古典诗词英译中意境的不可译性及对策浅析

古典诗词英译中意境的不可译性及对策浅析

摘要：本文从诗歌特殊性和中西语言文化的差异出发，探讨了意象与意义层面上意境的不可译性及其原因和相应的对策，突出了采用模糊处理和增加言外之意等策略对原诗意境的翻译作用。

关键词：意境不可译性汉诗英译模糊处理

一、古诗英译中意境的不可译性

“意境本质上是古代汉语的产物，它特别适宜在古代汉语语境中生长，也只有在古代汉语语境中才能够被广泛地理解和接受，正因为意境与古代汉语之间的内

在联系，所以意境是不能用现代语言来翻译的” [1]。既然连同一语系内都有如此大反差，那“意境”能否翻译成英文就更讳莫如深了。要将中国古典诗歌中的意境翻译成英文，且有同样的艺术效果可以说是不可能的，尽管一些学者如英国剑桥大学教授Herbert A．Giles和我国的翻译家许渊冲先生都对此进行了探索，并取得了一定的成效，但无论从中英诗歌语言的差异还是意象的生成条件来看，意境皆具有不可译性。

1.中英诗歌之别的不可译性

诗歌一个最重要的特征就是大量运用意象。所谓意象，简言之，就是寓“意”之“象”，就是用来寄托主观情思的客观物象。在中国古典诗歌中，意义是以意象为主要单位出现的。中国诗歌“注重写意传神的粗线条勾勒，是一种仰观俯察、远望近看的空间性结构，客观物象在中国诗歌中有着重要的地位”。西方诗歌“注重写实性的描写刻画，精致细腻，叙事性的时间链条较为分明突出，主体的议论抒情等介人诗歌是其特别之处”。这些不同可以归结于中西方思维方式的差异—中国诗歌重感性的直观把握，以微妙、委婉、简洁胜；西方诗歌重理性的逻辑分析，以直率、深刻和铺陈胜。“中国诗歌中众多的意象群落所具备的发散力和审美的不确定性内涵，使其具有较强的韵味并且意象之间相互渗透交融，浑然一体”。[2]英汉两种思维方式及诗歌语言的差异造成了古典诗词英译时在一定程度上的意境的不可译性。

2. 生成意境的条件的不可译性

综合古今有关意境的探讨，“意境指的是通过形象化的情景交融的艺术描写，能够把读者引入到一个想象的空间的艺术境界。意境的基本构成在于情景交融，它包含着两个方面，即生活形象的客观反映方面和作家情感理想的主观创造方面，前者叫做‘境’的方面，后者叫做‘意’的方面，这两个方面有机统一浑然交融而形成意境”。从中可以看出生成意境需要两个条件，一是必须有“意象”的存在，二是必须能“虚实相生”，也就是通过主观的加工，产生“象外之象”。

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