封皮

西安欧亚学院

本科毕业论文

The Influence of Cultural Differences on Chinese-English

Translation

文化差异对汉英翻译的影响

学生姓名：宁童

指导教师：成凤莲

所在分院：外国语学院

专业：英语

班级：统本英贸0703

二零一一年二月

The Influence of Cultural Differences on Chinese-English

Translation

By

Ning tong

Academic Adviser: Cheng Fenglian

A thesis submitted to the Department of

Foreign Languages of Xi’an Eurasia University

In partial fulfillment of requirements

For the degree of

Bachelor of Arts

In

English

Xi’an, China

March, 2011

Acknowledgement

In writing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates. They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions. I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the paper would not have been what it is.

Particularly, I am deeply indebted to Cheng Fenglian, who guided me throughout my writing of this thesis. Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.

Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of those individuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude: the Foreign Language Department, the University Library and its staff.

The Influence of Cultural Differences on Chinese-English

Translation

Abstract

With wider and wider opening to the world, rapid development of science and technology, increasing exchange of international cultures, and fast progress of economic globalization, as a bridge of inter-cultural communication, is playing a more and more important role. But the differences between Chinese and western cultures often influence Chinese-English translation, and bring difficulties in the comprehension and expression. This paper mainly analyzes and discusses the above subject in terms of religious cultural background, value orientation and custom. Its aim is to push forward the development of translation discipline.

Key words: cultural difference; C-E translation; religious background; value; custom.

文化差异对汉英翻译的影响

摘要

随着中国对外开放的不断扩大，科学技术的飞速发展，国际文化交流的日益频繁和经济全球化趋势的快速发展，中国要走向世界，世界要了解中国，汉英翻译作为一种文化交流的“桥梁”，其地位就显得越来越重要。但是，中西方文化差异常常影响汉英翻译，并带来理解和表达上的困难，对这一课题分别从宗教文化背景、价值取向和风俗习惯几方面进行了深入的分析和论述，以使翻译这门学科不断向前发展.

关键词：文化差异；汉英翻译；宗教文化背景；价值取向；风俗习惯

The Influence of Cultural Differences on Chinese-English

Translation

Chapter 1

Introduction

Cultural infiltration and communication among different nations have been constantly deepening with the developments of society, economy, politics, science and technology, etc. Translation plays an important role in such cultural communication. It is not only the switch of two languages, but also the communication between two cultures. Therefore, translation research has been transformed from traditional linguistic contrasting research to culture translation research. As Eugene A. Nida (2001) says that translation is the communication between two cultures, and for a really successful translator, being familiar with two cultures is more important than mastering two languages. However, different nations have different cultures. As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are big and obvious, which has been a hot potato of the translator.

Because there are great differences in values, religious background, historical background, natural environment and social customs between Chinese and English languages, many words in each language have their own unique cultural meaning. During translation, even if the translator understands the original language very well, meaning lost is unavoidable in the translated version because of culture differences. In《文化交流与翻译》Cultural Exchange and Translation Mr. Xu Chongxin points out that“译入语这一方

所有的，往往为译出语那一方所无；译出语的读者由于历史文化背景的种种因素，在阅读本国作品时产生强烈反应的东西，对译入语读者来说，可能引不起同样的反应。但这完全不是由于译者理解上或表达上的缺陷造成的，而是因为一方的语言文化里所有的往往为另一方所无，译者不能‘无中生有’；一方的语言文化里非常敏感牵动情感的事物对另一方不能直觉地产生类似的作用。译者无权为了产生‘等效’而随意改动形象。”Therefore, one culture entering into another culture by translation always causes meaning gap between the original culture and target culture. However, how to reduce the meaning gap between the two languages or how to compensate meaning lost is a hard problem faced by the translator. Domestication and foreignization are two translation strategies which have aroused great controversy in translator. Eugene A. Nida and Lawrence Venuti are the two well-known representatives respectively. The author thinks that the translator can adopt either domestication or foreignization according to the type of the original text, the purpose of the translation, and the reader etc. Besides, some approaches to translation are put forward to try to make the translated meaning more close to the original meaning, such as word-for-word translation, replacement, descriptive translation etc.

Chapter 2

Reasons for Cultural difference

2.1 Religious Cultural differences

Religious culture is formed by religious belief and consciousness. It expresses cultural differences of different nation in terms of advocate and taboo. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are regard as the three biggest religions in china. These three religious play a very significant role in Chinese culture and have quite deep influences on the Chinese people. Such as the Jade Empire of Taoism, the Hades of Buddhism, Dragon Empire in fairy tales, the Pan Gu, who created the word, and the Heaven, who rules the world. However, all these concepts do not exist in European and American?s mind. Most of westerns are in belief of Christian. They believe that God creates the world and everything in the world is arranged in the will of God. So we should pay attention to the cultural differences. Now, take the following expressing as example:

Man proposes, god disposes

Man proposes, heaven disposes

These two translation are the same meaning: 谋事在人，成事在天。Chinese is influenced deeply by Buddhism, they believe?Heaven?, and the Christianism have a big effect on western, they believe ?God?. Above two religion culture have a great difference on habits of mind and language expression. So the choice of translation should be according to the translator?s position to make decision.

In religious culture, although some words have equivalents in Chinese and English,

we should also pay attention to the different religious culture information in translation. For example, the meaning of 龙and dragon are the same, but their connotation and religious culture information are totally different.

To westerners, the dragon is the symbol of evil, a fierce monster that destroys and therefore must be destroyed. It is a reptile without high status.

But on the contrary, the dragon in china has some colorful meaning. It symbolizes holiness holiness, nobleness, auspicious, and national ethos. There has a legend story in ancient china, the dragon comes form the heaven one day, so the emperor named himself as dragon, and the descendents of him are called 龙子the son of the emperor, the prince or 龙孙the son of the prince. Everything are used by the emperors are connected with the word of 龙the dragon.龙廷the court, 龙袍the gown of the emperor ,龙床the bed of the emperor, etc. The dragon also symbolizes the five thousand years of Chinese civilization, and Chinese are called the descendants of the dragon.

2.2 Value Differences

Each culture has its distinct value systems and orientations. Values are often revealed in behavioral patterns, community relationships, rituals, and cultural artifacts that make it possible for us to recognize and experience each other.

2.2.1 Collectivism and Individualism

Individualism and collectivism exist in all cultures, but it is obvious that the Chinese culture stresses collectivism while the Western culture emphasizes individualism. In other

words, the Chinese people are more group-oriented while the Westerners are more self-oriented.

The Chinese people have a strong sense of team and group. According to an investigation, more than half of the people investigated said that they valued the honor of group. Oneness between man and nature results in collectivism orientation. The Chinese people hold that the interests of the family, of the society and of the country should have the first priority and if necessary, the individual interests can be overlooked and even sacrificed. In handling the relation between individuals and the collective, people are required to conform to the convention, to restrain them and to keep in line with the collective or the leader. In collectivistic culture in China, the concepts such as …we?, independence, duties, obligations, needs and views of in-groups are valued and belonging to the groups is emphasized.

Contrary to the Chinese people, the western culture worships individualism. For instance, in the west, you could not open a closed door without permission, unless it is your own or one clearly in public places. Nor do you enter a private house without first being asked to come in. This reveals that the westerners show adequate respect for other?s privacy, which is one of the embodiments of individualism. In individualistic cultures, people are more self-oriented and the concepts such as …I?, independence and self-reliance are emphasized. Individual goals are more important. The westerners like to be treated as an independent one and refuse to be called the representative of a group although they do not hesitate to join in some organization or clubs. They rely on themselves and regard it as shame to depend on others, even their own parents. They value privacy and feel insulted if

it is invaded. Individual identity, individual rights and individual needs are emphasized over ?we? identity and the interests of the group, and the obligations and commitment.

The collectivism orientation of Chinese culture and the individual orientation in the western culture determine different characters and ways to attend to business of the Chinese people and the westerners. In their respective languages and works, this kind of difference can be found here and there.

2.2.2 Stability and Change

Although the history of china has experienced many changes, it followed a cycle of one stable dynasty following a social upheaval. Unification and stability was the most important feature throughout the history, which included the stability of family, society, country and that of an individual?s social status, location, public relations. People get used to emphasizing the customs and beliefs from the past and being content with their lot. They regard it as eternal happiness to abide by the law and behave themselves and live and work in peace. There is an Chinese saying …家和万事兴?. It can be translated into English as …if the family members are in harmony, then everything will flourish?.

The westerners might be puzzled when they read such a sentence because they seldom relate booming of anything to the stable family relation. They believe that …no change, no progress?. The western culture is derived from ancient Greek ocean culture. At that time, many activities on the sea formed the westerners? orientation towards change. Being curious and trying to seek change became the features of ocean culture. To most westerners, change indicates breaking convention and renovation. People will never satisfy with the

achievement they have got. They try their best to adapt to changes and refuse to be restrained by the tradition, the family, the economic and educational systems and their own capability. To them, change equals development, improvement, growth and the future.

2.3 Customary Cultural Differences

The customary cultural difference refers to the culture formed by the nation?s custom and tradition, which infiltrates in the daily life and communication activities. So it will have different culture rules and tradition in greetings, farewells and even some color.

2.3.1 Greetings and Farewells

When two Chinese meet, they may ask: 吃了吗？It is nothing more than a Chinese way of saying hello or hi. If the greeting is put literally into English have you eaten yet? Or have you had your lunch? It will sound rather unusual.

There is a similar Chinese greeting, such as 上哪儿去啊？到哪儿去啊？which if translated literally, would be where are you going? Or where have you been? The natural reaction of most English-speaking people to this greeting would most likely be it’s none of your business!

When people part, they usually say good-bye, bye-bye. Similar expressions are found in almost all languages. But in fixed conversational formulas that precede good-bye, there may be interesting differences, as in Chinese when a distinguished guest drops in for a visit, or if the visitor is one with whom the hosts are not very familiar. When such a guest leaves, the Chinese custom is for the hosts to see the visitor to the door or gateway. It is customary

for the guest to say to his hosts 请留步。The final words of the hosts are usually 慢走，走好，慢点儿骑。None of these should be translated directly. Stay here would sound strange; go slowly, walk slowly or ride slowly would be equally so.

2.3.2 Colors

Anther important symbol of customary cultural difference is the cultural associations of certain colors. The “colorful” phrases and expressions in both English and Chinese will be discussed.

Red is usually associated with celebrations and joyful occasions, which is true in English-speaking countries as well as in china. for example, red-letter days（念日，喜庆的日子）----holidays such as Christmas and other special days. These days are printed in red on calendars, rather than in black for ordinary days. Another example is to paint the town red（狂欢，胡闹）----meaning to celebrate wildly, to go out to drink and have a good time; roll out the red carpet for someone（铺红地毯，隆重欢迎某人）----meaning to give a lavish welcome.

White to most Chinese and westerners, white had certain similar connotations: purity, innocence. In the Chinese expression红白喜事，would be confusing to most westerners. It would probably be best not to translate the colors at all and merely say weddings and funerals. This is because white is the traditional color for brides at western weddings. To have white at funerals would be offensive; to have funeral described as happy occasions（喜事）would be absolutely shocking to westerners, although the expression reflect a certain philosophic attitude towards death of the Chinese.

Blue is usually associated with unhappy feeling in English, which will be a little strange to the Chinese. In a blue mood, having the blues means a sad, gloomy or depressed mood. Similar in meaning is a blue Monday---the first day of work or school after a pleasant, happy weekend. For example:

It was blue Monday and he just did not feel like going back to work

又是倒霉的星期一，该上班了，他可真不愿意。

Chapter 3

Two Cultural Translation Strategies

(Foreignization and Domestication)

3.1 The Definition of Foreignization

Foreignization: a translation strategy or method aiming to preserve the values of the SL culture. It is source-language-culture-oriented and strives to preserve as much as possible the original flavor in order to retain the foreignness of the source language culture.

3.2 The Definition of Domestication

Domestication: a translation strategy or method aiming to conform to the values that dominate the TL culture. It refers to target-language-culture-oriented translation in which expressions acceptable in target language culture are exploited in order to make the translated texts intelligible and suitable for the target text readers.

3.3 Two Strategies in Practical Translating

From the analysis above, it can be concluded that whether to take foreignization or domestication for cultural elements is a complicated problem. They are a dialectical unity of contradictions, which are complementary to each other and have its respective characteristic.

Each strategy has its value, and so far as the real translating practice is concerned, foreignization is preferred with domestication as its supplement. The reasons can be

summarized as follows: firstly, it is impossible to use just one strategy in the process of translating; secondly, the TL-readers will read a smooth target text and learn about other cultures at the same time; thirdly, the target culture will absorb the essences from the source culture to enrich and promote itself; fourthly, foreignization and domestication are always in change; fifthly, the opening-up and the intercommunication with other nations require learning other cultures and, at the same time, promulgating the status of the Chinese culture.

We can summarize that both of the two strategies may be justified in their own right if we take into consideration the different purpose of translation, the type of source texts, intentions of the author and the stages of cultural communication. Each strategy has its advantages and limits. It is impossible for one to translate a piece of writing or a book using only one translation strategy, because either the advocating of foreignization or domestication are actually indispensable and supplementary to each other and the idea that truly successful translation should depend on the unity of the two strategies.

This paper holds the view that the Chinese translators should take priority of foreignization could provide opportunities for readers to learn about and absorb from other cultures. The abuse of domestication would obstruct culture communication. Although foreignization would make the translation not so fluent and natural, it could help the readers to experience the alienation of other cultures and promote their own culture. As for the translation of the Chinese classical works, translators should pay special attention to the Chinese culture?s promulgation. Only in this way, can we protect and develop the Chinese culture and enhance the cultural exchange and communication all over the world.

Chapter 4

Conclusion

This paper is an attempt to study translation from a cross-cultural perspective, for in this global village of ours, cultural exchange and convergence are powerful trends. Translation as an important means of intercultural communication, builds the bridge over gulfs between two different cultures as well as two languages. Scholars in the translation field have come to realize that they have much in common with experts in cultural anthropology, and they have felt the need to look beyond the confines of linguistically oriented translation study and search for cross-cultural approached.

Among all the problems in translation, difficulties arising out of differences of cultures constitute the most serious problems for translators and have produced the most far-reaching misunderstandings among readers. The question of how to successfully solve the problem becomes one of the central issues in the translation field.

Taking the translation between English and Chinese as an example, in this paper, we mainly probed into the problem in two ways. One is the discussion of semantic non-equivalence caused by cultural differences, namely the non-equivalence of referential meaning, the non-equivalence of pragmatic meaning, and the non-equivalence of intralingual meaning. The other is the exploration of two main translation methods in dealing with cultural differences. i.e. the foreignization method and the domesticating method. Cultural factors in translation necessitate decision-making on translation methods, but it is a complicated job. The choice of methods is a result influenced by many factors

such as the purpose of translation, the text type, the readership, the translator?s attitude the source and target language cultures, etc. Each method is justified in its own way, and what left for a translator is to exert his utmost to achieve a balance between the two.

As a concluding remark, we should point out that culture-oriented views in translation are subject to considerable differences in assessment. Comparative studies on cultures do shed light on methods in translation of cultures factors, but the study of culture can never cover all the aspects of translatology, which should be focused on the text-linguistic model (Neubert1992) and the way the text is related to the situational context. Being a tentative research, this thesis remains open to a further discussion and improvement in the future.

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