文学名词解释
1. Modernism(现代主义)
1）Modernism was a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century.
2）rising out of skepticism and disillusionment of capitalism, which made writers and artists search for new ways to express their understanding of the world and the human nature. The French Symbolism, appearing in the late, 19th century, became the forerunner of modernism.
3）It provided the greatest renaissance of the 20th century.
4）It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age. It took the irrational philosophy and theory of psychoa/nalysis as its theoretical base.
5）Major themes: the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself.
6) It was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, stream of consciousness , expressionism, futurism, etc. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. Modernism also touched upon visual arts, music, dance and the other fields of social life.
7）The major figures that were associated with this movement were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf, etc.
2.Streams of consciousness (意识流)
(1)is a term to describe the flow of thoughts of the waking mind.
(2)Now it is widely used to describe the unspoken thoughts and feelings of the characters, without resorting to objective description or conventional dialogue.
(3)It was adapted and developed by Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and others.
(4)The ability to represent the flux of a character’s thought, impressions, emotions, or reminiscences, often without logical sequence or syntax, marked a revolution in the form of novel at that time.
(5)The order of our study must be analytic.
(6)It begins the introspective study of the adult consciousness itself.
3. Renaissance （文艺复兴）
A. a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe, which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century.
B. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature and then spread all over Europe.
C. the term means “rebirth” or “revival”.
D. Humanism is the essence of the renaissance.
E. representatives: Dante, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare
F. It marked the beginning of bourgeois revolution
4. Humanism（人文主义）
A.it is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the renaissance period in their fighting against medieval a/sceticism禁欲主义.
B.It states that man is able to find truth, goodness and beauty, and that man is in control of the present life rather than being controlled by God.
C.Briefly, humanism puts man at the center of their beliefs and takes man to be the
measure of everything
D.They introduce new ideas, call for man’s freedom in thinking, praise man’s worldly aspirations渴望, and de/nunciate （公开谴责）the feuda/listic control of man’s thought.
E.In England, Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.
F. it is the essence of the Renaissance Period.
5. Gothic Novel(哥特式小说)
1）It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century
2）Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.
3）Mostly stories of mystery and horror took place in some haunted or dilapidated /deserted Middle Age castles.
4) gothic heroes and heroines tend to the equally mysterious, emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature: the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castles against the rigid rationality principle
5) They emphasize story line and setting over character and characterization.
6) Representatives: Horace Walpole–The Castle of Otranto;Ann Radcliff---- The Mysteries of Udolpho
6. Realism（现实主义）
1）Realism is the determination to face facts and deal with them practically, without being influenced by feelings or false ideas.
2）In literature, realism is a way of writing about people and events as they actually are.
3）in art, an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exactly as they act or appear in life.
4）Representative writers: Daniel Defoe; Joanthan Swift; Henry Fielding, etc.
7.Enlightment:The Enlightment movement
(1),it was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.(2)the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.(3)its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.(4)they believed that reason or rationality become standards for measurement of everything. (5)they held the common faith in human rationality and the possibility of human perfection through education.
(6)representatives:Alexander Pope, Richard Steele,
8,Critical Realism批判现实主义
It is the main trend of the literary thoughts in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature. Critical realists criticize capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint of bourgeoisie reality. The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of novels. They make use of the from of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of whole social classes.
文学理论名词解释大全
文艺学：研究文学及其规律的学科。 文学活动：把文学理解为一种活动，由作品、作家、世界、读者等要素组成，是人类的一种高级的特殊的精神活动。 文学理论：对文学的原理、文学的范畴和判断标准等问题的研究。 文学批评：以文学理论所阐明的基本原理概念、范畴和方法为指导，专门地去具体分析和评论一个个作家、作品。 文学史：是一门以研究主流文学为对象的，清理并描述文学演变过程，探讨其发张规律的一门学科。 马克思主义文学理论：是马克思主义整体中的有机组成部分。是马克思、恩格斯在批判地继承德国古典哲学、美学、文艺学的基础上创立的。 中国特色：必须以中国特有的历史文化和现实经验作为土壤去培植马克思主义文学理论。必须吸收中国传统的文学理论遗产，寻求马克思主义文学理论与中国传统文学理论的结合点。 当代性：必须在研究中国当代文学发展情况的基础上，概括当代社会主义文学实践的新经验，回答当代社会主义文学运动提出的新问题。必须面对世纪西方文论的挑战。随着科学的发展，世纪出现了许多新的学科，诸如符号学、解释学、现象学、价值学、信息论等。 生活活动：是以生产活动为基础的，人类生存、繁衍和发展的活动系统的总称。本质力量的对象化：在生产劳动中，人改造了自然，使自然变化了人化的自然；同时，人在改造自然的过程中也改造了自己，使自己被自然所丰富所改造。 文学活动的“四个要素”：作者、世界、作品、读者 文学活动的对话性结构：指文学活动不同要素之间的互动关系。围绕作品这个中心，作者与世界、读者之间建立起来的是一种话语伙伴关系。其中，分别够成了若干对主体间性关系，包括自我与自我、自我与现实他者、自我与超验他者以及自我与潜在他者。在文学活动中，主体和对象的关系始终处于发展与变化之中。一方面是主体的对象化，另一方面是对象的主体化，正是在主体对象化和对象主体化的互动过程中，才生动地显示出了文学所特有的社会的和审美的本质属性。文学本体论：英美新批评强调文学作品的本体地位提出这一观点，代表人物是兰塞姆，认为文学活动的本体在于文学作品而不是外在的世界和作者。 劳动说：文学原始发生的主要学说之一，把劳动作为文学的起点。劳动提供了文学活动的前提条件，劳动产生了文学活动的需要，劳动构成了文学描写的主要内容，劳动制约了早期文学的形式。 物质生产与精神生产的“不平衡关系”：指文学进程、发展与经济的发展并不总是同步的。有时甚至是反方向的发展。这种不平衡有两种典型的体现：一是某些文艺类型只能兴盛在生产发展相对低级的阶段随生产力的发展，它的繁荣阶段也就过去了。另一种情况是艺术生产与物质生产的发展水平并不是呈正比例，经济落后的国家或地区可能在文学艺术上反而领先。 文学的含义：简言之，文学是一种语言艺术，是话语蕴籍中的审美意识形态。当然文学的含义是变化发展的。 话语：话语是一种具体的社会存在形态，是指与社会权利关系相互缠绕的具体言语方式。是特定社会语境中人与人之间从事沟通的具体言语行为，即一定的说话人与受话人之间在特定社会语境中通过文本而展开的沟通活动， 话语蕴籍：是指文学活动的蕴蓄深厚而又余味深长的语言与意义状况，表明文学作为社会话语实践蕴涵着丰富的意义生成可能性。
美国文学名词解释
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
文学理论名词解释
导论（1--2 章） 第一章：文学理论的性质和形态 1、文艺学：研究文学的发展过程、相关知识、文学的基本规律、文学活动中的个案的学科。 2、文学活动：由文学创作活动、文学接受活动组成的一个循环运动，它包括世界、作家、作品、读 者四个要素。 3、文学理论：研究文学活动的基本规律、基本原理、范畴、文学研究的方法的一门学科。 4、文学批评：以文学作品为中心，对作家、作品、读者、文学思潮作理性的分析、研究的一门学科。 5、文学史：以历时方法，记载文学活动的过程，并对重要的现象作必要的阐释的一门学科。 6、文学哲学：用哲学中主体与客体的关系原理、认识论、方法论来指导研究文学活动与社会生活关 系、作家的创作、读者的阅读性质、机制的一种文学理论形态。 7、文学心理学：文学活动中的基本环节文学创作、作品、接受过程，是作者心理、读者心理不断转 换过程，采用心理学的视角（精神分析学、投射理论）如研究文学活动的一种文学理论形态。 8、文学符号学：运用语言学、符号学的研究原理，对文学文本进行信息译码的一种文学理论形态。
9、文学社会学：把文学活动作为子系统放在社会大系统中研究，从社会文化、政治、经济、道德、 伦理、宗教等多重角度，研究作家、作品、读者与社会生活的关系，重点是作品与社会历史的对应关 系的一种文学理论形态。 10、文学价值学：研究文学活动中的文化价值的形成、转移、增值、变化的过程的一种文学理论形态。 11、文学文化学：把文学活动研究的各种理论、视角、方法综合起来的一种文学理论形态。文学理论 的发展历史存在一个倾向，由古老的文学文化学，到后来的各种形态的兴起分化，到现在又向文学文化学回归。 12、文学信息学：文学语言作为一种符号系统，负载传播信息，由编码到译码，是一个信息的生成与 转换过程，由这种研究方法构成的一种文学理论形态。 第二章：马克思主义文学理论与中国当代文学理论建设 1、马克思主义文学理论：它是指马克思恩格斯原著中所阐述的文艺学思想的核心，列宁斯大林毛泽 东周恩来邓小平等革命领袖思想中所包涵的文学理论为主体，西方马克思主义流派所论述的理论为补充的文学理论体系。 2、文学活动论：文学活动是人的活动的大系统中的子系统，是人的本质力量对象化的一种途径，是 人的精神活动的一个重要方面，它能促成人的全面的发展。 3、本质力量对象化：是人的活动的特性。人的劳动实践，不同于动物的活动，是有意识的活动，在 劳动之前就有了蓝图，人按照预先的设计有目的、有计划的加工改造对象，使对象打上主体的烙印，
文学概论名词解释1
文学概论 名词解释 1、精神生产：指的是人类为了取得精神生活所需要的精神资料而进行的对于自然、社会的 观念活动。（第100页） 2、灵感：是作家在内心长期积累、比较、分析材料，艰苦地思索以至达到寝食俱忘的程度 之后，突然在无意之间获得的一种可能性的结果。（第137页） 3、直觉：是作家凭借过去的知识积累，过去的经验，已有的、炉火纯青的判断能力和推理 能力，并与目前所专注的思想趋向、情绪趋向等相结合，对某种事物（或现象）做出的突破性顿悟。（第138页） 4、艺术真实：是作家在假定性情境中，以主观性感知与诗艺性创造，达到对社会生活的内 蕴，特别是那些规律性的东西的把握，体现着作家的认识和感悟。（第161页） 5、艺术概括：是作家依据自己的体验和认识，以主题的审美价值追求能动介入方式，对富 有特征的事物给予独特艺术处理，从而在主体与客体相统一的基础上，创造既有鲜明的独特个性又具有相当普遍意义、体现着一定审美价值取向的艺术形象之方法。（第162）6、人文关怀：是一种崇尚和尊重人的生命、尊严、价值、情感、自由的精神，它与关注人 的全面发展、生存状态及其命运、幸福相联系。（第170） 7、艺术形式：是语言材料及各种艺术手段的有机组合，是艺术内容的组合、生成与呈示， 是艺术文本的存在形态，是文学审美价值的实现方式。（第179） 8、艺术构思：是作家在材料积累和艺术发现的基础上，在某种创作动机的驱动下，通过回 忆、想象、情感等心理活动，以各种艺术构思方式，孕育出完整的、呼之欲出的形象序列和中心意念的艺术思维过程。（第132页） 9、俄国形式主义：产生于20世纪20年代，其主张是：认为能够成为文学作品的东西是它 的“文学性”，“文学性”就在于它的形式，主要是语言形式，而与作品中的社会历史内容无关，代表人物是艾亨鲍姆。（第175页） Ps：俄国形式主义不知道正确与否，是自己通过书上的话提炼出来的。
文学理论名词解释汇总情况(2)
文学理论名词解释汇总（2） 叙述声音：体现叙述者叙述动作的口气或基本态度。显在叙述者、隐在叙述者。 三分法：把文学作品为成三大类：叙事作品、抒情作品、戏剧作品。 抒情作品：表现传达作者以情感为核心的内在心性的文学作品。 情感：人对与之人发生关系的客观事物的态度的体验。 情绪：人对客观事物是否符合自己需要而产生的体验。人对外界刺激带有特殊色彩的主观态度。 审美情感：审美主体对客观审美对象是否符合自己需要所作出的一种心理反应、态度和体验。 艺术情感：对客观现实与表现对象持特定审美态度的一种情感体验。 表现论：认为艺术的本质在于表现情感，又称情感论。 托尔斯泰传达论：借助“外在符号”“传达”“感情” 诗可以兴、可以观、可以群、可以怨：兴，抒发情感；观，反映社会生活；群，沟通人与人；怨，批评时政。 抒情原则：在创作过程中，处理情感与理性、现实、语言等关系问题上，有意无意遵循的原则。 古曲主义：拥护王权；理性绝对化，否定感情的意义；
运用民族规范语，恪守“三一律”；明显的保守性。 灵感：文思敏捷、思维活跃、注意力高度集中的很顺利的创作心境。 抒情策略：创作时，在语法或修辞采用某种方法和手段以达到抒情的目的并强化抒情效果。 原型意象：在某种抒情传统中长期反复使用并因之产生了固定内涵的模式化意象。 抒情母题：在某种抒情传中基于某种原型意象而形成的内涵相对固定的大型主题。 抒情小品文：一种短小而富有抒情意味的散文。 抒情的语法策略：从语言的结构方式这一角度强化抒情效果的方法和手段。 抒情的修辞策略：运用各种修辞方式强化抒情效果的方法和手段。 文学风格：作家的创作个性在文学作品的有机整体和言语结构中所显示出来的、能引起读者持久的审美享受的艺术独创性。 创作个性：作家的气质禀赋、世界观、艺术观、审美趣味、艺术才能、审美追求等主观因素综合而的一种习惯性的行为方式。在日常个性的基础上升华。它支配着文学风格的形成和显现。
美国文学名词解释
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
文学理论名词解释
第一编导论 第一章文学理论的性质和形态 1．文艺学：文艺学是一门以文学为对象，以揭示文学基本规律，介绍相关知识为目的的学科，包括三个分支，即文学理论、文学批评和文学史。 2．文学活动：以文学创作、文学欣赏和文学批评、文学消费为主要内容的活动的总称。其一，它由世界、作者、作品、读者四元素构成。其二，它在意向上可分为两个过程，一是从创作到作品到欣赏接受的过程，这是一个精神过程。二是从文学生产到产品形成再到交换买卖的过程，这是一个商品生产与交换的过程。3．文学理论：从理论的高度和宏观视野上阐明文学的性质、特点和规律，建立起文学的基本原理、概念、范畴以及相关的方法。 4．文学批评：对以文学作品为中心的一切文学现象进行阐释和评价的科学。5．文学史：叙述和研究文学发展过程、分析评价各个时代的作家、作品和文学思潮的学科。 第二章马克思主义文学理论与中国当代文学理论建设 1．马克思主义文学理论：是由马克思、恩格斯创立，其它马克思主义者继承发展了的文学理论。它有五大基石，分别是：文学活动论、文学反映论、文学审美意识形态论、文学生产论、文学交往论。 2．文学活动论：马克思主义首先把文学理解为人的一种活动，一切社会活动都是人的本质力量的对象化，因而文学也是人的本质力量的对象化，即人的本质力量通过文学创造和文学欣赏展现出来。 3．文学反映论：马克思主义认为文学是社会生活的反映。一切文学作品的客观材料和主观情思，都只能来源于社会生活，这是历史唯物主义在文学领域的运用。4．艺术生产论：马克思主义认为，在现代社会，艺术成为商品，因而艺术是生产，为资本创造价值，并受物质生产水平的制约。 5．文学审美意识形态论：即文学是上层建筑中的意识形态，是意识形态中以审美为目的和归宿的特殊部门，所以是审美的意识形态。 6．艺术交往论：马克思主义把文学理解为一种交往和对话。它以作品为中心符号，构成了作家与作家、作家与此岸世界（现实生活）、作家与读者、作家与彼岸世界（理想世界）的交往对话关系。这样，文学活动就是由世界、作家、作品、读者构成的一个交往结构，或曰对话结构。 第二编文学活动 第三章文学作为活动 1．生活活动：是以生产活动为基础的人类生存、繁衍和发展的活动系统的总称。2．本质力量的对象化:就是人通过实践把自己的能力、智慧、理想、思想等本质力量展现出来，或曰转化成一个可感的对象。文学就是一种人的本质力量的对象化。 3．文学活动四要素：按照艾布拉姆斯的观点，文学活动由四个要素构成：世界（即生活）、作者、作品、读者。这四要素相互依存。 4．文学活动的对话性结构（P46）：按照哈贝马斯的理解，任何两个具有言语和行为能力的主体都可以用符号（语言）作为中介达成一种对话关系。文学作为一种语言符号系统，更是一种交往对话结构。围绕作品这个中心，作者与世界、读者建立起一种话语伙伴关系，分别构成若干对主体间性关系，包括作者与作者、
比较文学概论名词解释
比较文学概论名词解释 一：名词解释： 1.流传学：传统的影响研究把影响的过程划分出放送、传播、接受这三个方面，要求对这三个方面进行具体的研究，描绘出“经过路线”。流传学是站在“放送者”的角度，来对某个民族文学的作家、作品、文体，甚至是整个民族文学在国外的声誉、反响或影响，进行研究。其研究的重点往往是放送者对接受者的影响。 2.渊源学：传统的影响研究把影响的过程划分出放送、传播、接受这三个方面，要求对这三个方面进行具体的研究，描绘出“经过路线”。渊源学是从接受的角度来研究某一文学作品的外来影响，研究它的题材、主题、思想、风格乃至艺术技巧等的来源。研究者追根溯源，精心考证，探求它们的放送者，揭示其间的因果关系。 3社会总体想象物：即指全社会对一个异国社会文化整体所做的阐释。因为想象主体是生活在一定社会中的人，他们的思想必然受到其所属文化的影响与制约，他们被其自身所属的文化烙上了强烈的特征。当他们对另一个文化进行审视时，必然带有其社会整体想象的浓厚印记。 4影响研究法国学派所提倡的影响研究是比较文学最早的研究方法后来成为最早的研究方法之一其理论依据在于各国文学的发展都不是孤立的而是相互影响的。 “影响研究”。由于各民族的文学之间，在历史上存在着大量的相互交往的联系，因此就出现了如下文学现象：日本的古典小说《源氏物语》中，就运用了不少中国唐代诗人白居易的诗作；我国古典小说《西游记》中，孙悟空能七十二变，就吸收了印度佛经中神猴哈奴曼会三十六变的成分，孙悟空大闹天宫又发展了印度佛经《贤愚经》中顶生王闹天帝宫殿的故事；相传李白首先创作了《菩萨蛮》，但据考证，《菩萨蛮》是古代缅甸的乐调，经云南而传入中原；更早的《楚辞·离骚》，开头就是“帝高阳之苗裔兮，朕皇考曰伯庸。摄提贞于孟陬兮，维庚寅吾以降”。这难以理解的“摄提”、“孟陬”等词，有的专家研究认为，它们是从国外传入的星座译名，极可能是希腊文，也可能是撒马里亚语等。这类研究，由于主要是寻溯不同民族文学之间交往联系，研究其渊源、媒介、流传、翻译、接受等等的影响事实，所以就叫它为比较文学中的“影响研究”。 5平行研究对文类的各种问题进行跨民族跨语言跨文化甚至跨学科的理论整合以寻求不同文类之间的相通性和相异性。（把并无直接关系的不同民族文学的主题、题材、文体、情节、人物形象、风格特点等文学内部的诸多方面实际存在的类同和差异作为研究重点，经过推理分析，然后得出有益的、往往又是具有某种规律性、理论性的结论。是美国学派提倡的重要方法。） 6 渊源学站在“接受者”的角度对某一作家或作品的外来影响即它的题材主题、思想、风格、艺术技巧等的来源进行研究。按其表现形态可以分为三种印象的渊源口头的渊源书面的渊源。 25、笔述渊源：见之于文字的渊源。 26、印象渊源：指风景、艺术品、音乐等在视觉和听觉中的印象，勾起了作家创作的情感和思想 28、集体渊源：指一个作家不是受一部外国作品或一国文学的影响，而是受到许多外国文学的影响
文学名词解释 整理版
1、潜在写作：指17年和文革期间，许多被剥夺了正常写作权利的作家们的创作，包括他们当时不能发表的作品和本无发表预期的日记、书信等。如丰子恺的《缘缘堂续笔》，食指的诗，沈从文的家书等。“潜在写作”的相对概念是公开发表的文学作品，两者一起构成了时代文学的整体。潜在写作（又称为地下写作）：为了说明当代文学创作的复杂性，即有许多被剥夺了正常写作权力的作家在哑声的时代里，依然保持着对文学的挚爱和创作的热情，他们写作了许多在当时客观环境下不能公开发表的文学作品。一种是作家们自觉的创作，如丰子恺写的《缘缘堂续笔》和食指的诗；另一种是作家们在非常时期不自觉的写作，如日记、书信、读书笔记等。 三突出原则：指的是“文革时期”特定的文学创作原则。根据江青的指示，开始由于会泳在《让文艺舞台永远成为宣传毛泽东思想的阵地》一文中提出的，“在所有人物中突出正面人物来，在正面人物中突出主要英雄人物来，在主要英雄人物中突出中心人物来”的三突出创作原则。后来有姚文元改定为“在所有人物中突出正面人物，在正面人物中突出英雄人物，在英雄人物中突出主要英雄人物”。这种创作原则是企图严格维护的社会政治等级在文学结构上的体现。 2、反思文学：是继“伤痕文学”之后出现的文学现象，因表现出对于社会历史痛定思痛的反思特点而得名。其把揭露与批判的文学承担前溯至五十年代甚至更前，具有较深邃的历史纵深感和较大的思想容量。但理想主义的理性色彩，使反思文学失去了“伤痕文学”刻骨铭心的忏悔与绝望，在某种程度上回避了揭露文化大革命的灾难性实质。代表作家作品有：茹志鹃《剪辑错了的故事》，王蒙的《布礼》、《蝴蝶》，方之的《内奸》等。 3．朦胧派：一九八○年开始，诗坛出现了一个新的诗派，被称为“朦胧派”。以舒婷、顾城、北岛等为先驱者的一群青年诗人，从一九七九年起，先后大量发表了一种新风格的诗。这种诗，有三四十年没有出现在中国的文学报刊上了。最初，他们的诗还仿佛是在继承现代派或后现代派的传统，但很快地他们开拓了新的疆域，走得更远，自成一个王国。朦胧派诗人无疑是一群对光明世界有着强烈渴求的使者，他们善于通过一系列琐碎的意象来含蓄地表达出对社
美国文学名词解释
American Dream: American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights. American Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets. Transcendentalism 超验主义: Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importance of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough. American Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism pervaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)：The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin’s evolutionary theory and used it to account for t he behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school. The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. The depression lasted until 1897 and marked a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era. The Lost Generation: The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American