公四 公六 专四必备语法知识

公四、公六，专四通用必备语法

一、时态、语态

时态、语态需要掌握的要点：

1.表达将来时的形式：

(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：

I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)

比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)

(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：

See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：

(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

(表示1919年时已发生的情况) (2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：

The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.

It is four years since John left school.

(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：

It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.

(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。

3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：

The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.

时态、语态答题思路：

(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；

(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。

二、非谓语动词

英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。

三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不定式。

一）不定式

1.不定式做主语

(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：

absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：

Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.

It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.

逻辑主语(1) :

用of +n./ pron 来表示逻辑主语:当―b e + adj. + 逻辑主语+ to do‖结构中的adj. 是absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, silly, thoughtful, considerate, wise, wrong, typical, naughty, selfish,

generous等表示人的品行的词

Examples

1. It is thoughtful of you to come to see me.

2. I think it wrong of him not to accept our invitation.

3. It is selfish of Tom not to lend his book to Mary.

4. It is generous of you to help me with my work.

逻辑主语(2) : 用for + n./ pron 表示逻辑主语:

1. It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases.

2. I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

3. He gave me the phone number in order for me to contact him when we are in need of help.（他给了我他的电话号码，以便我们需要帮助时与他联系.）

(2)不定式做主语补足语：

掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：

be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.

2.不定式做宾语

掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：

afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如：

Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.

3.不定式做定语通常为后臵修饰语:（post-modifier）

He used to have a lot of meetings to attend. There is nothing to worry about.

(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性

(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：

tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do

This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.

(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：

ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”

curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇”

ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”

According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.

(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：

way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.

We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.

(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：

Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.

4.不定式做状语

不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。

不定式作状语:目的状语

He hurried through his work so as to（in order to）catch the train.

They will go to the station to meet the guests.

To survive the severe competition in the future society, one must have all-round abilities.

不定式作状语:原因状语

We are overjoyed to see you. I am happy to be here. I feel honored to give a speech here.

(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能臵于句首。如：

(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：

The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.

(3) 不定式作状语:结果状语She was so angry as to be unable to speak.

不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。

常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：

Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.

I hurried to Prof. Wang’s house only to find he was out.（常表示令人不快的结果）

(4) not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to表示肯定意义。如：

I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。

独立结构

独立结构：（不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同）该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。

The plan was that the contending parties should reach an early agreement on basic principles, the details to be worked out later. (这个计划是让争执的双方先在基本原则上达成协议，细节以后再磋商。)

Another Example

He proposed a picnic, he himself to pay the railway tickets, and John to provide the food.

5．作插入语插入语（独立成份）

To be fair, he has worked hard these days.

We don’t like his idea, to tell you the truth.

He is not good at English, to say nothing of French. (let alone French)

Note：

跟不带―to‖的不定式作宾补的v:

see, hear, look at, listen to, feel, observe, watch, notice 等感官v 及let, make, have, keep.

The teacher makes us write a composition every week.（被动语态中要加上―to‖）

不带―to‖的不定式

使用不带―to‖的不定式的几种句型

(1) 口语中，以why开头的简单问句

Why do it that way? 为什么用这种方法来做这事呢？Why not go out for a walk? 为什么不出去散散步呢？

(2) 在had better, would rather... (than)..., would ... rather than, would sooner ... (than), can not but..., can’t help but..., may (might) as well... (不妨...)等习惯用法中

Examples

Since she is angry, we had better let her alone.

Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger. (He would rather die of hunger than beg in the street...)

I couldn’t help but wait for the next bus to come.

(3) 在do nothing/anything/everything but (except) 结构中

Last night I did nothing but watch TV. John will do anything but work on a farm.

但谓语动词不是do时，but / except所跟的不定式仍须带―to‖

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking. There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.

I have no choice/alternative/option but to give in to her power.

不定式的特殊结构

构成：疑问代词、副词及whether / if + to do

常跟疑问代词、副词及whether / if + to do作宾语的v.有

ask, consider, decide, discover, discuss, explain, find out, inquire, forget, know, learn, remember, show（演示）,tell, think, understand, wonder.

Examples

I still don’t know whom to turn to for help.They are trying to find out how to solve the problem.

Show me where to put the books. They haven’t decided yet (as to) whether to accept our offer of help.

不定式的复合谓语结构

复合谓语结构:（两个或多个部分构成复合谓语，如:He can do it）

(1) be said (reported, known, believed, announced, claimed, stated,…) + to do It is said ... that …

Beijing is known to have rich cultural heritage. (It is known that Beijing has ...)

(2) seem (happen, appear, prove, tend)+ to do I happened to be out when she called.

(3) be likely（certain, sure, willing, anxious, ready, bound, eager, reluctant) +to do

They are likely to succeed. She is always ready to help others.

不定式的特殊用法

一些固定结构中不定式的用法

too ... to 表否定含义,而enough ... to ... 表肯定

a. It was too cold for us to go shopping. (= It was so cold that we couldn’t...)

b. It was cold enough to freeze our fingers.

但enough to 之前如有否定词，不定式也表否定含义

The water isn’t warm enough for us to go swimming.(=The water isn’t warm enough so we can’t...)

(all too), only too等与不定式连用表示肯定意义

He’s only too pleased to help us. 非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。I shall be only too pleased to come.

too ready to 结构表肯定意义

He’s too ready to promise. 他太易于许诺。He’s too ready to criticize others.

不定式的语态

主动语态the last person to leave 被动语态the person to be relied on

当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，用被动语态

He is believed to be elected monitor. The house to be built is our dining room.

The book is said to have been translated into many languages. It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.

不定式的时态

一般式to write to be written 完成to have written to have been written

进行to be writing 完成进行to have been writing

如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后(或与之同时发生或将要发生)，用一般时

He is determined to work harder next term. I’m sorry to hear the news.

She is supposed to leave for New York next week.

如不定式（动态动词）表示的动作与谓语动作发生在同一时间，用进行时

I’m glad to be working with you. They seem to be having a meeting.

不定式动作先于谓语动作,用完成式

The enemy was reported to have surrendered two days before. He is said to have translated many articles into English.

三、动名词

动名词的语法功能

作主语

Seeing is believing. Listening to music is one of my hobbies.

Studying abroad has many advantages. Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.

习惯用法

A. It is no use / good/harm+Ving.

It is no use quarreling with her. It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.

B. There is no+Ving.

There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today.

There is no joking about this matter. 这事开不得玩笑。

作表语

My favorite pastime is collecting stamps. Her hobby is swimming and cycling.

One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual. My job is teaching.

One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language.

作动词宾语

She enjoys listening to rock music. We appreciate your offering to help.

We must avoid making such mistakes again. People who like travelling have their reasons.

跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase 常见的能跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase:

admit, appreciate, avoid, confess to, consider, delay, deny, endure(忍耐), enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy(想象), finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, risk, can’t help, feel like, give up, keep out, object to (反对), oppose, put

off(推迟).

注意：动名词作宾语后面带有补语，一般不用形式宾语it。但当宾补是一些带有―有用、明智、值得‖等含义的adj时，通常要用it作形宾，而将作宾语的g.放到补语后面。

作介词宾语

Never put off doing what should be done today till tomorrow. Have you got used to working on the night shift? (上夜班) Children are fond of reading fairy tales.

Phrases: get/be used/accustomed to, be fond of, look forward to, long for, dream of, approve/disapprove of, insist on, persist in, accuse sb. of, charge sb. with, be keen on, be absorbed in, concentrate on, put off, prevent…from...

习惯用法

1) There is no point in doing sth. 做某事没有意义。There isn’t much point (in) repairing that old car again.

2) There is no gain in doing sth. 做某事没有好处。There is no gain in being cruel/rude to people.

省掉介词

注：某些习惯用法中常省掉介词

He is busy (in) preparing a report. They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations.

We had great difficulty (in) finding his house.

More Phrases

have a good time doing, have a hard time doing, have trouble doing, have difficulty doing, have fun doing, be busy doing, spend time doing…

I am having great trouble catching up with my fellow students in English.

动名词的逻辑主语

如动名词动作的发出者不是谓语动作的主语，则需有自己的逻辑主语。

两种形式：

1)人称代词所有格+动名词He insisted on my going with him to the party.

2)名词所有格+动名词She dislikes her husband’s coming back home late.

More Information（1）

a. 人称代词所有格+动名词Compare:

Tom insisted on going with them. Tom insisted on my going with them.

b. 名词所有格+动名词Compare:

He hates working late. He hates his wife’s working late.

More Information（2）

若动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语相同，则不应再有主语。

She regrets___ _idle when young.

a. to have been

b. her being

c. her having

d. having been Key: d

动名词和不定式作宾语的差异

1) 有些动词可带动名词，也可带to do作宾语，差异不大。一般说来，作宾语的动名词更重一般情况，不定式则强调具体情况。

I like reading novels but I don’t like to read this novel.I like swimming ------ I like to (go to) swim.

动名词和不定式作宾语的差异

2）而有些动词带g.和带to do时意义差别较大。

More Comparison

try to do试图干，强调付出努力但不一定成功

try doing 尝试干，干着试试。Why don’t you try riding a bike to go to school?

need to do(需要做某事) I need you to help me. need doing (被动)需要My coat needs mending.

want to do(想做) want doing = need doing

used to do (过去常做) be used to doing （习惯于）

动名词的时态

完成式: 表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生, 使用having done

He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.

His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly. The picture reminded us of having been taken to the zoo.

动名词的语态

被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者

He did it without being asked.

They insisted on being given the task.

The boy was criticized for being late.

Being taken advantage of is not a good thing.

1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词

牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：

acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

2.动名词做介词短语

考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：

object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：

四、分词

分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：

●现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。

●过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。

1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别

分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：

(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：

It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)

There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)

How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

(相当于How many of us who will attend...)

(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：

Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)

Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于…each new phone which is added to…)

The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.

(相当于…description which was based on…)

(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：

deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：

an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人

a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student一个新来的学生

2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式

(1)表示时间，多臵于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：

Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生)

(2)表示原因，臵于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：

He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.

There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

(3)表示伴随、方式，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：

Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.

Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.

(4)表示结果，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.

(5)表示补充说明(同位)，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.

Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.

3.分词的独立主格结构

分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：

All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.

Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.

（1）名/ 代+ 分词：

a. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.

b. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him.

c. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip. （2）省去being或分词后，由n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。

He entered the room, his nose （being）red with cold. The meal （being）over, he went to his office again.

He stood in doorway, a hat （held）in his hand. Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.

（3）with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词being.

She left the room with the candle burning on the table. He wandered in without shoes or socks on.

分词的时态

(1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。

a. Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him. c. He came up to me, saying ―Glad to see you again‖.

b. Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.

(2) 现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。

a. Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest.

b. Not having done it right, I tried again.

c. Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.

分词的语态

(3) 现在分词的被动语态：being done. 表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。having been done 表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时间或原因。

a. Who is the patient being operated on?

b. You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.

c. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.

五、非谓语动词的其他考点

1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法

mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)

mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)

forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事)

forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)

go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事

go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事

regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔

2.不定式的习惯用法

句型：cannot help but do cannot but do cannot choose but do

can do nothing but do have no choice/alternative but to do

上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：

Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.

When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

3.动名词的习惯用法

句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.

It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.

spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.

cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.

I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it. There is no use crying over spilt milk.

Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.

4.there be 非谓语动词的用法

(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：

The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)

(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：

For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.

(for there to be…在句中做目的状语)

It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.

(for there to be…在句中做程度状语) There being no further questio ns, we’ll stop here today.(there being…做原因状语)

(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.

(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：

He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.

六、虚拟语气

虚拟语气类型（宾语从句；状语从句；名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句）；定语从句；特殊类型（感叹句）；省略if 的虚拟法（倒装））

Examples

The rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.

I would rather that you did nothing for the time being. I wish that I were a student again.

I wished that I had followed his suggestion.

1.主从句谓语动词的时态

(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:

主句从句

与现在事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do were (不分人称)/did

与过去事实相反would/情态动词过去式+have done had done

与将来事实相反would/情态动词过去式+do should do / were to do

如：If the doctor had been available, the child could not have died.

There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise.

(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：

主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.

(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

(3)识别事实和假设混合句：

Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)

I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.

(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)

2.名词性从句的虚拟形式

主语从句(it is +adj./p.p that) 同位语从句(The +n. that ) 表语从句(n. +be that)

名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：

(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：

desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer,

urge, vote。如：

In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home. I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.

(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：

advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：

The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away. It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.

(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：

insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：

John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.

3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式

含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：

(1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：

A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stu pid remark.

(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：

But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished

+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.

(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

4.常用虚拟形式的句型

(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：

would rather would as soon as though suppose…had rather would sooner

as if supposing…If only…It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式)

如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.

I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.

If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.

My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.

(2)If it were not for…(与现在事实相反)

If it had not been for…(与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：

If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.

(3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：

If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.

(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：

The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：

Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

虚拟语气的动词标志

―insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend, command, order‖等动词表“建议、愿望”时，其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。Should +V

wish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

虚拟语气的名词标志

1 ―necessity‖或―suggestion‖等名词后面的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气。

2 名词word 表―命令‖时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。

3 wish 作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气(should)+V。

虚拟语气的形容词标志

It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容词如suggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等时，that 句中用should + V 表示虚拟。

虚拟的介词标志

But for相当于if it had not been for。But for her help, I would have lost my way.

Without, in the absence of 等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。

Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth?

In the absence of water, plants would not grow well.

Under…condition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。

Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.

错综时间的虚拟

条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不―配套‖，即错综时间的虚拟。

If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldn’t be regretful now. If they hadn’t found us then, we would still be missing on the sea. If I hadn’t made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldn’t be in college now. 虚拟和事实

（前虚拟后事实）标志: but I would have gone to the party with you, but I was too busy. = If I hadn’t been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.

（前事实后虚拟）标志: otherwise Eg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you.

More Information

was (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示―原来想做而未做‖后面通常but…（陈述语气）。

Eg. I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.

had hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would+V。

Eg. I had hoped that he would agree to lend me the money.

七、情态动词

表示说话的语气或情态。情态动词本身有词义，但不完全，不能单独作谓语，必须和动词一起构成谓语。

情态动词没有人称和数的变化。大多数情态动词有过去式。

主要情态动词

Can, May, Will, Must, Shall, Need, Dare, Had better, Would sooner, Would as soon, Could, Might, Would, Have to, Should, Ought to, Used to, Would rather, Might as well

情态动词问题解析:

may be & maybe May be （可能是）--- maybe （或许）（副词）

The news may be true. Maybe the news is true.

She may be waiting for you at home. Maybe she is waiting for you at home.

May not & can not may not 译为―可能不‖、―也许不会‖而非―不可以‖。―不可以‖为must not或can’t（不许，不可以）。---May I smoke here? ---No, you mustn’t. /you can’t /you can not.

The news may not be true. You mustn’t move any of the papers on the desk.

Can & be able to Be able to 可以表示更多的时态。

We will be able to finish the work tomorrow. He was not able to realize his greatest ambition.

Are you able to design a new computer program? She has not been able to work out the complex problem.

ought to的否定式ought to的否定式是ought not to，疑问句只把ought提前。

You ought to be responsible for yourself. We ought not to look down on disabled people.

Ought we to count on him for the settlement of the debate?

Must Must do Must be Must have done

Must 的反意疑问句

I must get up at six, ___？She must be in the classroom now, _____?

They must have had great trouble trying to get there, ____? (mustn’t I; isn’t she; didn’t they)

用must 提问时的回答

肯定回答：must 否定回答：needn’t或don’t /doesn’t have to

Must I come as early as 6 tomorrow morning? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t. / No, you don’t have to.

Mustn’t & Needn’t Must he arrive very early? No, he doesn’t have to / No, he needn’t.

Must & have to Must: 主观上认为―必须‖ 作某事。Have to: 受客观情况迫使而―不得不‖ 作某事

You must work harder now if you want to find a satisfactory job after graduation.

Children in remote areas have to quit school simply because their parents cannot afford their education.

I must help him. (obligation, responsibility} I have to help him. (unwillingness)

Must & have to的否定

否定must 表示―禁止，不允许，一定不要‖否定don’t have to 表示―不必,不一定非得,不一定要‖

We mustn’t put off the trip no matter what happens.We don’t have to put off the trip, although it rains.

Must & have to时态的区别

Must只用于现在, 而have to则可用于不同时态。用had to表示过去, 用will have to表示将来。

We had to resort to force in that case. We will have to reconsider the whole thing if this plan fails.

One must have faith in life.

Have to have to的疑问句和否定句都要用助动词do/does，过去式则用did。

Do we have to wait for him to start dinner? Does he have to show you the tickets to enter the cinema?

Did I have to do the other task as well? You don’t have to come in person.

She doesn’t have to bring her dictionary.We didn’t have to make preparations for the quiz.

Need & dare Need & dare 既能作实义动词，又能作情态动词。

Need & dare在肯定句中，通常为实义动词，后面的不定式要带to，单数第三人称加s，有时态变化。

Need & dare作情态动词时，多用于否定句和疑问句。

Examples

She needs to work even harder if she wants to succeed in her study. He dares to speak the truth.

Do you need to take a break? They didn’t dare to disobey.Need he leave so soon?

You needn’t have done al l the heavy work. She dare not go home late at night. How dare you say I am unfair? might as well might as well译为―不妨‖表示规劝。

You might as well wait to see what I can do for you. You might as well leave now.

We might as well try a second time to see w hat’s wrong with the equipment.

be to 可视为情态动词be to的三种意义

①系表结构My duty is to instruct students on what is wrong and what is right.

②将来时的特殊表达法I was to go back home when the phone called.

③―应当‖―规定是‖可视为情态动词–be supposed to You are to obey the school rules and regulations.

Would rather

表意愿：I would rather/sooner not go there on my own. 表选择：She would rather die than surrender to the enemy.

（句型Would rather do sth. than do sth. else）

表虚拟：would rather sb. did /didn’t do sth.I would rather you didn’t do anything for the time being.

Used to & would 情态动词used to表―过去常常做‖。往往含有―不再如此‖之意。

Would只能表示动作，不能表示状态。而used to都可以。.

He would ask the teacher some strange questions. He used to ask the teacher ……

He used to be much better off than he is now. He wo uld be much …… (wrong)

More Information Would侧重叙述过去, 而used to 强调过去和现在的对比。

Sometimes she would give me some pleasant surprises. My mother used to be hot-tempered, but now she is very mild. 情态动词的完成式

needn’t have done表示过去本不必做的事情She needn’t have r isen so early. There was no hurry.

You needn’t have done all the calculation by yourself. We have computers to do that sort of work.

They needn’t have brought so much food with them. We had enough for all the guests.

Must have done 对过去事情的肯定猜测

He must have worked very hard, for he did a good job in the last exam.

They must have had a quarrel. They hadn’t talked with each other for nearly a week.

There must have been a blackout. The whole street was in darkness.

can’t/couldn’t have done对过去事情的否定猜测(must have done的否定形式）

It can’t have been her. She has gone to Shanghai.

You can’t have seen me in the meeting last week. I was on a business trip then.

He can’t have worked hard. I have seen him playing with his neighbors very often.

could & may/might have done 表示对过去事情的可能性的推测

You may / might have been injured in the car accident. You may have been hurt by the wild animal.

You may have read the book. You might have been more careful.

Will have done 表示将来完成时

By the end of this week, the building will have been completed. By next month, we will have learned the first 5 chapters.

By May or June, we will have already known whether China succeeds in bidding for the 2008 Olympic Games.

Would/could have done 表示对过去虚拟

You could/would have done much better if you had followed the teacher’s instructions.

The earth could have been a better place if we had all known the importance of protecting the environment.

You couldn’t have been so miserable had you listened to my advice.

She wouldn’t have failed the English exa m if she had done enough revision exercises.

should (ought to) have done 过去本该做某事shouldn’t (ought not to) have done过去本不该做某事

You shouldn’t have behaved so impolitely in front of all the guests.We shouldn’t have relied too much on him.

He shoul dn’t have cheated on the exam.She shouldn’t have agreed to marry such an irresponsible man.

注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：

1.表示已经发生的情况

(1)must have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：

My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the f irst man I met asked sympathetically: ―Are you feeling all right?‖

(2)can’t/couldn’t have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如：

Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

(3)may/might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.

2.表示虚拟语气

(1)needn’t have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：

As it turned out to be a small ho use party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.

(2)should /should not have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.

(3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.

(4)could have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如：

What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.

(5)may/might have + 过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：

It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.

3.几个情态动词常考的句型

(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：

Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.

(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：

You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.

The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.

(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to为used to (do)的否定式。

(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：

I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.

八、形容词、副词及其比较级

1.形容词的句法功能

形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：

(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前臵定语，可做表语或后臵定语。

(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。

(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

2.考比较级时，考生应把握

(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：

Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.

On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.

(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：

The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.

Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.

(3)比较级的修饰语如a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位臵是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如：

Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.

―Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?‖ ―No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.‖

(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：

inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.

3.最高级形式应注意的问题比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：

any other +单数名词the other +复数名词 the others anyone/anything else

上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。

4.有关比较级的特殊句型

(1)not so much…as…与其说……不如说……

The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

(2)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.

There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.

(3)no /not any less…than…两者一样都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.

(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.

修饰词的词序

“限定词+形容词+名词”词组中限定词+形容词的排列顺序。

限定词+ 一般描述性形容词+ 表示大小、形状的形容词+ 表示年龄、新旧的形容词+ 表示颜色的形容词+ 表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词+ 表示物质材料的形容词+ 表示用途、类别的形容词或名词When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ___ dress.

A. a cotton, blue expensive

B. a blue, expensive cotton

C. an expensive blue, cotton

D. a cotton, expensive blue

用连字号构成的形容词中的名词一般不用复数形式。

A three-day journey =a three days’ journey A two-hour meeting =a two hours’ meeting

Daily, weekly, yearly, monthly等一些以ly结尾的词即可以是形容词也可是副词。

A daily newspaper Go to visit a place weekly Yearly production (annual) Change yearly

At a monthly interval Go to see a doctor/ a dentist monthly

fast、long、well、enough等一些形容词本身也可以做副词用，不能再加ly。

The train is fast. The train runs fast. There is enough water. He is old enough to go to school.

late, lately; hard, hardly

有些形容词加ly后意义不同，发生变化(late, lately; hard, hardly等)。

Sorry I am late. I haven’t seen hi m lately. It is hard to predict what will happen in the future.

If you work hard, chances are that you will achieve success in your career.

It is hardly too much to say that we benefit from doing some part-time jobs.

表语形容词有些形容词只能做表语。（如表健康的ill、well和以前缀a开头的形容词alone, awake, aware, astir, ashore, asleep, alike, alive）

Are you aware that you are heading for danger? My mother was still awake when I came back.

I am liable to fall asleep during boring lectures.

过去分词用much修饰

过去分词充当的形容词用much修饰/与very+adj的区别。

He was much respected. The story was very funny. I was much excited. It is very interesting.

too…to的两种含义

too ... to 表否定含义 a. It was too cold for us to go shopping. (= It was so cold that we couldn’t...)

(all/ only) too…to 表示肯定意义

He’s only too pl eased to help us. 非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。I shall be only too happy to go with you there.

特殊形容词

有些形容词（表示形状）只有原级，不能用比较级和最高级形式(round、square)。

还有一些形容词本身就表示―最好，完美，独一无二，最理想的‖等最高级意义，只有原级，不能用比较级和最高级形式(perfect, ideal, excellent, unique, favorite)。

特殊形容词少数的外来词本身就有比较的含义，不能再加er或more…than，一般用介词to引出比较对象。Superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior This is much superior in quality to the previous one.

She is senior to me in rank/in age. Prior to the meeting, I attended a lecture.

No More/less Vs. Not More/less

She is no more intelligent than he is. 她不比他聪明多少。（两人都不太聪明）（两者都否定）

She is not more intelligent than he is. 她不如他更聪明。（他比她更聪明）（肯定后者，否定前者）

much too 和too much的区别

——Much too +adj./adv. ——Too much+noun. 或用做代词

The coat is much too expensive. It caused too much pain. I have already had too much.

同(原)级比较句型

⑴as+adj(adv)原级+as ⑵as+adj(原级)+a (an)+n +as ⑶no+比较级+than

⑷the same…as(5)not as (so)+原级+as

as+adj(adv)原级+as This room is as big as that one.

He is as timid as a rabbit. The cap in his head is as indispensable to him as his nose on his face.

The athlete runs as fast as a horse. The train travels as fast as a plane.

no+比较级+than He is no more intelligent than I am.

Implied meaning: we two are not very clever. We two are both quite stupid.

(cf. He is not more intelligent than I am.) Implied meaning: I was more intelligent than he is.

He is less intelligent than I am. I am quite intelligent but he is not.

This film is no more interesting than the one we saw last week.

(cf. This film is not more interesting than the one we saw last week.)

比较级的句型

(1)比较级+than (2)使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(senior to等) (3)the+比较级，the+比较级（越…越…）

使用带有比较含义的形容词+to(senior to等)

Superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, previous, preferable等形容词本身已含有―比什么更‖的意义，不需要比较级more…than.

Human beings are superior to other animals in that they can make and use tools for various purposes.

Fake goods are inferior to genuine commodities in both quality and durability.

the+比较级，the+比较级（越…越…）

Absolute secrecy is essential. Consequently, the fewer who are aware of the plan, the better.

The more, the better.

The more quickly, the better. The more he learned, the more eagerly he wanted to learn.

Chances are that the more you practice, the more you perfect. (the more practice you make, the more skillful you are.)

最高级的表示法⑴the+最高级+in(of) ⑵比较级+than+any other/all the other ⑶

Nothing(no+noun.)+is +so+形（副）原级+as (4)Nothing(no +noun.)+is +形比较级+than 再没有比…更…

(5)as+adj+as +S.+can be (6)all the +形副比较级+从句

the+最高级+in(of/among)

By far, she is the most ambitious girl among all the students I have ever taught.

To me, physics is the most difficult subject in all the courses offered in the college.

As far as many people are concerned (as far as occupations are concerned), teaching is the most noble profession of all.

比较级+than+any other/all the other

She is more intelligent than all the other students in her class. He is more mischievous than any other boy in the neighborhood. The man is more knowledgeable than all the other men in his company.

Nothing+is +形比较级+than 再没有比…更…

Nothing is more enjoyable than going out for a walk after a big supper. Nothing is more valuable than good health. Nothing gives the old man more happiness than raising birds.

Nothing benefits college students more than constantly taking part in social practice to adapt themselves to the society (to gain some social experience).

倍数表达法

⑴倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象（甲是乙的多少倍）⑵倍数+比较级+than+被比对象（甲比乙….多少倍）

⑶倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/those of

倍数+as+原级+as+被比对象

Their new house is twice as large as their previous one. The electrical bicycle runs twice as fast/quickly as common bikes. 倍数+比较级+than+被比对象The factory produces three times more cars than the other one。

The passage is twice longer than the one we discussed last week.

倍数+the+表数量大小的名词+of+被比对象或that/those of

The size of the apartment is three times that of the house they used to live in/inhabit.

The number of students who failed in the final exam this term is twice that of the students last term.

The rooms in this hotel are six times those of the small inn.

enough的用法I have had enough water. I have had enough. It is enough.

He is old enough to go to school. Do you have enough money to buy the book?

So, such

So +adj. + a +noun. Such +a+adj. +noun. E.g. It is so interesting a story. It is such an interesting story.

不可数名词只能用such修饰。Such fine weather So fine weather (X)

so、too和enough的区别

The book is so interesting that I read it twice. It is too hard for me to understand.

He is too old to be a qualified soldier. The textbook is too easy for our use.

Am I qualified enough to do the job? Are there enough books available?

Important Points 四级主要考点

副词的位臵频率副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually , rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be动词与实义动词之间。在省略结构中，这些副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be 动词之前。

Examples

We ___ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

A. just have had

B. have just had

C. just had had

D. had just had

San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ____.

A. is rarely

B. rarely is

C. hardly is

D. is scarcely

程度副词的位臵程度副词的位臵通常放在所修饰的词前面，如very, much, almost, hardly, nearly, awfully, fairly, rather等。但enough必须放在所修饰词的后面。

How I wish John recognized the fact that he ___ in the wrong.

A. is always nearly

B. always is nearly

C. is nearly always

D. nearly is always

评注性副词的位臵

对全句进行修饰的评注性副词如actually，fortunately, surely, certainly, briefly通常放在句首，并用逗号隔开。

Not ____, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture. (93.6)

A. obviously

B. particularly

C. surprisingly

D. normally

同根形容词

When ___ scientists first suggested the possibility that one person could speak directly to another over a long distance, few people took them seriously.

A. imaginable

B. imaginative

C. imaginary

D. imagination

The car is quite ___ of petrol.

A. economic

B. economical

C. economics

D. economy

No one imagined that the apparently ___ businessman was really criminal.

A. respectful

B. respectable

C. respective

D. respecting

This is a well ___ plan.

A. considered

B. considerate

C. considerable

D. considering

易混淆的同根形容词

Considerable Considerate Historic（历史上重要的）Historical

Confident Confidential Favorable Favorite

Industrial Industrious Comparative Comparable（可比的）

Incredible Incredulous （不轻信的）Continual （连续不断的）Continuous （持续的）

Economic Economical

九、平行结构

1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：

It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.

Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.

2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。

(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：

We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.

For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.

(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：

At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.

十、代词

1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致

如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two Amer ican writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

2.that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasi onal ―digestive pauses‖ by both.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.

3.one的指代作用

one指代不确指的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one 指代确指的单数可数名词。如：

A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

十一、主谓一致问题

1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。如：

The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.

2.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：

Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.

There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.

3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：

Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her. To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.

4.主语带有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.

5.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。

6.某些固定结构中谓语的数：

a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数many a + 可数名词单数谓语用单数

a number of +可数名词复数谓语用复数the number of +可数名词复数谓语用单数

the majority of +可数名词复数谓语用复数each/every +可数名词单数谓语用单数

neither/either of +可数名词复数谓语用单数more than one +可数名词单数谓语用单数

one and a half +可数名词复数谓语用单数

the greater part of / a large proportion of / 50% of / one third of / plenty of / the rest of 谓语的数与of后面的名词一致

十二、倒装结构

1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若臵于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装

never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。如：Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.

Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装

1) Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently.

2) Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift. 3) Only then did I know that I was wrong.

3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装

often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time。如：

表频率的状语至于句首倒装表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。

Many a time has he given us sound advice. Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents.

More than once have we heard him make such promises.

So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装

(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：

Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him. Here comes the bus.

Down jumped the little boy from the bridge. Here it ( 指the bus) comes. There they went.

(2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

5.让步从句的倒装

(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容臵于句首。如：

Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

As, though让步状语从句中倒装

在以as，though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名，形，副，动词）

Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong. Intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest.

Much as I admire him, I don’t think he is perfect.Try as she did, she failed again.

(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中。如：

Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, I’ll be on your side.

6.比较从句的倒装as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：

Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

7. 虚拟语气中的倒装虚拟语气中省略―if‖或―whether‖时的倒装。

Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the former. Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity.

Had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday.

8. Such/so…that句型中的倒装

Such/so…that句型中such+名词或so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。

So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment.

So excited was I that I didn’t know what to say.

9. 平衡倒装

There+be或其它不及物动词come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等结构中，为避免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。There stands an old house that is being pulled down. There existed a hostile relationship between the two families.

There are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person.

十三、复合句——形容词性(定语)从句

1.尤其要注意whose的用法whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：

2.介词+ which的用法

如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：

We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.

3.as 与which用作关系代词的区别

(1)as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用。如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.

(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位臵比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which 只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：

As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.

As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。

4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别

(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that, which都可以，而且可以省略；

(2)先行词是不定代词anything, nothing, little, all, everything时，关系代词用that；

(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last, only, very修饰时，用that；

(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。

5.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not, that…not

这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：

There are few teachers but know how to use a computer. There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.

十四、复合句——名词性从句

一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。

1.what/whatever的用法考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.

(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)

Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen. (what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)

2.whoever和whomever的区别

whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：

They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)

3.有关同位语从句的问题

(1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：

The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.

(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：

Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.

4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别

(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；

(3)whether or not可以连在一起用，而if or not则不能，or not只能放在句末；

(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；

(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；

(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。

5.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。

非限制性定语从句的五个“不能”

一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。如：1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday.

2. I like the book which / that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。

二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导。要用for which代替why。如：

1. I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。

2. I had told them the reason why I didn't attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句―the reason why...‖是常见搭配。)

三、非限制性定语从句臵于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位臵比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。如：

1. As I expected, he didn't believe me. 正如我所预料的，他不相信我。

2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。

四、非限制性定语从句由―介词+关系代词‖引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。如：

1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry.

2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper.

五、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom; 不能用who替换，也不能省略。如：

1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。

2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. (非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。)

由who、whom、whose引导的非限制性定语从句

1. who引导的非限制性定语从句

Our guide，who was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。

Then he met Mary，who invited him to a party.后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。

My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.

我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。

2. whom引导的非限制性定语从句

关系代词whom用于指人，在句中作动词宾语和介词宾语，作介词宾语时，介词可位于句末。如：

Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。

Mr Smith，from whom I have learned a lot，is a famous scientist.

史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。

3. whose引导的非限制性定语从句

whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中作定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。如：

The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。

Above the trees are the mountains whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.

在树林的高处是山，其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。

The play，whose style is rigidly formal，is typical of the period.这剧本是那个时期的典型作品，风格拘谨刻板。

十五、复合句——副词性(状语)从句

副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。

状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。

1.条件状语从句的常考知识点

(1)if与unless的用法。if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：

In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.

(2)复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：

You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train.

Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.

In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果……)

You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. (如果……)

Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如……) Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)

(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.

Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit dr ug research since penicillin was discovered.

2.让步状语从句的常考知识点

(1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分臵于句首。如：

Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.

(2)while引导让步从句。如: Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.

(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:

Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.

For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.

3.时间状语从句的常考知识点

(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:

New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.

(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：

I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.

(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.

(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如:

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

My pain must have been apparent the moment I w alked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: ―Are you feeling all right?‖

Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the tim e it takes the Earth to complete one.

(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as。如:

The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.

4.原因状语从句的常考知识点

(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:

Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.

(2)now that表示“既然”; seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:

Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.

He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.

Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.

其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。

六年级英语语法知识点汇总

六年级语法总复习 一、词汇 （一）一般过去时态 一般过去时态表示在过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用。例如yesterday, last weekend ,last Saturday ,等连用。基本句型：主语+动词的过去式+其他。例句——What did you do last weekend?你上周做什么了？ ——I played football last weekend.我踢足球了。 ★规则动词过去式的构成 ⒈一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。例如：play—played ⒉词尾是e的动词直接加-d。例如：dance—danced ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。例如stop（停止）--stopped ⒋结尾是“辅音字母+y”的动词，变“y”为“i”，再加-ed，例如：study--studied ★一些不规则变化的动词过去式 am/is—was are—were go—went swim—swam fly—flew do—did have—had say—said see—saw take—took come—came become—became get—got draw—drew hurt—hurt read—read tell—told will—would eat—ate take—took make—made drink—drank sleep(睡觉)—slept cut（切）--cut sit(坐)—sat begin(开始)—began think—thought find—found run(跑)---ran buy—bought win—won give(给)—gave sing—sang leave—left hear（听）--heart wear—wore （二）一般现在时态 一般现在时态表示包括现在时间在内的一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态，表示习惯性或客观存在的事实和真理。常与often ,always ,usually ,sometimes ,every day等连用。基本句型分为两种情况： ●主语（非第三人称）+动词原形+其他。例句：——What do you usually do on the weekend?——I usually do my homework on the weekend. ●主语（第三人称）+动词的第三人称单数形式+其他。例句： ——What does Sarah usually do on the weekend?萨拉通常在周末干什么？ ——She usually does her homework on the weekend.她通常在周末做她的家庭作业。 ★动词第三人称单数形式的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在动词词尾加-s.例如：play—plays ⒉以s ,x ,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es。例如：watch—watches ⒊以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加es,例如：fly—flies ⒋个别不规则变化动词，需单独记忆，例如：do—does go—goes （三）现在进行时态 现在进行时态表示说话人现在正在进行的动作。基本句型：主语+be+动词的-ing+其他。 例如:——What are you doing ?你在干什么？ ——I am doing my homework..我正在做作业。 ★动词现在分词的变化规则 ⒈一般直接在词尾加ing ，例如;wash—washing ⒉以不发音e字母结尾的动词，去掉e ,再加ing.例如：make—making ⒊末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，要双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing.例如swim—swimming （四）一般将来时态 一般将来时态表示将来某一时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间如tomorrow ,next weeken ,this afternoon 等连用。我们通常用will,be going to+动词原形来表示一般将来时态。

初中英语语法大全知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识 动词时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some tim e when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 动词语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

六年级语法知识总结

六年级语法知识总结1、Where is+地点名词？询问……在哪儿？回答时常用It’s +表 示地点的介词短语或副词短语。 2、感叹句的表达：①由What引导的感叹句，其基本结构为：What a/an+形容词+可数名词单数,意为“多么……啊！”。如果被修饰的词为可数名词复数或不可数名词，则不要冠词a或an。即“What+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词！”。 ②由How引导的感叹句，其基本结构为：How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！意为“多么……啊！” 3、询问怎样去某地用句型：How can+主语+get to+地点？常用“主 语can+turn left/turn right/go straight/……”来回答。 4、升调和降调：英语中有两种基本语调：升调和降调。在朗读一 般疑问句时常使用升调，朗读陈述句和特殊疑问句时常使用降调。在表示命令的祈使句中，若句末有please，则先降后升； 若please置于句首或没有please，通常使用降调。 5、How much和How many How much用来询问不可数名词的数量或物品的价格。How many用来询问可数名词的数量。两者都是“多少”的意思。 6、询问对方出行方式的句型：How do you go/come to+表示地点的名 词？或者用How do you get to+表示地点的名词？ 如果询问其他人的出行方式且主语为第三人称单数形式时，要把助动词do改为does；go、come和get均可表示“到达”，其后接

表示地点的名词时，要加上相应的介词，但当其后接地点副词（home here there等）时，要省略介词。 7、回答出行方式的句型：I go/come by+交通工具。 “by+交通工具”表示“乘坐某种交通工具”，此结构中表示交 通工具的名词前不加冠词，且该名词要用单数形式。Foot比较 特殊，不与by连用，表示“步行”用on foot。“take a/an/the+ 交通工具”也可表示“乘坐某种交通工具”，它可在句中作谓语，而“by+交通工具”在句中不能单独作谓语，它要与go、come 等词连用。 8、“be going to+动词原形”是一般将来时的一种表达方式，表示“打 算或计划要做某事” 一般将来时表示在将来某一时刻或将来某段时间内要发生的动作或存在的状态。一般将来时常与表示将来的时间状语连用：如this morning,tonight,tomorrow,the day after tomorrow,next week,next month,next year等。除了“be going to+动词原形”之外，还可用“will+动词原形”表示将来。

【经典】资料大全：英语学习_英语语法基础知识_必备

天才是百分之九十九的勤奋加百分之一的灵感 弃我去者，昨日之日不可留 乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧 英语语法基础知识 第1课： 1、be（是）动词的用法：am接I；is接第三人称单数，即除you、I外；are接表示多个人或事物，即复数。（我是am，你是are，is连接它、她、他，单数is，复数are）。 2、not是表示否定的词：不是的表达，am not，is not（isn’t），are not（aren’t）。 3、“一个”和“几个”的问题：“一个”是a+名词；“多个”是名词后面加s。 4、以元音开头（如O、E等），前面的冠词用an。 第2课： 1、及物动词与不及物动词的区别：及物动词后面接宾语；而不及物动词后面不接宾语。如I like ice cream ，It hurts。 2、主语是he、she、it和单数名词时，动词要发生第三人称的变化，即加s。 3、否定的用法：在动词之前加do not或does not。I、You和复数名词做主语时，否定就用do not；凡是单数名称和he、she、it做主语，否定就用does not。 第3课 1、my（我的）、your（你的）、his（他的）、her（她的）、their（他们的）、our（我们的）、its（它的）+名词，如my love，your love 。 2、名词所有格形式为：名词+’s，表示“……的”，如Sophie’s world，children’s Day，Japan’s tomorrow。 3、用名词+of+名词，一般用在无生命的名词上，表示“……的’’，如The sound of music （音乐之声）。 第4课 1、“have”和“there be”翻译成汉语都可以用一个“有”字来表示，但have是指主观的“所有、拥有”，而there be则是指客观的“存在，某处有某物”。 2、There be的单复数变化与be的变化规则相同，取决于后面所接的主语。主语为单数，就变成there is，主语是复数，就变成there are。 3、“have”在第三人称单数时变成“has”。

人教版六年级下册英语知识点总结

六年级下册英语知识点总结 第一单元 (Unit1 How tall are you?) 句子： 1、That's the tallest dinosaur in this hall. 那是这个厅里最高的恐龙。 2、You’re older than me. 你比我大。 3、How tall are you ?你有多高？I’m 1.65 metres.我身高1.65米。 4、What size are your shoes ? 你穿多大号的鞋？ 5、My shoes are size 37. 我穿37号的鞋。 6 、Your feet are bigger than mine . 你的脚比我的大。 7、How heavy are you ?你有多重？I’m 48 kilograms .我体重48公斤。 8、It’s taller than both of us together . 它比我们俩加在一起还高。 应该掌握的知识点： 1、形容词变为比较级的变化规则： (1)一般情况下，在形容词的词尾直接加er。如: tall—taller short—shorter. (2)以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾直接加r，如：nice—nicer. late—later (3)以重读闭音节结尾，且结尾只有一个辅音字母的词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加er.如： big—bigger thin—thinner fat—fatter (4)以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节形容词，先变y为i , 再加er。 如：easy—easier heavy—heavier funny—funnier. 2、部分形容词比较级的不规则变化：good/well—better

初中英语语法知识点总结

英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

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(6) 判断：是、就是、正是? (7) 使令：使、让、派、请、叫、要求、命令、推举、允许、鼓动、鼓励。? 3、形容词：表示事物的形状、性质或状态的词叫形容词。 ?(1) 形状：大、小、高、圆、长、短、高大、肥胖。? (2) ?性质：好、坏、镇定、勇敢、乐观、伟大、优秀? ?(3) ? 4 (1) ? (2) (3) (4) ?(5) ? 5 ?无量( (1) (2) (3) (4) 动量(表示动作行为的单位) ?次、回、下、趟、遍、阵、场、遭、焉? 动量词也可以借用跟动作有关的事物的名词。如：画一笔、切一刀、工作一星期、学习一下午、踢一脚、送一车? 说明：在现代汉语中，数词本身只表示抽象的数的概念，在计算事物或动作的数量时，数词的后面必须加上量词。数词跟量词连用就是数量词。?

6、代词：具有指示、代替作用的词叫代词。代词可分为人称代词、指示代词、疑问代词。 ⑴人称代词：代替人或事物的名称的代词。 ⑵用来指人或事物的代词叫指示代词。 ⑶用来提出问题的代词叫疑问代词。 1 2 3 4 系。 进行中;“了”表示已经完成；“过”表示曾经发生过。 ⑶语气助词：“的、了、吗、呢、啊、呀”等，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气，用在句子末尾。 5、叹词：是表示感叹或呼唤应答声音的词。叹词常独立成句，可以用在句前，也可以用在句中或句末。

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人教版七年级（上册）英语知识点 第一块国际音标 国际音标是一种工具，其作用是标记英语字母和单词的读音。 1、20个元音 单元音： ／i:／Ee、／з:／her ／u:／do ／I／it ／?／about ／u／book ／ɑ:／are ／／or ／?／any ／／us ／／off ／e／at 双元音： ／／Ii ／／out ／／ear ／／Aa，／／Oo ／／air ／／boy ／／sure 2、28辅音： 成对的清浊辅音： ／p／map ／t／it ／k／book ／f／off ／θ／math ／s／yes ／b／club ／d／dad ／g／big ／v／have ／e／this ／z／zoo ／／fish ／／watch ／tr／tree ／ts／its ／／usually ／／orange ／dr／dress ／dz／beds 其他辅音： ／m／am ／n／and ／／English ／l／like ／h／hello ／r／red ／w／what ／j／yes 3、国际音标拼读规则： 辅见元，碰一碰。／l／在前，发本音；音节后面卷下舌。 ／p／、／t／、／k／、／tr ／清辅音，／s／后读成浊辅音。 本块词汇: speak说讲start开始school学校 s trict严格的out外面club俱乐部usually通常 dress化妆about关于大约us我们her她的ear耳朵English英语sure当然可以air空气or或者any一些boy男孩orange橙子,桔子map地图tree树math数学 off离开watch观看手表do做 like喜欢 beds床what什么hello喂是的red红色的yes是的 book书its它的 zoo动物园fish鱼dad爸爸big大的have有this这it它 Starter unit1-3 一、文化常识 1、英语文化区域，熟人之间见面，常要互相问好。早上用语Good morning ! 下午用语Good afternoon ! 晚上用语Good evening ! 例如：

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英语 1.表示时间的介词 (1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。 at noon在午时at night在夜间at present目前 (2)on:用于星期,某天,某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时，一律用on) on Sunday在星期天on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日 (3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。 in 1999 在1999年in November 在11月份 in summer 在夏季in the afternoon在下午 at表示片刻时间；in表示一段时间；on总是与日子有关。 2.表示地点的介词 (1)at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所) at school上学at home在家at the station 在火车站 (2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所) she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。 3.时态: (1)一般过去时是指发生在过去的事；如句子中有yesterday, last week , last weekend , last yesterday , last Sunday 等这样表示过去时间的词时，就要用一般过去时态。如果be动词是was、were，或者动词加ed都表示是一般过去时。(2)现在进行时是指正在发生的事；句中往往有now、look、listen等词。 现在分词就是动词ing 共有三种形式:①直接+ ing ②去e + ing ③双写最后一个字母+ing (3)一般现在时是指经常发生的事。 句式：主语+ 动词原型或动词变形（动词第三人称变化）+ 其它成分(4)一般将来时指将要发生的事和打算做的事。 典型单词有：tomorrow ；the day after tomorrow；tomorrow morning 构成形式：Be going to +动词原形，will +动词原形 4.时间和日期的表达:

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1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用

should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。

3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：

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v1.0可编辑可修改 英语语法基础知识大全 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词 类（ parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词 和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词 (noun) 是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner 外国人 soap肥皂Newton 牛顿 law法律freedom 自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词 (common noun) 是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher 教师market 市场 rice大米 magazine 杂志sound 声音 production生产 2。专有名词 (proper noun) 是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须 大写。例如： Hemingway 海明威Russia俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun) 与不可数名词 (uncountable noun) 两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s 或 -es 。例如：shop→shops 商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries图书馆 toy →toys玩具leaf →leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如： man→men 男人 tooth →teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则，请参阅有关的英语语法书。 （二）冠词

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英语基础语法知识（一） 第一节词类和句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。 英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下： （一）名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如： foreigner外国人 soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace和平 英语名词可分为两大类： 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如： teacher教师 market市场rice大米 magazine杂志sound声音production生产

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