英语文体学知识重点[1]

Chapter 1 Introduction

·What is the English Stylistics？

It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.

·What are language functions?

a) To deliver some infor to other people

b) To communicate with each other in society

·How do we express ourselves in a proper way?

Several factors do work.

a)Phonetics

b)Vocabulary

c)Grammar

d)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics

·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why?

Four examples:

a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”

b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ”

c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..”

d) See next page

d) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ”

·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors.

a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ”

b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ”

c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”

d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ”

e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ”

·Why should we learn and study English stylistics?

a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.

b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.

c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.

d) It will help us to go at literary criticism.

e) It will help us to do the translation work well.

Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis

·There are 4 phonetic means in English:

1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality.

·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.

(1) The first function is for emphasis.

(2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.

(3) The third function is to differ some English words

(4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:

(1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.

(2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.

(3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.

(4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.

(5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two.

a) voiced pause b) silent pause

·Some useful rhetorical devices

1. Period and inversion

2. Parallelism and antithesis

3. Climax and anti-climax

4. Repetition

Chapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style

·Several occasions for using oral style:

1. In literary masterpieces

2. In everyday conversation

3. In informal speeches

·The differences between oral communication and written communication

1. Use some gestures ( body language ) in oral communication

2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication

3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication

·The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style

·What can be used with oral style?

1) slangs 2) vogue words 3) abbreviations 4) phrasal verbs 5) idioms

·What can be used with written style?

1) Scientific English 2) Legal English 3) Religious English 4) Formal speech 5) Official documents

Chapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style

·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”

1) Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.

2) Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.

3) Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities.

4) Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.

5) Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes.

Chapter 6 Societal Deviation in English

·What is societal deviation in English?

Societal deviation is something about societal dialects. ·Black English Vernacular: (土语)urban black English ·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular?

(1)It will help us to know the status que of AE.(2) It will help to read some

novels in American literature.

Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English

·Three stages of the development of English language

1) The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100 ( Old English ).

(The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.)

2) The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 (Middle English).

( At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”. )

3) The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time (Modern English).

(There are two remarkable features in Modern English. )

(1)There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/from French/from Latin/ from Chinese.

(2) There are some neologisms(新词) in Modern English.

·The application of English archaic words（过时的词）in modern times

1) In legal English 2) In religious English 3) In English poetry 4) In newspapers ·Why use archaic words in modern times? formal/rhyme/show-off

Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles

·Three functions of English advertisements

1) to attract readers’ attention 2) to arose customer interest 3) to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible. ·Some features of English advertisements

(1) More simple sentences

(2) Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.

(3) Frequent use of present tense

(4) More and more imperative sentences

(5) Far more elliptical sentences

(6) More figures of speech

(7) Some special adjectives

(8) Some newly-created words

·Journalistic English: News report/news story

·two categories of newspapers

1) quality paper大报2) tabloid小报

·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true

·Some features of journalistic English

1) Some journalistic jargons 2) Some acronyms 3) Some apocopation 4) Some aphoeresis 5) Some words with front and back clipping 6) Some syncopations 7) Some neologisms 8) Some blends 9) Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid.

Scientific English

·What can be written with scientific English?

1) Scientific works and literature

2) Academic theses

3) Laboratory reports

4) Product instructions

·Some important features of scientific English

1) Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.

2) Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.

3) Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.

4) There are some words which are from Latin.

5) There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.

6) There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English.

Chapter 9 Literary Style

·The language features of English poetry

1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetry

Rhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc. ·How is the rhythm formed in English poems?

Stressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems.

·What is meter? Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。

·How many meters are there in English poetic composition?

There are seven (1) iambus抑扬格(2) trochee 扬抑格(3) dactyl扬抑抑格(4) anapaest 抑抑扬格(5) amphibrach双行诗(6) spondee (7) purrhic

·What is stanza?

It consists of lines or verses. Simply speaking it is a poetic paragraph.

·Some common forms of stanzas:

1) couplet双行诗2) triplet三行诗3) quatrain 4) cinquain 5) sestet 6) septet 7) octet 8) Spenserian stanza 9) ten-verse poem 10) sonnet

A sonnet is a one-poem of 14 lines, written in iambic pentameter.

(1) Petrarchan sonnet or Italian sonnet( abba abba cde cde )

(2) Shakespeare sonnet ( abab cdcd efef gg )

(3) Spenserian sonnet ( abab bcbc cdcd ee )

·What is verse?verse is the poetic sentence,line

It is made up of one foot or more than one. Briefly speaking it is called a poetic sentence.

·How to keep a rhyme in a poem?

1) Keep an end rhyme ( It can be divided into four forms. )

(1) The first form is to keep a single rhyme (Sometimes it is called a masculine rhyme or

a male rhyme. )

(2) The second form is to keep a double rhyme (Sometimes it is called a feminine rhyme or a female rhyme. ) .

(3) The third form is to keep a triple rhyme.

(4) The fourth form is to keep an eye rhyme.

2) Keep a head rhyme

3) Keep an internal rhyme

·Blank verse：Unrhymed verse

·Three features of blank verses

1) They do not keep any rhymes, but they are the poems with some meter.

2) They can be long or short.

3) Their feet in each line are not uniform.

·Common Figures of Speech Used in English Poetry

Use of simile and repetition/head-rhymed (alliteration) /metapher/ parallelism/ personification / speaking silence, dumb confession / paradox 矛盾修饰法/hyperbole,overstatement exaggeration/ metonymy借代转喻

·Stylistic Features in Fiction

Two points of view（Two perspectives）

1) Use singular or plural number of the third person ------ as a narrator or a story-teller to narrate some plots in a novel.

Notes: a. Most of writers or novelists like to use this perspective.

b. The effect of using this perspective is “ objective ”.

2) Use singular or plural number of the first person ------ as one of the characters to narrate some plots in a novel.

Note: In this way it will make readers think that it is really a true story and there is no trace of make-up.

·The dialogs in novels

1) Some useful informal words 2) Some common slangs

·Direct and indirect speeches in novels

1) Sometimes some novelists like to use direct speech in order to make a psychological description in narrating plots in a novel.

2) Sometimes some novelists like to use indirect speech in order to make a thought presentation in narrating plots in a novel.

·How to analyze a literary masterpiece?

1) Use a way of rhetorical analysis. 2) Use a way of syntactical analysis.

Chapter 10 Common Expressing Styles in English Passages

·What is the ornate style?

In the ornate style, people like to use some modifiers, such as adjectives, adverbs, etc, and use some rhetorical devices, such as simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, etc. In syntax, people like to use long sentences and some sentences with a complex structure or a parallel structure.

·What is the plain style?

In the plain style, people prefer to use short sentences. People rarely use big words. People don’t like to use many modifiers. As for syntax, people prefer to use compound sentences.

·Which style is better? Simply speaking, it depends. It depends on different occasions.

·What is the involved style?

In this style, people usually employ some detailed descriptive device to express something. They often use some specific words for their descriptions.

·What is the terse style?

In this style, people usually use brief words and simple-structured sentences which have some profound implied meanings.

·Relationship between Irony and humor:Irony is a language means while humor is an effect.

人教版高中英语必修一unit1知识点总结

Survey n. 纵览,视察,测量v. 审视,视察,通盘考虑,调查 1. We stood on the top of the mountain and surveyed the countryside. 我们站在山顶上，眺望乡村。 2. A quick survey of the street showed that no one was about. 扫视街道, 空无一人。 Add v. 增加 1. He added some wood to increase the fire. 他加了一些木柴，使火旺些。 2. If you add 4 to 5, you get 9. 四加五等于九。 3. Add up all the money I owe you. 把我应付你的钱都加在一起。 Upset a. 烦乱的,不高兴 v. 颠覆,推翻,扰乱,使心烦意乱,使不舒服 1. I'm always upset when I don't get any mail. 我接不到任何邮件时总是心烦意乱。 2. He has an upset stomach. 他胃不舒服。 3. The news quite upset him. 这消息使他心烦意乱。 Ignore v. 不顾,不理,忽视 1. I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely! 我向她打招呼, 可她根本不理我! 2. I can't ignore his rudeness any longer. 他粗暴无礼, 我再也不能不闻不问了。 Calm n. 平稳,风平浪静 a. 平静的,冷静的 v. 平静下来,镇静 1. It was a beautiful morning, calm and serene. 那是一个宁静、明媚的早晨。 2. You should keep calm even in face of danger. 即使面临危险，你也应当保持镇静。 3. Have a brandy it'll help to calm you (down). 来点儿白兰地--能使你静下来。 calm down vt. 平静下来(镇定下来) 1. His rage was soon calmed down by the rustic peace. 乡村的宁静很快就使他的怒气平静下来。 2. I told myself to calm down. 我告诫自己要冷静下来。 have got to conj. 不得不(必须) 1. You may not like him, but you have got to admire his persistence. 你可以不喜欢他，但你不得不佩服他那种坚忍不拔的精神。 2. I couldn't have got to the meeting on time -- unless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较找的一班火车。 Concern n. 关心,关系, 关切的事,忧虑 v. 涉及,与...有关,影响;使关心 1. How much money I earn is none of your concern. 我挣多少钱与你无关。 2. These problems concern all of us. 这些问题影响到我们每一个人。 3. This restaurant is a family concern. 这家饭店是由一家人经营的。 be concerned about vt. 关心(挂念) 1. It is reassuring to be enquired after when you're ill. It shows your friends haven't stopped being concerned about you. 如果能询问一下你是何时生病的我们也就放心了。因为你的朋友一直在关心你。 2. The government's claim to be concerned about unemployment is sheer hypocrisy. 政府声称对失业表示关注纯属做做姿态。 Cheat n. 骗子,欺骗行为 v. 欺骗,作弊 1. His father was cheated of his land. 他的父亲被人骗走了地产。 2. He never cheats to pass examination. 他考试从不作弊。 3. He was cheated (out) of his rightful inheritance. 他依法应得的遗产被人骗走了. Reason n. 理由,原因,理智,理性 v. 说服,推论,下判断 1. She can reason very clearly. 她能很清晰地思考。 2. Copernicus reasoned that the earth revolved around the sun. 哥白尼论证了地球绕着太阳转。 3. We have reason to believe that he was murdered. 我们有理由相信他是被谋杀的。 list n. 目录,名单,明细表 v. 列出,列于表上,记入名单内 1. He wrote down his name on the list. 他将他的名字写在清单上。 2. He listed all the things he had to do. 他把自己必须做的事列成表。 Share n. 部份,股份,分担 v. 共享,共有,分配 1. If you want a share of the pay, you'll have to do your fair share of the work. 要是你想得到一份报酬，你就必须做好你该分担的那一份工作。 2. She's got all her money in stocks and shares. 她所有的钱都投放到股票里去了。

人教版五年级英语下册Unit1知识点汇总

Unit1 My day 知识整理 △话题：谈论每天的活动及时间安排 △词汇：do morning exercises（做早操） eat breakfast/lunch/dinner（吃早餐/午餐/晚餐） have...class（上…课），play sports（做运动） cleanmyroom（打扫我的房间），go forawalk (散步) go shopping（购物），takeadancingclass（上舞蹈课） △拓展词汇：get up（起床），go to bed（上床睡觉） washmy clothes（洗我的衣服）， watch TV（看电视） do homework（做作业）， play music（演奏音乐） cook dinner（煮晚餐）， at home（在家） inthemorning（在上午），intheafternoon（在下午） intheevening（在晚上），atnight（在半夜） △句型： ①询问做某事在几点 When doyou＋动词原形（短语）＋其他？ —— At ＋时间 —— I(＋频度副词)＋动词原形（短语）＋at＋时间。 例句：When do you get up in the morning? —— At 7:30. —— I often get up at 7:30. ②询问周末的活动安排

What do you often do on the weekend ？ I often (always/sometime/usually) ＋…（周末的活动）＋with … （某人）＋ontheweekend （onSaturdays/on Sundays ）. 例句：What do you do on the weekend ？ I often take a dancing class with my friendon Sundays. △知识点： 1：注意介词的搭配 at ＋具体时间（几点）/night/home at 9 o ’clock in ＋国家/季节 in Spain on ＋星期 on the weekend/on Sundays with ＋人 with my father/mother/friend 2：表示时间频率词的区别 always 表示总是，一直； usually 表示经常，通常； often 表示经常，常常； sometimes 表示有时，间或。 按它们的频率大小排列如下： always （100%）→usually （80%）→often （60%）→sometimes （40%） 3：其他知识点 also 用于句中 1) 也 too too 用于肯定句中 用于句末

新人教版八年级上册英语Unit1 重点知识归纳

新人教版八年级上册英语Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? 一、重点短语归纳go on vacation去度假 go to the mountains去爬山go to the beach去海滩 stay at home待在家里 visit museums 参观博物馆go to summer camp去参观夏令营quite a few相当多study for为……而学习go out出去most of the time大部分时间taste good尝起来很好吃have a good time 玩得高兴of course当然feel like给……的感觉；感受到go shopping去购物in the past在过 去walk around四处走走because of因为one bowl of… 一碗…… the next day第二天drink tea 喝茶find out找出；查明go on继续take photos照相something important重要的事 up and down 上上下下 come up出来 二、重点句型buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.为某人买某物 taste + adj. 尝起 来…… look+adj. 看起来……nothing…but+动词原形除了……之外什么都没有 seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起来……arrive in+大地点/ arrive at+小地点到达某地 tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事try doing sth.尝试做某事/ try to do sth.尽力去做某事 decide to do sth.决定去做某事forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth.忘记做某事 enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事 want to do sth.想去做某事start doing sth.开始做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事 dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事keep doing sth.继续做某事 Why not do. sth.?为什么不做……呢？so+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… 三、重点、难点、考点精讲（一）Section A 1.Where did you go on vacation?你去哪里度假了？（P1） 1）这是有疑问副词where引导的特殊疑问句，where用来询问地点和场所，放在句首，其后跟一般疑问句。 a._____ do you _____ ______?你从哪里来？ b._____does he______?他住在哪里？ 2）go on vacation意为“去度假”。I want ____ ____ ____ ____in Hainan this winter.今年冬天我想去海南度假。 2.visited my uncle看望了我的叔叔（P1）visit是及物动词，意为“拜访；探望”,后接表示人的名词或代词。visit还可以意为“参观；游览”，后接表示地点的名词。 a.I visited my grandmother last week. 上周我去______了我的外婆。 b.Do you want to visit Shanghai? 你想______上海吗？ 拓展：1）visit可用作名词，意为“访问，参观，拜访” eg:This is my first visit to China._________________ 2)visitor意为“参观者；游客”。 eg:These visitors come from America.__________________________ 3.buy anything special买特别的东西。（P2）1）buy及物动词，意为“买；购买”。其过去式为______。It takes a lot of money_____ _____a house.买一座房子要花一大笔钱。 拓展：buy sth. for sb.=buy sb. sth.意为“给某人买某物”。 My uncle_____ _____a bike.= My uncle_____ a _____for me. 2)anything不定代词，意为“某事；某件东西”，主要用于疑问句或否定句中。 a.Do you want anything from me? b.I can’t say anything about it. 拓展：anything表示“任何事；任何东西”时，主要用于肯定句。You can ask me anything you want to know. 3) anything special表示“特别的东西”，形容词修饰不定代词时后置。 a.Is there_____ _____in this book?这本书里有新的内容吗？ b.Do you want anything else?________________ 4.Oh,did you go anywhere interesting?哦，你去有趣的地方了吗？（P2）1）本句是did开头的一般疑问句2）anywhere用作副词，意为“在任何地方”。eg：Did you go anywhere during the summer vacation？ 辨析：anywhere与somewhere anywhere意为“在任何地方”，常用于否定句和疑问句中。eg:I can’t find it anywhere.somewhere意为“在某处；到某处”，常用于肯定句中。eg:I lost my key somewhere near here. 5.It was wonderful！它太美了！（P2）wonderful形容词，意为“极好的；精彩的；绝妙的”。 a.It is such a wonderful film that we all enjoy it. b.I had a wonderful weekend. 6.We took quite a few photos there.我们在那里拍了不少照片。（P2） take photos意为“照相；拍照”。eg:We______ ______on the Great Wall.我们在长城上照了相。 辨析：quite a few与quite a little quite a few意为“相当的;不少”，修饰可数名词复数；quite a little 意为“相当的;不少”，修饰不可数名词。 a.He will stay here for _____ _____ _____days. b.There is _____ _____ _____water in the bottle(瓶子). 7.I just stayed at home most of the time to read and relax.我大部分时间只是待在家里读书休息。（P2）

Unit1知识点整理

Vocabulary 1.flame ◎n. The whole building was soon in flames. burst into flames ※literary a sudden strong feeling a flame of passion anger desire hope ◎v. literary to become suddenly bright with light or colour, especially red or orange: Erica’s cheeks fla med (with anger.) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9415979471.html,sh---lace ◎ something firmly to something else, or to tie two things together firmly using a rope After lashing the boat to the bank, we ran for shelter from the storm. ◎to hit/attack sth. with violent force The man lashed the horse to go faster. Giant waves /wind/rain/sea lashed the sea wall. ◎if an animal lashes its tail, or if its tail lashes, it moves its tail fast and violently from side to side, often when it is angry ◎to criticize someone angrily –used especially in newspapers: Democrats lashed Republican plans, calling them extreme. Gallins lashed back at those who accused him of corruption. ※Olson lashed out at the media.(critcize sb. suddenly) She would suddenly lash out at other children.( to suddenly try to hit sb) n. (作为惩罚的)鞭打,抽打: They each received 20 lashes for stealing. *eye?brow /?a?bra?/眉毛 lash/eyelash睫毛 3.scoff ◎If you scoff at something, you laugh at it in a way that shows you think it is ridiculous David scoffed at her fears. Officials scoffed at the idea. ‘You, a scientist!’ he scoffed. It’s easy to scoff when you haven’t tried it yourself. 4.sway ◎to move slowly from one side to another:

必修五unit1知识点总结

1.have 1）have sb/sth do sth “让某人/物做某事”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间为主动. 如：Mum often has me help do some housework. 2）have sb/sth doing sth “让某人/物一直/总是做某事”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间为主动,且强调动作一直进行. 如：Don't have the machine working all the time. 3）have sb/sth done “让某人/物被...”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间为被动关系. 如：I had my hair cut yesterday. 2.get 1）get sb/sth to do sth“使得某人/物去做某事”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间为主动关系,且动作尚未发生. 如：Can you get us to do the experiment? 你能让我们做这个试验吗? 2）get sb/sth doing sth “使得某人/物正在做某事”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间是主动关系,且动作正在发生. 如：He has got the car starting. 3）get sb/sth done “使得某人/物被...”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间是被动关系. 如：I must get my bike repaired. 3.make make sb/sth do sth “使得某人/物做某事”,宾语sb/sth和宾补do之间是主动关系. 如：His joke made us all laugh. Unit 1 Great scientists ? 1. (v.)检查( inspect, check) 2. (vt.& vi.) 推断出，结束 3. (vt.) 分析( n. analysis) 4. (vt.& n．) 打败；战胜，使受挫；失败(beat) 5. (vt.) 出席，护理，照顾，参加 6. (vt.) 暴露，揭露，使曝光(uncover,unmask, undress,reveal ) 7. (vt.& n．) 治愈，治疗；痊愈 8. (v.) 控制 9. (vt.) 吸收，吸引；使专心 10. (vt.& n) 责备，谴责；过失，责备(criticize, scold,accuse 反praise) 11. (adv.) 立即 12. (n.& v．) 把手；处理，操纵(deal with) 13. (vt.& vi.) 贡献，捐献，捐助 14. (v.) 完成(finish) 15. (vt.) 拒绝，抛弃，不接受(refuse/ abandon) 16 . (n.) 特征，特性 17. (adj.) 严重的(serious)，严厉的，剧烈的

PEP小学英语五年级上册Unit 1重点知识归纳

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A: Is she strict? 她严格吗？ B：Yes,sometimes. 是的，有时候. 2、A: Do you know Mr Young?你认识杨先生吗？ B: No,I don’t (否定回答)不，不认识。 Yes,I do(肯定回答)是的，我认识。 3、A: Who is your math teacher? 谁是你的数学老师？ B: Mr Li李先生。 4、A: Is she strict? 她严格吗？ B: Yes，she is．（肯定回答）是的，她严格。 No，she is not．（否定回答），不严格。 6.He is very helpful at home. 他在家很能干。 7.He can speak Chinese and English.他会说汉语和英语。 8.He makes me finish my homework.他让我写作业。 注意：Be动词（is,am,are）用法：我I用am你YOU用are，is跟着他她它(he ,she, it )，单数用is，复数要用are。

英语文体学教程

Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series

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五上unit1知识点总结

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人教版英语七年级下册 Unit1_重点知识归纳

Unit1 重点知识归纳 一、单元要点归纳 1、can的用法 can为情态动词，没有人称和数的变化，只需在can后加上动词原形即可，构成can / can’t +V.原形。 2、选择疑问句 由or连接的两个选择项，不能用Yes或No来回答。 —Can you play the piano or the violin? —I can play the piano. —(或者：I can play the violin.) 3、play的词组 ①play +棋牌类/球类/运动/比赛(游戏), 不用冠词。 play basketball play soccer play tennis play volleyball play chess play cards play computer games play sports ②play和乐器连用, 一定要记住中间少不了定冠词“the”。 play the violin play the piano play the drums play the drums 4. want to do sth. 想要做某事 They want (join) the music club. Mary like English, and she wants (join) the English club. 5. and和or连接两个并列结构，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 I can play the guitar and the drum. I don’t like playing basketball or soccer. 6. speak, talk, tell的搭配运用 ①speak+某种语言speak English speak Chinese ②talk 和to, with连用talk to / with ③tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某事tell me a story tell stories 7. be good at 和be good with ①be good at=do well in 擅长于…., 在….上做得好，at为介词，后跟ing。

必修三Unit1知识点

必修三Unit1知识点

Unit 1 1. mean的用法 1）mean to do意欲做 e.g. I didn’t mean to hurt you. 2）mean doing意味着 e.g. Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 3) be meant for 适合做 e.g. He is not meant for a teacher and will always be unhappy in the school. means 方式，方法，途径 by all means 当然可以，没问题by no means 绝不 by means of 借助……手段；依靠……方法 练习：他说他不适合读书因为懒。He says he _______a student for his laziness. 这次考试失败意味着要再考一次。Failing this exam _______________another one. 我并不是故意迟到的。I didn’t ____________ be l ate for school. 2. celebrate vt. & vi. (1) 庆祝；祝贺celebrate Christmas / one’s birthday / a victory (成功) (2) 赞扬；称颂 e.g. The names of many heroes are celebrated by the poets. 词语辨析：celebrate, congratulate celebrate表示“庆祝”后常接日期,事情或场合，表示“赞扬”时，宾语可以是人，也可是物。 congratulate后常接人，表示向某人祝贺congratulate sb. on/upon (doing) sth. congratulations (to sb) on sth/ doing sth. 3. 英语中表示“发生”的词或短语均为不及物，不用于被动语态，主语为所发生的事。词语辨析：take place, happen, occur, come about, break out的比较 1)take place“发生,举行”侧重安排或计划而发生的事,带有“非偶然”的意思 e.g. Great changes have taken place in China in the past 10 years. 2) happen “发生”常指具体客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生。happen 还可以表示“碰巧发生了什么事”常构成sb/sth. happens to do或It happens that… e.g. It happened to rain that day. The traffic accident occurred on Wednesday. 3）occur “发生，出现”,较正式用词，指事情偶然地、意外地发生或思想突然浮在心头。occur to 有“想起”的意思。 e.g. A good idea occurred to me. 4）break out (火灾、战争、疾病)突然发生、爆发 e.g. The Second World War broke out in 1939. 5）come about “发生”, 往往注重事情发生的原因。且很多时候与how 连用。 与happen 用法较接近