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四级练习(选词填空、仔细阅读、完形填空)_08级

第三章

Directions; In this section, there are 10 passages. For each passage, there are 10 blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Passage 1

Our first deep companionship is found in family relationships. If we are __1__, we bond to a parent (if we are even more fortunate, we bond to both parents) and siblings (兄妹). We may also have the opportunity to find loving relationships with family outside our __2__ one—with an uncle or aunt, __3__, and cousins.

As deeply loving as any of these bonds may be, however, they generally do not __4__ loneliness as effectively as marriage and __5__ do, because most family relationships are time-bound. When we become adults, most of us spend much __6__ time with our parents, grandparents, uncles, and aunts than we did as __7__. Indeed, the nature of the child-parent relationship is such that if it is healthy, we do not spend as much time with our parents when we grow up. Family relationships are limited by __8__ for another reason — as we get older, our older relatives begin to die.

Of course, neither of these reasons __9__ to siblings, and many people do develop ongoing loving relationships with a sibling. This is not the rule, however. Brothers and sisters have not been known for the closeness of their relationships — even when they love each other.

If we start out life with loving family relationships, our chances for happiness are incalculably increased. It is almost impossible to overstate the importance of those __10__ . But as we get older, other relationships usually provide greater opportunities for intimacy because they are not time-bound, and these are relationships with peers.

Passage 2

One of the advantages of living in UK is that one is permitted to say what he thinks. __1__ or in public, one may criticize the Queen, the Government, or anything else. In some cities there are even special places where people come to __2__ to speeches on all kinds of questions. In London, people gather in Hyde Park, where speakers __3 __them on various topics. No one attempts to stop such speakers. We feel that if their ideas are __4__ then they deserve to be heard. If the ideas are bad, no one will pay much __5__ to them anyway.

Not long ago one of these speakers was delivering an __6__ speech in Hyde Park. He was criticizing

the members of the government in strong terms.

“They are __7__ for all our troubles,” he said. “What we should do is burn down the House of Commons and Buckingham Palace.” A large __8__. of people had gathered and had begun to block traffic. At that moment a policeman __9__ along and said;

“All right, gentlemen! Let?s open a path for the __10__ . All those in favor of burning down the House of Commons, move to the right. All those in favor of burning down Buckingham Palace, move to the left. Now move aside, one way or the other.” One by one t he listeners walked away, and soon the speaker was left alone.

Passage 3

When Bob Smith was invited to an international conference on tropical disease, he was delighted. The conference was to __1__ place in Geneva and Bob thought it would be a good opportunity to take Susan on a short journey. They decided that they would go to Paris for a week before Bob traveled on to Geneva for the __2__. Susan would then __3__ home.

Bob and Susan __4__ an enjoyable week touring Paris. They did a lot of walking and at the end of the week they were very tired. Bob went with Susan to the __5__ and saw her on a plane to London. While he was waiting for his plane to Geneva, a mist began to form. __6__, his plane took off. As soon as he sank into his seat, Bob fell fast asleep.

Unfortunately, as the plane flew to Geneva, the mist changed into __7__ fog. It was __8__ to land in Geneva because of the fog. When this news was given to the passengers, Bob was still in fast sleep. He did not wake up until the plane landed back in Paris. Still very __9__, he hurried through the airport lounge and found a taxi. He asked the driver to take him to the Geneva International Hotel. The surprised driver looked at Bob as if he were mad. He asked Bob if he was __10__ he wanted a taxi. Bob said he did, since he felt too tired to walk.

Passage 4

Old Lucy was a very strange woman. The fine house in which she had lived overlooked a lovely valley. But she hardly ever went out. Though a servant looked after her, her only real __1__ were two cats. For years she had __2__ to see any of her relations as she felt that all they were interested in was her money.

In this she was __ 3__. After her death, the few relations she had, __4__ at the house to hear Lucy?s lawyer read her will. They were all sure that Lucy had left a great __5__ and they each demanded a share. This led to __6__ arguments. In particular, they quarreled about the house. Lucy?s nephew felt that it should go to him, as he was one of the few people who used to visit his old aunt before she __7__ herself off from her relations. Lucy?s cousin objected to this and there was an angry scene in the living room while they waited for the __8__ to arrive. When the lawyer entered, the nephew said jokingly that his aunt had probably left hundreds of debts.

Their lawyer did not even smile at this and asked them all to sit down. He began to read the __9__ in A solemn voice. Lucy had indeed been __10__ rich. But she had left her whole of her fortune to her two cats!

Passage 5

In recent years, more and more foreigners are involved in the teaching programs of the United States. Both the advantages and the disadvantages of using faculty (“教师”的总称) from foreign countries in teaching positions have to be __1__, of course. It can be said that foreigners make the faculty member from __2 __an asset (财富) also create problems of adjustment both for the university and for the individual.

The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a __3__ of protection. However, what he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite __4__ from that at home. He is faced in his daily work with differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of __5__. Both the visiting professor and his students __6__ background in each other?s cultures. Some concept of what is already in the minds of American students is __7__ by foreign professor. While helping him to __8__ himself to his new environment, the university members also make certain adjustments in order to take full advantage of what the newcomer can offer. It isn?t always known how to make __9__ use of foreign faculty, especially at smaller colleges. Teaching is thought to be a __10__ where further study is called for. The findings of such a study will be a value to colleges and universities with foreign faculty.

Passage 6

The elephant is the only animal in the world with a trunk. It uses its trunk in many __1__. It pulls leaves off trees with its trunk and then puts them into its mouth. It can also use its trunk to __2__ up trees when it wants to make a path through the jungle. It also uses its trunk to drink __3__. The trunk can __4__ a lot of water, as an elephant needs to drink more than three hundred pints of water every day.

When an elephant is angry, its tusk can be very __5__. It can attack people. The tusks of an elephant are really its front teeth. People pay a lot of money for the ivory of an elephant?s tusks. Men have __6__ elephants for their tusks. The ivory from the tusks is made into many beautiful things.

It has been easy for men to __7__ elephants in Asia. They use elephants to carry heavy things for long __8__.

Many people say that the kings of Siam used to give white elephants to people who they did not like. These white elephants are sacred and they could not be made to work. They could not be killed nor __9__ away. A person who has a white elephant had to pay a lot of money to keep it properly. After certain period of time, he usually becomes very __10__ . Nowadays people in England call a useless thing “a white elephant”.

Passage 7

Nature has a perfect system for recycling water. Water is used again and again. It falls as rain. Then it goes one of three places. It might seep __1__ through the soil as it soaks through into the natural reservoirs underground. It might __2__ into the air by evaporating quickly. It might run off into streams to rivers and to the oceans.

There is a problem with this recycling system. It is a balance that can be easily upset by

people.

Nature?s __3__ system can work well only if people work with the system—not against it. Some ways that people interfere with nature are __4__ to understand. Dirty sewage water from homes and factories must not __5__ with thinking water. People would get __6__ from drinking dirty water.

There are other ways that people __7__ nature. Some of these ways are not so easy to understand. For example, a marshy bog may not be good for everything, but it serves an important purpose. The soft, wet soil of a bog allows water to __8__ the underground reservoirs. What happens to the balance of nature if the bog is filled in? Many housing development projects have been built where __9__ once were. The __10__ of the houses are likely to have problems. They are likely to water, to flood in rainy seasons. Huge storm sewers are built to carry away with the water from wet areas. These huge pipes prevent wet basements in the houses of the community.

Passage 8

At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, until recent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass crisscrossed by mountain ranges whose extent and elevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete __1__ on our maps. A 1,000-mile stretch of the coastline has never been __2__ by any ship. Man has explored, on foot, less than one percent of its areas.

Antarctic __3__ fundamentally from the Arctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, __4__ with drifting packed ice and surrounded by the landmasses of Europe, Asia. and North America. The Antarctic is a __5__ nearly as large as Europe and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world, the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

The continental ice __6__ is more than two miles high at its center. Thus, the air over the Antarctic is __7__ more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. This __8__ air cascades off the land with such force that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world. And it renders unlivable those regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are __9__. Thus, more than a million persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia —a region __10__in forest and mining industries. Except for a handful of weather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, or settlement.

Passage 9

Every year a million tons of oil are spilled, leaked, or deliberately flushed into the sea. Oil contamination is a critical __1__ for science to solve.

__2__ for getting rid of oil are many. Straw absorbs four times its weight in oil. Flamethrowers burn oil off. Sand, talc (滑石), and chalk __3__ break it up and sink it. Various chemicals disperse the slick (油膜) into droplets and enable microbes (微生物) to __4__ the oil more quickly.

Some chemicals, however, become more __5__ than the oil itself when they combine with it. In 1967, when the tanker, Torrey Canyon grounded off Cornwall in southwest England, powerful chemicals did more __6__ harm than the oil itself. Though the oil killed thousands of birds as it floated ashore, the detergents used to clean the rocks and beaches destroyed __7__ creatures and upset the balance of marine life. Masses of oil reaching shore are fortunately __8__, but few beaches have escaped contamination by oil. Some ships do not report spillage, and others __9__ oily wastes at night and depart. To __10__ the culprits (肇事者), oil companies are considering a process involving the electronic analysis of oil. This would make it possible to match any spill with its source and so identify the tanker responsible.

Passage 10

All of us communicate with one another nonverbally (非语言), as well as with words. We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else?s eyes and look away.

One of the most potent elements in body language is __1__ behavior. Americans are careful about how and when they __2__ one another?s eyes. In our normal __3__, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both individuals look away. When two Americans look searchingly into each other?s eyes, emotions are heightened and the relationship becomes more __4__. However, we carefully avoid

this, except in __5__ circumstances.

Proper street behavior in the United States __6__ a nice balance of attention and inattention. You are supposed to look at a passerby just enough to show that you are aware of his __7__. If you look too little you __8__ haughty (傲慢的[) or secretive (遮遮掩掩); too much, and you are inquisitive (好奇的). Usually what happens is that people eye each other until they are about eight feet apart, at which point they cast down their eyes. Even in parts of the Far East, it is __9__ to look at the other person at all during conversation. In England the listener stares at the speaker __10__ and blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as “mm—hmm”.

第四章

Directions: Here are 15 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice. …

Passage l

Does money buy happiness? Not! Ah, but would a little more money make us a little happier? Many of us smirk (傻笑)and nod. There is, we believe, some connection between fiscal fitness and

emotional fulfillment. Three in four American collegians (大学生) now consider it “very important” or “essential” that they become “very well off financially.” Money matters.

But a surprising fact of life is that in countries where nearly everyone can afford life?s necessities, increasing affluence matters surprisingly little. The correlation between income and happiness is “surprisingly weak,” observed University of Michigan researcher Ronald Inglehart in one 16-nation study of 170.000 people. Once comfortable, more money provides diminishing returns. The second piece of pie , or the second $100,000, never tastes as good as the first. Even lottery winners and the Forbes? 100 wealthiest Americans have expressed only slightly greater happiness than the average American. Making it big brings temporary joy. But in the long run wealth is like health: its utter absence can breed misery, but having it doesn?t guarantee happiness. Happiness seems less a matter of getting what we want than

of wanting what we have.

Has our happiness floated upward with the rising economic tide? Are we happier today than in the 1940s, when two out of five homes lacked a shower or tub? Actually, we are not. Since 1957, the number of Americans who say they are “very happy” has declined from 35 to 32 percent. Meanwhile, the divorce

rate has doubled, the teen suicide rate has nearly tripled, the violent crime rate has nearly quadrupled (even after the recent decline), and more people than ever (especially teens and young adults) are depressed.

This soaring wealth and shrinking spirit is called “the American paradox.” More than ever, we have big houses and broken homes, high incomes and low morale, secured rights and diminished civility. We excel at making a living but often fail at making a life. We celebrate our prosperity but yearn for a purpose. We cherish our freedoms but long for connection. In an age of plenty, we feel spiritual hunger.

1. Which of the following statements best expresses the author?s view?

A) The more money we earn, the happier we would be.

B) The more money we earn, the diminished returns we have.

C) With the economy goes up, our happiness decreases.

D) In the long run, money cannot guarantee happiness.

2. “The second $100,000 never tastes as good as the first,” because ________.

A) it?s not so fresh as the first $100,000

B) it is not so important as the first $100,000

C) profit brought by it is less than that from the first $100,000

D) happiness brought by it is less than that from the first $100,000

3. In this passage, “the American paradox” (Line 1, Para. 4) probably means ________.

A) the American characteristic B) the American contradiction

C) the American wonder D) the American phenomenon

4. According to the passage, people excel at making a living but _________.

A) don?t have any aim or ideal

B) don?t know how to enjoy life

C) don?t have a ny contact with other people

D) don?t know how to spend money

5. The things happened after 1957 are given to illustrate that _________.

A) people?s spiritual needs cannot be fulfilled by wealth

B) family problems become more and more serious

C) social crimes have increased by a large margin

D) young people are not happy about their life

Passage 2

To a large degree, the measure of our peace of mind is determined by how much we are able to live in the present moment. Irrespective of what happened yesterday or last year, and what may or may not happen tomorrow, the present moment is where you are — always!

Without question, many of us have mastered the neurotic art of spending much of our lives worrying about a variety of things —all at once. We allow past problems and future concerns to dominate our present moments, so much so that we end up anxious, frustrated, depressed, and hopeless. On the flip side we also postpone our gratification, our stated priorities, and our happiness, often convincing ourselves tha t “someday” will be better than today. Unfortunately, the same mental dynamics that tell us to look toward the future will only repeat themselves so that “someday” never actually arrives. John Lennon once said, “Life is what?s happening while we?re busy making other plans.” When we?re busy making “other

plans”, our children are busy growing up, the people we love are moving away and dying, our bodies are getting out of shape, and our dreams are slipping away. In short, we miss out on life.

Many people live as if life were a dress rehearsal for some later date. It isn?t. In fact, no one has a guarantee that he or she will be here tomorrow. Now is the only time we have, and the only time that we have any control over. When our attention is in the present moment, we push fear from our minds. Fear is the concern over events that might happen in the future—we won?t have enough money, our children will get into trouble, we will get old and die, whatever.

To combat fear, the best strategy is to learn to bring your attention back to the present. Mark Twain said, “I have been through some terrible things in my life, some of which actually happened.” I don?t think I can say it any better. Practice keeping your attention on the here and now, and your efforts will pay great dividends.

1. The word “neurotic” (Line 1, Para. 2) in the context refers to _________.

A) nerve B) worrisome

C) crazy D) angry

2. It can be concluded from John Lennon?s remarks that _________.

A) life is what we have planned in the past

B) life will never realize what we have planned

C) plans are making preparation for future life

D) life is slipping away when we make “other plans”

3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A) We are often upset because we worry about future problems.

B) We delay our happiness because we?re afraid of missing our dreams.

C) Life isn?t for controlling the time in some later date.

D) We have missed many things when we?re busy making “other plans”.

4. Which has NOT been included in the behavior of fear in this context?

A) Concern the terrible things that happened in the past.

B) Concern whether there will be enough money to use tomorrow.

C) Concern whether our children will have trouble.

D) Concern whether we will get old and die.

5. The best title for this passage would be _________.

A) Don?t Miss Out on Life!

B) “Someday” Is Never Better Than Today

C) Learn to Live in the Present Moment

D) How to Conquer Fear

Passage 3

Having a corporate ethics (企业道德规范) policy is not just a luxury but a necessity in business today. That?s according to a study of ethics in the workplace released Tuesday by the Ethics Resource Center. Through telephone interviews, the study sampled 1,500 American workers at all levels —including corporate management —and in all sizes and types of businesses. 80 percent of those responding said their companies had some sort of ethics program, whether it was written standards, a training program or some avenue for employees to get ethics advice. The percentage was greater—90

percent—for companies of 500 or more employees. Nine out of ten workers surveyed said they expected their companies to be ethical. However, the study found one in three employees had observed inappropriate behaviors in the past year.

More than a quarter reported they were aware of lying to employees, customers, vendors or the public. A similar number found that information was hidden, and 24 percent reported abusive or impolite behavior toward employees. Bribery and kickbacks (回扣) was low on the list, with only 5 percent saying they were aware of it. But nearly a third of those who witnessed inappropriate behavior did not report it, for fear of being viewed as troublemakers, or for fear of pressure from co-workers.

And while more companies are adopting ethics policies, one in eight employees said they feel pressure to violate ethical standards—whether from top management or co-workers. Long-term employees feel greater pressure than newer workers do. That, said Michael Wagon, president of the Ethics Resource Center, indicates there is still a need for aggressive pursuit of ethics in the workplace. Wagon said focusing on values “may not be a luxury but a necessity for positive business cultures”. He says an ethics program makes sens e to a company?s bottom line, including helping “to attract and retain high quality employees”.

1. The word “avenue” (Line 6, Para. 1) in the context refers to _________.

A) rules B) means

C) disciplines D) books

2. It can be concluded from Micha el Wagon?s remarks that _________.

A) many companies don?t have corporate standards

B) one in three employees didn?t observe corporate ethics

C) many employees feel pressure to break corporate ethics

D) it?s necessary for companies to establish and keep co rporate ethics

3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A) The study of corporate ethics has taken samples from 1,500 American workers.

B) Companies of more than 500 employees are more likely to have corporate ethics.

C) More than half of the people are aware of inappropriate behavior in companies.

D) Many workers feel pressure to break the corporate ethics.

4. The passage tells us that _________.

A) more than 25 percent of the employees found the lying to employees, customers, vendors or the

public

B) a quarter reported abusive or impolite behavior toward employees

C) one in ten employees found the bribery and kickbacks

D) 24 percent of the employees didn?t report the inappropriate behaviors

5. What is the author?s attitud e toward the adoption of corporate ethics?

A) Pessimistic. B) Critical.

C) Positive. D) Prejudiced.

Passage 4(半期考)

In many businesses, computers have largely replaced paperwork, because they are fast, flexible, do not mak e mistakes. As one banker said, “Unlike humans, computers never have a bad day.” And they are

honest. Many banks advertise that their transactio ns are “untouched by human hands” and there fore safe from human temptation. Obviously, computers have no reason to steal money. But they also have no conscience, and the growing number of computer crimes shows they can be used to steal.

Computer criminals don?t use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them becau se there are no witness and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it: it simply does what it is told. The head teller at a New York bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half billion dollars in just four years. No one noticed this theft because he moved the money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance (余额) in his account, the teller claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else?s account. This man was caught only because he was a gambler. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was in the records.

Some employees use the computer?s power to get revenge on employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days notice. In those thirty days, she erased all the com pany?s computerized records.

Most computer criminals have been minor employees. Now police wonder if this is “the tip of the iceberg”. As one official says, “I have the feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done, I wonder what the real experts are doing—the ones who really know how a computer works.”

1. The major point discussed in the passage is _________.

A) the difference between human and computer

B) the application of computer in banks

C) the tip of the iceberg

D) the computer crimes

2. Transactions in many banks are claimed to be safe because they_________.

A) are handled by computers B) are safe from stealing

C) cannot be noticed by other people D) cannot be used for revenge

3. The bank teller covered up his crime by_________.

A) telling the computer wrong information

B) moving money from one account to another

C) canceling all the records in the computer

D) doing illegal gambling in the computer

4. The phrase “thirty days notice” (Line 3, Para.3) refers to _________.

A) rest for thirty days B) record documents for thirty days

C) thirty days before firing her D) thirty days after firing her

5. According to the last paragraph, what kind of criminal are the police unable to catch?

A) Minor employees. B) Senior employees.

C) Computer experts. D) Computer-tape librarians.

Passage 5

Exceptional children are different in some significant ways from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to these differences.

Although we focus ourselves on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment well. While the leading actor on the stage occupies our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society?s understanding—the knowledge, hopes and fears that are passed on to the next generation.

Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, the weaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to full develop their capacities.

“All men are created equal.” We?ve heard this many times, but it still has important meanings for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country?s founders to refer to equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity is small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children—disabled or not—to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

1. “Exceptional children” (Line 1, Para. 1) can be replaced by _________.

A) abnormal children B) excellent children

C) disabled children D) ordinary children

2. What is the author?s attitude toward the education of exceptional children?

A) Pessimistic. B) Indifferent.

C) Positive. D) Concerned.

3. Which of the following statements is the topic of the passage?

A) More attention should be paid to the exceptional children.

B) Education?s function as a mi rror of the society.

C) Equal educational opportunity for exceptional children.

D) Different programs for exceptional children.

4. What is the author?s main idea in Paragraph 3?

A) Equal opportunity of education to all children.

B) Education?s function as a mi rror.

C) Great interest in exceptional children in past three decades.

D) Central values of culture.

5. Why does the author give the example of actors in Paragraph 2?

A) To show public school?s role as expressing the society.

B) To show the role of education as a minor of the society.

C) To show the importance of the supporting players and the scenery.

D) To show the importance of the environment in which exceptional children grow.

Passage 7

The ownership of pets brings a variety of benefits that the uninitiated would never believe. For every tale of shredded cushion, flattened plants, and chewed slippers, there is another testimonial of intelligence, sympathy and undying devotion. Now the growing body of research into the medical and social advantages of pet ownership has confirmed what pet owners have always intuitively known: that pets are not just loving companions but actually do us good. Researchers have established the value of pets in soothing and reassuring humans, particularly when ill, lonely or in distress. Perhaps the unquestioning love and approval pets give us is something we don?t always get from our human nearest and dearest.

Our makeshift understanding psychology leads many of us to view very close relationships with pets with suspicion. Childless couples in particular give rise to speculation, but a consultant in animal behavior says, “There is no evidence that a pet is a direct substitute for child.” And while many adults feel foolish if caught talking to their pets, they have no need to. The experts say you cannot have a close relationship with a pet without treating it as a person and that talking to a pet is not unhealthy — simply a way of establishing camaraderie.

The shaking helplessness of a young puppy or fluffy kitten stirs protective instincts deep within us and prompts many parents to buy pets for their children in the hope of instilling a sense of responsibility and caring an d acceptance of the facts of life and death. Pet animals don?t have to be soft and fond to bring out the best in us. A social worker encouraged aggressive boys to handle ferrets —“if handled correctly they respond with friendship; if incorrectly they bite.”

There seems to be no doubt that, emotionally and physically, our pets do us good —there is a price to be paid. When loved animal dies it is often a traumatic event —and then where do we turn for comfort?

1. Pets are sometimes criticized because they _________.

A) lack intelligence B) are destructive

C) need considerable care D) demand affection

2. The idea that animals are a substitute for children is _________.

A) supported by research B) encouraged by psychologists

C) an argument for keeping a pet D) a common prejudice

3. Talking to animals is ________.

A) silly B) suspicious

C) beneficial D) stimulating

4. A ferret is probably a kind of ________.

A) tame animal B) fierce animal

C) lovely animal D) tamable animal

5. The writer believes that pets are valuable to children because they _________.

A) return affection B) are comforting

C) need looking after D) are protective

Passage 8

There is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable. At an earlier period, our desire for material wealth may have been justified. Now, however, this desire for more than we need is causing serious problems. Even though we have good intentions, we may be producing too much, too

fast.

Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment, and the continuing incr ease in the world?s population. As society reaches these limits, economic growth can no longer continue, and the quality of life will decrease.

People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people in the world. These proponents of economic growth believe that only more growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life in the world. Furthermore, they argue that only continued growth can provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.

This debate over the desirability of continued economic growth is of vital importance to business and industry. If those who argue against economic growth are correct, the problems they mention cannot be ignored. To find a solution, economists and the business community must pay attention to these problems and continue discussing them with one another.

I. According to those who argue against economic growth we must slow down for the following reasons EXCEPT that ______.

A) our natural surroundings are in danger of being destroyed by industry

B) the fixed supply of natural resources marks a point beyond which growth cannot continue

C) the world population is ever increasing

D) more efforts should be made to improve the quality of our material life

2. Those who want more economic growths believe that continued economic growth ______.

A) is essential to the well-being of society as a whole

B) can provide the solution to many of our social problems today .

C) can protect our environment from being polluted by industry

D) can provide us with more natural resources for industrialization

3. We may infer that “proponents” (Line 2. Para. 3) most probably means ______

A) arguments in support of something

B) disagreements

C) people who argue for something

D) people who argue against something

4. The passage is mainly about ________.

A) the contradiction between economists and the business community

B) the present debate on economic growth

C) the advantages and disadvantages of economic growth

D) the importance of the debate on economic growth

5. We may infer from the passage that ________.

A) the author describes the case as it is

B) the author is for economic growth

C) the author is against continued economic growth

D) the author is very much worried about the problems caused by continued economic growth

Passage 9

The very high temperatures attained in a nuclear explosion result in the formation of an extremely hot intense mass of gas called a fireball. For a 10-kiloton explosion in the air, the fireball will attain a maximum diameter of about 300 m. For a 10-megaton weapon the fireball may be 4.8 km across. A flash of heat radiation is emitted from the fireball and spreads out over a large area, but with steadily decreasing intensity. The amount of heat energy received a certain distance from the nuclear explosion depends on the power of the weapon and the state of the atmosphere. If the visibility is poor or the explosion takes place above clouds, the effectiveness of the heat flash is decreased. The heat radiation falling on exposed skin can cause what are called flash burns. A 10-kiloton explosion in the air can produce moderate (second-degree) flash bums, which require some medical attention, as far as 2.4 km from ground zero. For a 10-megaton bomb, the corresponding distance would be more than 32km. Milder burns of bare skin would be experienced even farther out. Most ordinary clothing provides protection from the heat radiation, as does almost any opaque (不透光的) object. Flash burns occur only when the bare skin is directly exposed, or if the clothing is too thin to absorb the heat radiation.

The heat radiation can start fifes in dry, flammable materials, for example, paper and some fabrics, and such fires may spread if conditions are suitable. The evidence from the A-bomb explosions over Japan indicates that many fires, especially in the area near ground zero, originated from secondary causes, such as electrical short circuits, broken gas lines, and upset furnaces and boilers in industrial plants. The blast damage produced wreckage that helped to maintain the fires and denied access to fire-fighting equipment. Thus, much of the fire damage in Japan was a secondary effect of the blast wave.

Under some conditions, such as existed at Hiroshima (广岛) but not at Nagasaki (长崎), many individual fires can combine to produce a fire storm similar to those that accompany some large forest fires. The heat of the fire causes a strong updraft, which produces strong winds drawn in toward the center of the burning area. These winds fan the flame and convert the area into a disaster in which everything flammable is destroyed.

1. It can be inferred that the amount of radiation _________.

A) is the greatest when atomic bomb is dropped from the air

B) is the greatest when the atomic bomb goes off on the ground

C) is the weakest when it spreads over a large area

D) becomes increasingly weak as it travels far out

2. All the following conditions affect the power of the atomic bomb EXCEPT______.

A) a fog B) clouds

C) the size of the bomb D) land features

3. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A) Any amount of the radiation is deadly for a person.

B) Any kind of opaque clothes can protect a person from atomic bomb.

C) A second-degree flash bum may not be so dangerous to life.

D) Thin clothes usually catch fire easily from heat radiation.

4. It is clear from Paragraph 2 that the greatest danger with an atomic bomb often comes from ______.

A) direct exposure to heat radiation B) indirect damage

C) the fireball D) fire fighting equipment

5. The example of Hiroshima is given in the last paragraph to illustrate ______.

A) the power of an atomic bomb

B) the effect of weather condition on the nuclear power

C) the secondary effect of an atomic bomb

D) the damage caused by atomic bomb

Passage 10

Acid rain, which is a form of air pollution, currently becomes a subject of great debate because of widespread environmental damage for which it has been blamed. It forms when oxides of sulfur (硫) and nitrogen (氮) combine with atmospheric moisture to yield sulfuric and nitric acids, which may then be carried long distances from their source before they drop in the foam of rain. The pollution may also take the form of snow or fog or fall down in dry forms. In fact, although the term “acid rain” has been in use for more than a century —it is derived from atmospheric studies that were made in the region of Manchester, England—the more accurate scientific term would be “acid deposition”. The dry form of such deposition is just as damaging to the environment as the liquid form.

The problem of acid rain originated with the Industrial Revolution, and it has been growing ever since. The severity of its effects has long been recognized in local settings, as exemplified by the spells of acid smog in heavily industrialized areas. The widespread destructiveness of acid rain, however, has become evident only in recent decades. One large area that has been studied extensively is northern Europe, where acid rain has eroded structures, injured crops and forests, and threatened life in freshwater lakes. In 1984, for example, environmental reports indicated that almost half of the trees in Germany?s Black Forest had been damaged by acid rain. The northeastern United States and eastern Canada have also been particularly affected by this form of pollution. Damage has also been detected in other areas of these countries and other regions of the world.

Industrial emissions have been blamed as the major cause of acid rain. Because the chemical reactions involved in the production of acid rain in the atmosphere are complex and as yet little understood, industries have tended to challenge such assessments and to stress the need for further studies and because of the cost of pollution reduction, governments have tended to support this attitude. Studies released by the US government in the early 1980s, however, strongly indicated industries as the main source of acid rain, in the eastern US and Canada.

1. From the first sentence of the passage, we learn that _________.

A) acid rain has caused air pollution

B) acid rain has caused widespread environmental damage

C) acid rain has become a much-studied subject

D) acid rain travels in all directions before it rains down

2. Acid fog _________.

A) falls down when the atmosphere is moist

B) is not as frequent as acid rain

C) often falls in the region of Manchester, England

D) is as damaging as acid rain

3. The second paragraph is mainly about_________.

A) the origin of acid rain B) the cause of acid rain

C) the formation of acid rain D) the widespread damage of acid rain

4. Why is acid rain little understood?

A) Because it is a new phenomenon. B) Because it is not frequent enough.

C) Because its formation is complex. D) Because it is difficult to study it.

5. Governments ________.

A) deny that industries causes acid rain

B) admit that they are only partly responsible

C) claim that acid rain is the main source of pollution

D) think that the cause of acid rain needs further study

Passage 11

Large companies need a way to reach the savings of the public at large. The same problem, on smaller scale, faces practically every company, trying to develop new products and create new jobs. There can be little prospect of raising the sort of sums needed from friends and people we know, and while banks may agree to provide short-term finance, they are generally unwilling to provide money on a permanent basis for long-term projects. So companies turn to the public, inviting people to lend them money, or take a share in the business in exchange for a share in future profits. This they do by issuing stocks and shares in the business through the Stock Exchange. By doing so they can put into circulation the savings of individual and institutions, both at home and overseas.

When the saver needs his money back, he does not have to go to the company with whom he originally placed it. Instead, he sells his shares through a stockbroker to some other saver who is seeking to invest his money.

Many of the services needed both by industry and by each of us are provided by the government or by local authorities. Without hospitals, roads, electricity, telephones, railways, this country could not function. All these require continuous spending on new equipment and new development if they are to serve us properly, requiring more money than is raised through taxes alone. The government, local authorities, and nationalized industries therefore frequently need to borrow money to finance major capital spending, and they too, come to the Stock Exchange.

There is hardly a man or woman in this country whose job or whose standard of living does not depend on the ability of his or her employers to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must come from the savings of the country. The Stock Exchange exists to provide

a channel through which these savings can reach those who need finance.

1. Almost all companies trying to develop new products and creating new jobs have to ________.

A) persuade the banks to provide long-term finance

B) rely on their own financial resources

C) borrow large sums of money from friends and relatives

D) depend on the population as a whole for finance

2. The money, which enables these companies to go ahead with their projects, is _________.

A) raised by the selling of shares in the companies

B) raised by putting into circulation of the savings of individual overseas

C) repaid to its original owners as soon as possible

D) invested in different companies on the Stock Exchange

3. The Stock Exchange makes it possible for the government, local authorities and nationalized

industries_________.

A) to make certain everybody saves money

B) to borrow as much money as they wish

C) to raise money to finance new developments

D) to make certain everybody lends money to them

4. All the essential services on which we depend are_________.

A) run by the government or our local authorities

B) in constant need of financial support

C) unable to meet the needs of the populations

D) financed wholly by rates and taxes

5. When the savers want their money back they _________.

A) go to the company to take it back

B) have to borrow money from other people

C) put their shares in the company back on the market

D) transfer their money to a more successful company

Passage 12（半期考）

Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution that has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either man will abolish war. Or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger, but bacteriological chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in massacre, bu t by arbitration in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.

There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions, which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.

The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course, very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, tha t negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between east and west, but between man and the H-bomb.

1. This passage implies that war is now_________.

A) more wicked than in the past B) as wicked as in the past

C) less wicked than in the past D) what people try to live with

2. According to the author, _________.

A) it is impossible to live without war

B) war is the only way to settle international disagreements

C) war must be abolished if man wants to survive

D) war will be abolished by modern ingenuity

3. The author says that modern weapons _________.

A) will help abolish war B) p ut mankind in grave danger

C) will gradu ally become part of man?s life D) need further improving

4. The author believes that the only way to abolish war is to _________.

A) abolish nuclear weapons

B) let the stronger side take over the world

C) improve bacteriological and chemical weapons

D) settle international issues through negotiation

5. The last paragraph suggests that _________.

A) nuclear war will definitely not take place

B) international agreements are now reached more and more easily

C) ma n is beginning to realize that nuclear war is his greatest enemy

D) world opinion is in favor of nuclear war

Passage 13

In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker?s life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, variety is not an important factor.

Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important, and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery, which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it.

Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.

To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.

1. According to this passage, more varied jobs will ________.

A) make the worker enjoy his life

B) increase productivity

C) enable the worker to work hard

D) solve the problem many countries of the world have been faced with

2. The modem factories with its complicated machinery________.

A) make it possible to give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way

B) require that the worker do his job in his own way

C) will prove that freedom of choice may be important

D) require that the worker do his job in a fixed way

3. According to the passage, it is more important________.

A) to have one large production line

B) for the worker to see only one small part of the product

C) for the worker to reach a higher degree of contribution to the product he is making

D) both B and C

4. According to this passage, which of the following factors is preferable?

A) More money. B) Shorter working hours.

C) Making the jobs less boring. D) Freedom of choice.

5. The passage is mainly about ________.

A) the possible factors leading to greater productivity

B) the problem facing many countries of the world today

C) the worker?s role in greater productivity

D) the importance of greater productivity

Passage 14

Are some people born clever, and others born stupid? Or is intelligence developed by our environment and our experience? Strangely enough, the answer to both these questions is yes. To some extent our intelligence is given to us at birth, and no amount of special education can make a genius out of a child born with a low intelligence. On the other hand, a child who lives in a boring environment will develop his intelligence less than one who lives in rich and varied surroundings. Thus the limits of a person?s intelligence are fixed at birth, but whether or not he reaches those limits will depend on his environment. This view, now held by most experts, can be supported in a number of ways.

It is easy to show that intelligence is to some extent something we are born with. The closer the blood relationship between two people, the closer their intelligence are likely to be. Thus if we take two unrelated people at random from the population, it is likely that their degrees of intelligence will be completely different. If on the other hand we take two identical twins they will very likely be as intelligent as each other. Relations like brothers and sisters, parents and children, usually have similar intelligence, and this clearly suggests that intelligence depends on birth.

Imagine now that we take two identical twins and put them in different environments. We might send one, for example, to a university and the other to a factory where the work is boring. We would soon find differences in intelligence developing, and this indicates that environment as well as birth plays a part. This conclusion is also suggested by the fact that people who live in close contact with each other, but who are not related at all, are likely to have similar degrees of intelligence.

大学英语四级阅读选词填空模拟题答案解析

第一篇 Climate change has claimed its latest victim：Limacina helicina，a planktonic，predatory(捕食的)sea snail that's a member of the taxonomic group more(36)__________ known as sea butterflies．(The name is(37)__________ from the wing-like lobes(叶瓣)the tiny creatures use to get around．)In a study(38)__________ published in joumal Proceedings of the Royal Society B，a group of scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)and Oregon State University have found that the Pacific Ocean's decreasing pH—its acidifying(酸化)，in other words-is dissolving L．helicina's thin shells． The researchers collected sea butterfly(39)__________ from 13 sites along the Pacific coast(between Washington and southern California，going over each with a scanning electron microscope．More than half of the shells(53％)from onshore individuals(40)__________ signs of “severe dissolution damage，”while 24％of(41) __________ individuals suffered dissolution damage．The study's(42)__________ investigator, Dr. Nina Bednarsek of NOAA，described the affected L．helicina shells as having a texture not unlike “cauliflower” or “sandpaper．” According to the paper，there was a “strong positive(43)__________ ”between the proportion of sea butterflies with severe shell dissolution damage and “the percentage of undersaturated(未达到饱和的)water ” near the ocean's surface．The researchers conclude “shell dissolution owing to(human．caused ocean(44)_________has doubled in near shore habitats since pre．industrial conditions across this region and is on track to triple by 2050，”a truly(45)__________ prediction．Moreover, the broader implications for ecosystem are unclear, as damaged shells make it harder for L．helicina to fight infections，stay buoyant，and protect themselves from predators． I. noticed A. showed J. correlation B. recently K. encouraging? C. protected L. seaward D. commonly M. acidification E. derived N. grim F. samples O. pollution G. offshore H. principal 词性归类答案解析

选词填空答题方法(附四级常用后缀)

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后，等范围缩小到最小时再轻松收尾。即传统阅读所说的，首遍不行无所谓，文章看完再收尾。解题技巧 1）首先要辨性（辨别词性） a. 不认识的单词看词缀（见后面附表） b. 认识的单词要注意词性的单一性和多样性比如：must，most均可做名词do the most you can c. 动词归类要细分为v，ved, ving。因为一个空可以填动词，但填原形还是过去式还是ing 形式要自己根据语法判断。甚至动词分词形式还可以做定语。 2）一个单词有多个词性时，要在不同分类中都标出。 3）如果选项中出现一组近义词或反义词时，往往有一个是干扰选项，它注重考察的是词汇的精确理解，要求考生分析清楚其细微的区别。 4）如何判断原文空缺处所需单词的词性： ①动词： a）前后都是名词短语，中间一般为动词（时态看前后文）。 b) 一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词 c）一个完整的句子之后再跟逗号，后面一般是非谓语动词短语。 ②名词： a. 名词主要做主语、宾语。

大学英语四级选词填空练习培训课件

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Reading comprehension Section A(2019.6 .1) The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has 26____ from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming to life. In a 27_________ to take production back to Detroit, Michigan lawmakers have introduced 28___________ that could make their state the best place in the country, if not the world, to develop self-driving vehicles and put them on the road. “Michigan's 29__________ in auto research an d development is under attack from several states and countries which desire to 30_______ our leadership in transportation. We can't let that happen,” says Senator Mike Kowall, the lead 31__________ of four bills recently introduced. If all four bills pass as written, they would 32__________ a substantial update of Michigan's 2013 law that allowed the testing of self-driving vehicles in limited conditions. Manufacturers would have nearly total freedom to test their self-driving technology on public roads. They would be allowed to send groups of self-driving cars on cross-state road trips, and even set up on-demand 33__________ of self-driving cars, like the one General Motors and Lyft are building. Lawmakers in Michigan clearly want to make the state ready for the commercial application of self-driving technology. In 34____________, California, home of Silicon Valley, recently proposed far more 35 rules that would require human drivers be ready to take the wheel, and ban commercial use of self-driving technology. Section B(2019.6.2) Just because they can't sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn't mean that animals don't have culture. There's no better example of this than killer whales. As one of the most 26___________ predators (食肉动物), killer whales may not fit the 27_________ of a cultured creature. However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly 28________ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development. The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which 29___________ means “to cultivate.” In other words, it refers to anything that is 30__________ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affecting who we are. For instance, having spent many generations hunting the fat marine mammals of the Arctic, the Eskimos of Greenland have developed certain genetic 31________ that help them digest and utilize this fat-rich diet, thereby allowing them to 32_________ in their cold climate.

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There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested inspelling .No school I have taught in has ever _____ spelling or considered it unimportantas a basic skill. There are, however , vastly different ideas about how to teach it , or howmuch _____ it must be given over general language development and writing ability. Theproblem is , how to encourage a child to express himself freely and _____ in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become th e only focal point of his teacher’s interest, clearly a __4__child will be likely to “play safe”. He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid __5__ language. That’s why teachers often __6__ the early use ofdictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing abouta personal experience ：“ This work is __7__ !There are far too many spelling errors andyour writing is illegible( 难以辨认的).” It may have been a sharP__8__ of the pupil’stechnical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omittedto read the ess ay, which __9__ some beautiful expressions of the child’s deePfeelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors, but if his priorities had centredon the child’s ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would havegiven the pupil more __10__ to seek improvement. A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearlyE)adventurous F ）discourage G)motivation H)terribleI)ignored J)difficult K)encourage L)expressedM)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressed Answers: 1. 选I ）。由该句中的has 可知，此处应填动词过去式，且表达的含义应和后面的consider…unimportant 相近，故应排除contained 和expressed而选择ignored 。 2. 选A ）。此处应填名词，但能与后面over 构成固定搭配的名词只有priority ，故排除了criticism 和motivation 。 3. 选M). 由空格前面的and 可知，此处应填副词和freely 并列。从句意来理解，在没有拼写困难的情况下，怎样鼓励学生自由且…… 地表达自己，选项中只有confidently “自信地“符合题意。 4. 选N ）。很明显这里应填形容词，选项中terrible ，difficult 后接事物名词something ，只有adventurous 和bright 可用来形容somebody （child )，再由后面的play safe“不冒险”，可排除adventurous而选择bright。 5. 选E ）。由前一句中的be likely to “ play safe ”和空格前的avoid可以推知，此处所填词的意思应与play safe表达的意思相反，故选项中只有adventurous符合题意。 6. 选K ）。很明显此处应填动词的一般现在时，可选项有encourage和persuade 。由That’s why 知本句与前一句构成因果关系，而前一句说的是学生往往会用他们拼写范围内的词写文章，从而选择避免用那些不会的词，故由此可推知此句应理解为老师鼓励学生用字典，因此排除persuade 而选encourage。 7. 选H ）。此处应填形容词。由空格后面的too many spelling errors和illegible可知，这篇文章是写的很糟，而不是很难理解。故排除difficult而选terrible。 8. 选B ）。此处应填名词。由后半句中 a sad reflection on the teacher可知，前半句是在指责学生，故选项中只有criticism符合题意。 9. 选C ）。此处填动词过去式，本句中由which 引导的从句是对essay的解释，剩余选项中contained 和expressed ，根据句意，文章…… 儿童内心感受的一些好的表达，

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