叙述，正确的是() A．甲地所在国家是世界重要的长绒棉生产国B．乙地所在国家水稻种植业发达 C．两国都是本洲的发达国家 D．两国的经济支柱是旅游业 中国第25次南极科学考察队2008年10 月20日从上海启程，经过长达173天的 考察，圆满完成昆仑站建站等48项任务， 于2009年4月10日载誉归来。读下图， 完成11～13题。 11．图中M地常年盛行的风向是() A．东南风B．东北风C．西南风D．西北风 12．若某科考队员于某日北京时间13时30分在 M地观测到太阳位于地平线上，当他再次观测到 太阳位于地平线上的时间间隔是() A．19小时B．21小时C．22 D．24小时 13．有关M地关于地心对称点附近的地理事物叙 述正确的是() A．属于温带季风气候B．属于白色人种分布区 C．有寒流经过 D．有大面积针叶林分布 北京时间2009年2月2日12时25分，我国首个南极内陆考察站——中国南极昆仑站正
初中地理 澳大利亚篇
澳大利亚篇 澳大利亚留学专题项目介绍 1）澳洲概况 2）教育制度 3）万里学院合作项目 1）. 澳大利亚概况 俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国和巴西的世界上第六 个陆地面积最大的国家。但它拥有的人口却较少。 澳大利亚是世界上唯一管辖整个洲和它的外围岛屿 的国家。澳大利亚大陆是地球上最大的岛屿，也是 地球上最小和最平坦的陆地。澳大利亚位于南纬10 度到39度之间。 澳大利亚联邦由六个州和两个地区组成。内陆的边 界大部分是沿着经纬线划定的。 1788年英国在新南威尔士州的悉尼建立了最早的欧 洲殖民地。悉尼是澳大利亚最大的城市，曾主办2000 年奥林匹克运动会。悉尼的港湾大桥和歌剧院是澳 大利亚的象征。 维多利亚是澳洲大陆上面积最小但人口密度最大的 州。首府墨尔本是澳大利亚的第二大城市，曾主办1956年奥林匹克运动会。维多利亚人以酷爱体育运动著称。 昆士兰州从约克角的热带雨林伸展到温带地区。东北海岸旁蜿蜒着著名的大堡礁。昆士兰州首府是布里斯本。该州在布里斯本、凯恩斯和汤斯维尔三个城市都建有国际机场，为来自海外的旅行者服务。 南澳大利亚州由私立殖民委员会创建，它没有接纳被放逐犯人的历史，首府为阿得雷德。每两年举行一次的"阿得雷德艺术节"已成为国际性的文化盛会。 西澳大利亚州的面积约相当于整个西欧。全州185万人口，其中约 75％居住在首府佩斯。 塔斯马尼亚岛及其周围许多岛屿，隔巴斯海峡与大陆相望，构成澳大利亚最小的一个州。首府是霍巴特。该市是一年一度澳大利亚最盛大的帆船比赛"悉尼-霍巴特帆船赛"的终点站。 北部地区的面积相当于法国的两倍多，人口则不到20万。达尔文是北部地区的首府，艾丽丝泉城是其主要的内地城市。这个地区有重要的旅游胜地乌卢鲁-卡塔·丘达和卡喀杜国家公园。 1911年，在新南威尔士州境内建立了澳大利亚首都地区，即堪培拉。这里是许多国家机构的所在地，包括联邦议 会、国家图书馆、澳大利亚国家美术馆、高等法院和澳大利亚战争纪念馆。
澳大利亚基本国情概况
澳大利亚基本国情概况 澳大利亚联邦(The Commonwealth of Australia)，简称澳大利亚，其最早居民为土著人。1770年英国航海家詹姆斯·库克抵澳东海岸，宣布英国占有这片土地。1788年1月26日英国流放到澳大利亚的第一批犯人抵悉尼湾，英开始在澳建立殖民地，后来这一天被定为澳大利亚国庆日。1900年7月，英议会通过“澳大利亚联邦宪法”和“不列颠自治领条例”。 1901年1月1日，澳各殖民区改为州，成立澳大利亚联邦。1931年成为英联邦内的独立国家。 1986年，英议会通过“与澳大利亚关系法”，澳大利亚获得完全立法权和司法终审权。 一、基本国情 （一）自然状况 1、地理位置 澳大利亚位于南太平洋和印度洋之间，具体位置在南纬10度41'和43度39'之间。由澳大利亚大陆、塔斯马尼亚岛等岛屿和海外领土组成。东濒太平洋的珊瑚海和塔斯曼海，北、西、南三面临印度洋及其边缘海。海岸线长36,735公里。澳大利亚的国土面积为769.2万平方公里，居世界第六位，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国和巴西。其陆地面积为768.24万平方公里，是世界上唯一独占一片大陆的国家，南北距离约3,700公里，东西约4,000公里。它东临南太平洋，西临印度洋，东南隔塔斯曼海与新西兰为邻，北部隔帝汶海和托雷斯海峡与东帝汶、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚相望。 澳大利亚虽四面临海，虽四面环水，但沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的35%。全国分为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原3个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨2230米，最长河流墨尔本河长3490里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面12米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁──大堡礁。85%的澳大利亚人住在离海岸线50公里以内的地区，主要集中在首都堪培拉和澳洲的两大城市悉尼、墨尔本。城市集中在沿海，农村则在相对偏内陆一点。 2、气候特征 澳大利亚三分之一的地区处于南回归线以北，属于热带，而其余地区则属温带。澳大利亚春季为9月至11月，夏季为12月至2月，秋季为3月至5月，冬季为6月至8月。由于受亚热带高气压和东南信风的影响，加之全国35％的沙漠地带，澳气候比较干燥。北部年平均气温约摄氏27度，南部年平均气温约摄氏14度。澳西部和中部因沙漠气候，年平均降雨量不足250毫米；北部半岛和沿海地区属于热带草原气候，年平均降雨量为750—2,000
2019高考一轮二轮复习区域地理世界地理分区第12讲澳大利亚 两极地区 教师用解析版
第12讲澳大利亚两极地区 【课标点击】 1.澳大利亚的地形特点、气候的分布与成因。2.澳大利亚农牧业、工矿业的生产特点及其地区分布。3.两极地区的范围、气候、生物、资源。4.我国极地科考活动和建立的科学考察站。 【考点解读】 1.从纬度位置、地形、洋流等方面分析澳大利亚气候的成因。2.结合澳大利亚气候图说明澳大利亚人口和城市分布的特点。3.分析澳大利亚农牧业发达的原因。4.根据两极的气候特点，分析两极地区自然地理特征的差别。 一、澳大利亚
1.位置与范围 (1)位置：主要位于15°S与35°S之间，及120°E与150°E之间，南回归线和130°E 穿过本区中部。东临甲太平洋，西临乙印度洋；南与南极大陆相望。 (2)范围：领土包括澳大利亚大陆、丙塔斯马尼亚岛(大陆岛)及附近的一些岛屿。 2.地形与河流 (1)地形特点：澳大利亚大陆地势低平，是世界上地势起伏最和缓的大陆，共分为东、中、西三大地形区。 (2)河湖分布：C墨累河为全国最大的河流，发源于大分水岭西侧，向西南注入印度洋。D北艾尔湖，为地势最低处。 3.气候与植被 (1)特点：热带面积广大，分布呈半环状。
(2)主要气候类型及分布 (3)植被：以草原、荒漠为主。4.人口与城市 (1)分布：主要分布在东南沿海地区。a 是首都堪培拉，b 是墨尔本，c 是全国最大的工业中心和港口城市悉尼，d 是珀斯。 (2)原因 ①气候：澳大利亚东南沿海气候温暖湿润，适合人类居住。 ②交通：澳大利亚东南沿海一带有优良的港口，对外交通便利。 5.产业构成与经济发展 (1)种养结合的农业 ①“骑在羊背上”的国家 地广人稀草原广阔→适合畜牧业发展世界最大的 羊毛出口国
澳洲英语俚语
澳洲英语+澳洲俚语 A Ace! : Excellent! Very good! Aerial pingpong: Australian Rules football Amber fluid: beer Ankle biter: small child Apples，she?ll be: It?ll be alright Arvo: afternoon Aussie (pron. Ozzie): Australian Aussie salute: brushing away flies with the hand Avos: avocados B B & S: Bachelors? and Spinsters? Ball - a very enjoyable party usually held in rural areas Back of Bourke: a very long way away Bail out: depart，usually angrily Bail (somebody) up: to corner somebody physically Barbie: barbecue (noun) Banana bender: a person from Queensland Barrack: to cheer on (football team etc.) Bastard: term of endearment Battler: someone working hard and only just making a living Beaut，beauty: great，fantastic Big-note oneself: brag，boast Bikkie: biscuit (also "it cost big bikkies" - it was expensive) Billabong: an ox-bow river or watering hole Billy: large tin can used to boil water over a campfire for tea Bities: biting insects Bitzer: mongrel dog (bits of this and bits of that) Bizzo: business ("mind your own bizzo") Black Stump，beyond the: a long way away，the back of nowhere Bloke: man，guy Bloody: very (bloody hard yakka) Bloody oath!: that?s certainly true Blow in the bag: have a breathalyzer test Blowie: blow fly Bludger: lazy person，layabout，somebody who always relies on other people to do things or lend him things Blue: fight ("he was having a blue with his wife") Blue，make a: make a mistake
初中地理《澳大利亚》教案
初中地理《澳大利亚》教案 一、教学目标 【知识与技能】 1.能说出澳大利亚的地形与气候特点; 2.会解释澳大利亚的气候地形与牧羊带分布之间的关系。 【过程与方法】 通过自主学习和小组合作学习的方式，培养探究意识，提高自主探究、合作研讨地理问题的能力。 【情感态度与价值观】 通过分析澳大利亚牧羊带的分布与自然环境之间的关系，体会因地制宜的理念。 二、教学重难点 【重点】 澳大利亚地形、气候与牧羊带分布之间的关系。 【难点】 体会因地制宜发展农牧业的理念。 三、教学过程 环节一：导入新课 多媒体导入。教师播放澳大利亚剪羊毛比赛的视频，引出为什么澳大利亚牧羊业发达，被称为“骑在羊背上的国家”，进而导入新课。 环节二：新课教学 1.察“颜”观“色”——看地形
教师PPT展示《澳大利亚地形图》，学生读图并思考以下问题。 【问题】 (1)澳大利亚有哪些地形单元?分布有什么特点?(提醒学生注意不同地形区的颜色不同)。 (2)就地形而言，那些地区适合放牧? 【学生活动】 (1)澳大利亚的地形有高原、平原和山地。在分布上西部为广阔的高原，中部是平原，东部为大分水岭。 (2)平原地区、中部高原地区。 【教师总结】从澳大利亚的地形图我们看到，大部分地区以绿色和浅褐色为主，而且颜色变化少，根据图例可知澳大利亚地势较低，起伏较小，平原和高原广阔，从地形方面考虑对农业是非常有利的。那么除了地形之外，还有哪些因素对澳大利亚发展农业有利呢? 2.明眸慧眼——找气候 教师PPT展示《澳大利亚气候分布图》和《澳大利亚年降水量分布图》，学生读图回答。
【问题】 (1)澳大利亚的气候有什么特点? (2)澳大利亚降水分布规律? 【学生回答】澳大利亚以热带沙漠气候和热带草原气候为主。降水南北多，中部少。 【教师总结】从图中我们能读到，澳大利亚气候以热带沙漠气候和热带草原气候为主，东南部、西南部降水较多，利于农牧业发展，中部地区虽降水少，但地下水丰富，也适合畜牧业发展。所以澳大利亚的自然环境对农牧业发展提供了优良条件。 3.做一个精明的农场主——因地制宜 【情境创设】如果你是位澳大利亚牧场主，从地形、气候角度考虑，你会把牧场布局何处?引导学生进入澳大利亚地形和气候的认识。 多媒体展示：
澳大利亚国家简介
澳大利亚国家简介 澳大利亚是最古老的大陆之一，其面积为7,682,300平方公里。大陆基岩已经历了三十多亿年的侵独。澳大利亚位于印度洋和太平洋之间，它是唯一一个领土覆盖整个大陆的国家。其面积是继俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国、巴西之后的第六大国。澳大利亚近三分之一的大陆位于热带地区，其余的位于温带地区。最冷的地区位于塔斯马尼亚的高原地区和东南大陆的边缘地带。其年平均气温从最北部的27℃到最南部的13℃。每年的12月到2月为澳大利亚的夏季，3月到5月为秋季，6月到8月为冬季，9月到11月为春季。澳大利亚的地理区域多种多样，每个地区都有极美丽和与众不同的地形。其北部有广阔的平原和雨林；东南部有雪原；中部有沙漠；而东部、东南和西南部却有肥沃的耕地。澳大利亚有大面积的干旱或半沙漠地区，约有三分之一的土地不适合任何形式的农、牧业活动。尽管如此，澳大利亚的羊毛产量为世界之冠，而且还是世界上主要的产矿国。 澳大利亚是英联邦国家，官方语言为英语。地处南太平洋，四面环海，国土面积为768万平方公里，共有6个州及2个特别行政区。澳大利亚为移民国家，总人口1980万，来自140多个国家和地区。其中约70%的人口信奉基督教。澳大利亚拥有丰富的地上和地下资源，自然环境优美宜人，人口密度低，物价水平适中，是富有活力和颇具影响力的发达国家。 澳大利亚的气候 澳大利亚以蓝天白云、温和的气候和丰富多彩的户外活动方式闻名世界，到澳大利亚学习和生活的人们均可享受惬意和舒适的自然环境。 澳大利亚地处温带或热带区，12月到2月为夏季，3月到5月为秋季，6月到8月为冬季，9月到11月为春季。全年平均气温（摄氏度）见下表： 各州名称 冬季温度 夏季温度 新南威尔士州 悉尼 8-20 17-28
初中世界地理知识点归纳：澳大利亚简介
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⑵、气候：南回归线横穿澳大利亚的中部，位于五带中的热带和南温带，因此气候以热带草原气候和热带沙漠气候为主。澳大利亚农牧业分布与气候的关系：澳大利亚中部、西部和北部地区为广大的热带沙漠气候和热带草原气候区，较为干燥，适宜牲畜过冬和繁殖，东南部温带海洋性气候、西南部的地中海式气候也同样适宜耕作业。 ⑶、澳大利亚70﹪以上的羊只，集中在东南部和西南部的混合经验地带，其他广大地区放养的羊只相对较少，原因是澳大利亚西部高原广阔的地区分布了大面积的沙漠，没有办法发展农牧业，形成了一个大面积的农业空白区域;而东南部和西南部地区，地势低平，气候湿润，雨热条件好，既有利于小麦的种植，又有利于养羊业的发展，形成绵羊和小麦的混合经营带。 ⑷、澳大利亚出口的主要农牧产品：羊毛、牛肉、小麦。 ⑸、澳大利亚养羊业的发展条件：a草原肥美，分布广;b 地下水丰富;c气候干燥，适于绵羊繁殖;d羊群无天敌 4、坐在矿车上的国家：
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读下图，完成下列各题。 6．图中地理事物所在国家或地区分别是 A. 巴西、美国、印度、法 国 B. 澳大利亚、加拿大、德 国、西欧 C. 美国、巴西、俄罗斯、 法国 D. 澳大利亚、美国、俄罗 斯、西欧 7．对图中①～④处地理事 物的判断，错误的是 A. ①国是世界活化石博物馆 B. ②是阿巴拉契亚山脉 C. ③国地跨亚非两洲 D. ④河没有明显的汛期 读“澳大利亚大陆多年平均每日日照时数等值线”图，回答下列各题。 8．甲乙丙丁四地日照时数可能相同的是 A. 甲乙 B. 甲丙 C. 丙乙 D. 乙丁 9．丁地火灾等级最高的时间是 A. 1----2月 B. 4---5月 C. 7----8月 D. 10--11月 人口算术密度指单位面积的人口数，人口生理密度指适用于农业用地的单位面积上的人口数。下表所给为加拿大、日本、埃及、新加坡四国的人口算术密度和人口生理密度。根据材料回答下列各题。
澳大利亚风俗与文化 中英文
澳大利亚 Australia is a modern country of immigrants, a strong proponent of the Administration and grass dwelling, protecting the environment, so here are each of a city as beautiful as the Garden. The 17,336,000 existing population, the United Kingdom and other European countries the immigrant population accounted for about 95% of the total, the official language is English. Christian residents accounted for 98%, a small number of people believe in Judaism, Islam and Buddhism. 澳大利亚是个现代化的移民国家，政府当局大力提倡栽花种草、保护环境，所以这里的每一座城市都像花园一样美丽。该国现有人口1733.6万，英国和其他欧洲国家的移民后裔约占总人口的95%，官方语言为英语。居民中信奉基督教的占98%，少数人信奉犹太教，伊斯兰教和佛教。 Fashion Etiquette 服饰礼仪 Australia, many men wear suits and ties, playing a black tie in formal occasions; many women to wear skirts all year round, while social occasions with a suit jacket. Youth prefer jeans, indigenous people are naked, or at waist scarf be binding, more about the indigenous people will also be put on scarf. Indigenous people of the decorations are rich and varied, there is Arms band, collar, put on his forehead, nose bone needles and so on, when the holiday will be applied in a variety of body color. 澳大利亚男子多穿西服，打领带，正式场合打黑色领结；妇女一年四季多穿裙子，社交场合则搭配西装上衣。年轻人比较喜欢牛仔裤，土著居民则赤身裸体，或在腰间扎条围巾，比较讲究的土著会在身上也披条围巾。土著人的装饰品丰富多彩，有臂环、项圈、前额箍、骨制鼻针等，节日时，还会在身上涂抹各种颜色。 Communication etiquette 交际礼仪 Are common to shake hands with the Australian way of greeting, hugging kissing is more rare and occurs in many women between friends. Time the concept of a strong Australian business and Date must be booking in advance to attend the appointment on time; private visit would bring presents, the most appropriate is a bouquet of
澳大利亚旅游资源简介
一、澳大利亚旅游资源简介 1、澳大利亚简介 首都：堪培拉国土面积：7,682,300.00平方公里 人口：2228万人(2010) 语言：英语，土著语言，澳大利亚的官方语言是英语。货币：澳元截止2011-10-18 1澳元=6.4912人民币 民族：英国及其它欧洲国家移民后裔占95.2%，亚洲人占1.3%，土著民族占1.5%，其它民族占2%。 宗教：没有国教，25%的国民没有宗教信仰，圣公会教徒占21%，罗马天主教教徒占27%，其它基督教教派占21%，其他宗教信仰者占6%。 历史 澳大利亚一词源于拉丁语“Terra australis incognita”，意为未知的南方大陆。一般认为，澳大利亚土著的祖先，大约在4万年以前，就居住在澳大利亚。1616年荷兰人才开始真正探索澳大利亚，发现了约1/3的澳大利亚土地。1770年4月29日英国航海家詹姆斯库克船长率领努力号全体船员正式下锚于澳大利亚东岸的植物湾，接着沿东海岸一路往北上，在约克角的控有岛升起英国国旗，并将整个澳大利亚大陆东部宣布为英王乔治三世所属。1817年澳大利亚这个名字被当时的殖民当局正式使用。1931年英议会通过“威斯敏斯特法案”，给予澳大利亚内政和外交自主权，从此澳大利亚成为英联邦的独立国。1972年澳大利亚工党政府彻底取消了“白澳政策”，同年，澳大利亚和中国建立外交关系。 文化 澳大利亚由具有不同文化背景的民族构成。澳大利亚是一个容忍互让、兼容并收的社会，其文化的多样性已成为澳大利亚的民族特色。土著人的文化遗产、英国人的殖民历史、世界各地移民的文化价值观，以及澳大利亚持开放政策，在艺术领域鼓励竞争、提倡百家争鸣的特点融合在一起，使澳大利亚成为一个具有多元文化的社会。澳大利亚的音乐、舞蹈、戏曲、艺术和文学蜚声世界。 2、澳大利亚旅游：吃喝、游乐、购! 澳大利亚通常被视为最适合中国人避暑的国家。它位于南半球，气候宜人，
澳大利亚文化英文介绍
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七年级地理下册《澳大利亚》教案
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就容易多了。但是，由于七年级学生的抽象思维、概括归纳以及综合分析能力还比较薄弱，因此在教学中充分调动学生的积极性，让他们参加到各种活动中来，学生的自主学习意识、分析能力都会有所提高。 教学思路及策略： 通过借助多媒体展示相关视频、图片、地图指导学生扮演游客和导游员，从感性上认识澳大利亚特有的生物，用大陆漂移说的观点，通过学生讨论分析有如此多的古老生物的原因。通过小组合作探究，认识澳大利亚的自然特点，进而组织学生小组讨论分析农牧业生产与自然条件的关系。通过学生讨论探究矿产资源的分布情况，理解坐在矿车上的国家，并强调虽然澳大利亚的农牧业与工矿业都很发达，然而服务业发展迅速并已大大超过了农牧业与工矿业，成为澳大利亚的经济支柱。教学过程中关注全体学生，充分尊重学生的主体地位，培养学生的读图能力，锻炼学生的形象思维能力。在教学中采取灵活多样的教学方法，如图片分析法、小组讨论法等，力求突出重点，突破难点。 视频导入 播放视频《古老的动物》，通过视频设置疑问，结合学生回答归纳：澳大利亚动物非常多，而且非常可爱。那现在就让我们开始澳大利亚之旅吧！ 通过看视频思考这些古老的动物生活在哪个国家。
英语国家概况 英国&澳大利亚部分Terms
Terms 1. Magna Carta Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter", literally "Great Paper"). In 1215, King John was forced by a group of feudal Barons (男爵，贵族) and the church to grant them a charter of liberty and political rights. Magna Carta placed some limits on the king’s ability to abuse his royal power. The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the British Constitutionalism（立宪制度）and it provides the basic principles（基本原则）for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States. 2. The Hundred Years’ War The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, Territory（领土）, security（安全）and the throne（王权）. The Hundred Years’ War promoted the concept of English Nationalism（民族主义）and the development of the textile industry because it reduced the export of English wool （羊毛）. The war raised the social position of the bourgeois（资产阶级）class. All these factors contributed to the decline of feudalism（封建制度）in England. 3. The Wars of the Roses玫瑰战争 Between 1455 and 1485 a series of battles were fought between the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and the House of York, symbolized by the white rose, ended with the failure of the House of York. 4. Black Death Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly（致命的）bubonic plague（黑死病）, an epidemic disease(流行病) spread by rat fleas（鼠疫跳蚤）. It was a fierce and widespread outbreak of plague(瘟疫) that ravaged（毁坏）the whole of Europe in the 14th century. It hit England first in 1349 with subsequent waves between 1360 and 1375 . The plague killed perhaps up to one-third of the British population. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. 5. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization(机械化) of industry and the consequences in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Britain was the first country to industrialize. The Industrial Revolution in Britain first began in the textile （纺织）industry.