状语从句的翻译 2
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状语从句的翻译
朱云汉
2011-04
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英汉状语从句的特点
1.一般情况下，引导英语状语从句的从属连词，基本可以在汉语中找到相对应关联词，但有时不必翻译，因为引导汉语状语分句的关联词时常省略，有近50%的汉语复句中并不使用关联词语而且省略关联词的汉语句子更为精练。
2.英语状语从句的位置颇为灵活，置于主句之前或主句之后均可。汉语状语分句一般位于主句之前，只有偶尔才位于主句之后。
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时间状语从句的翻译
1 译成与汉语完全对应的表示时间的状语
When they approached Trenton, lights were still burning in many of the houses and Christ mas parties were still going on.
当他们逼近屈兰敦时, 许多房子里仍然灯火通明，圣诞晚会还未结束。
We shall discuss the problem fully before we make the decision.
我们在作出决定之前要充分讨论这个问题。
The iron should be stricken while it is hot.
趁热打铁
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
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时间状语从句的翻译
我们第二次见面时，我发现她比实际年龄显得老一些了。
When we met each other for the second time, I found that she looked older than she was.
In sum,由于英汉语言表达的习惯差异，通常汉语的
状语从句位于句首，而英语的状语从句可前可后,
以后为多。
汉语是一种意合的语言，汉语句子较少使用关联词。
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时间状语从句的翻译
2. 翻译成固定（常规）句型
一般像由 hardly (scarcely)…. when （before）… no sooner… than… as soon as … the moment（the instant ）… just as…等短语连词引导的时间状语从句翻译成汉语时, 主句与从句通常要互换, 常常译成包含“刚(一)……就……”这种结构的句子。同样，包含该结构的汉语句子亦应翻译成英语中相对应的固定句式。
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时间状语从句的翻译
我们刚到车站, 火车就开了。
Scarcely had we got to the station before the train left.
计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。
Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found.
As soon as she heard the news, she fainted.
她刚一听到这个消息, 就昏过去了。
They fell in love the moment they saw each other for the first time.
他们一见钟情。
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时间状语从句的翻译
3 译成并列分句
The earth turns round its axis as it travels about the sun.
地球一面绕太阳运行, 一面绕地轴自转。
I read a newspaper while I was waiting.
我边等边看报。
I was going home when I met Mary.
我正要回家, 就在这个时候，我碰到了玛丽。
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时间状语从句的翻译
4 转译为其他状语从句
英语状语从句有时它们的深层意义互相渗透，可
以互相替换，需要转译。有些时间状语从句虽然形式上是由表示时间的引导词（如
when, before, until 等）引导，但根据句子逻辑意义来判断，应灵活翻译成表因果关系的从句，或者翻译为表条件的状语从句或表目的的状语从句。
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时间状语从句的翻译
When winds blow particles against a large rock for a long time, the softer layers of the rock are slowly worn away.
由于风把砂粒刮起来, 碰撞大岩石，久而久之，较松软的岩石层就被慢慢地磨损。（---表原因的偏句）
One must sow before one can reap.
只有播种，才能有收获。(----条件复句的正句) 或译为：
一份耕耘，一份收获。
Before manned spacecraft could be sent to space, the problem of getting the spacecraft safely back to earth had to be solved.
为了把载人的宇宙飞船送到太空上去，就必须解决使飞船安全返回地面的问题。(-----单句的目的状语)
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时间状语从句的翻译
Not until we have detailed studies of the present movement of traffic and have a clearer idea of how many people wish to travel, where they want to go, at what time of day and how quickly— not until then can we begin to plan a proper transportation system for the future.
只有详细地研究当前的交通流量，比较清楚地了解有多少人想去旅行，要到哪里去，在一天中的什么时候上路, 希望以多快的速度旅行，只有到那时, 我们才能开始对未来的运输系统进行合理的规划。(----汉语复句的条件偏句)
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原因状语从句的翻译
英语原因状语从句通常由从属连词 as, because, since 引导。
所有的英语原因状语从句在汉语译文中通常位于句首，偶尔亦置于句末。汉语的原因状语从句翻译成英语时可位于译句句首，也可置于译句句末。
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原因状语从句的翻译
1 译成表示原因的分句
They are informal, most likely because they are always in a great hurry.
他们之所以不拘小节, 很可能是因为他们总是处于匆忙之中。
Because his parents had paved a good way for him, he didn’t worry about it at all.
他之所以一点不急，是因为父母已为他铺好了道路。
It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed” to do so.
人们常说,电脑之所以能解决问题, 只是因为电脑给输入了解决问题的 “程序”。
既然发言人不能来，我们不得不取消这次会议。
Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.
因为他为这次考试做好了充分准备，所以成功通过了。
He successfully passed the exam because he made full preparations for it.
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原因状语从句的翻译
译为不带关联词、因果关系内含的并列分句
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of
many years, and their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off.
众多家庭搬出安定的社区，离开交往多年的朋友，远离大家庭的其他成员, 日常信息来源就此切断。
Since the electrical inventions which Edison had given us were very impor tant, we could not live without them— not for one minute.
爱迪生为我们发明的各种电器太重要了，我们的生活离不开它们——一刻也离不开。
He was not nervous at all, because he wasready.
他胸有成竹，一点不紧张。
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条件状语从句的翻译
1 译成相对应的表条件的分句
If the epidemic cannot be controlled effec tively, the whole country will come into chaos.
如果这种流行传染病得不到有效控制, 整个国家将会陷入一片混乱之中。
We won’t be able to go there on foot in case it rains.
要是下雨，咱们就不能打赤脚上那儿去。
If I could relive my life, I would lead quite a different life, leaving less regrets.
如果我可以重新过日子, 我会生活得截然不同，不会留下这么多遗憾。
只有忠实于事实，才能忠实于真理。
Only if we are true to facts, can we be loyal to the truth.
只要我们努力工作，就能实现人生目标。
We can realize the goal of our life, if only we work hard.
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条件状语从句的翻译
2 译成不含关联词、内含条件关系的句子
If the temperature drops to zero degree centigrade, water freezes.
水在零摄氏度结冰。
If you work hard, you will succeed.
努力工作，就会成功。
If you melt two or more metals together, you can get a new metal.
将两种以上的金属熔化在一起就可产生一种新金属。
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条件状语从句的翻译
3 译成补充说明情况的分句
“You’ll have some money by then,— that is , if you last the week out, you fool.”
“到那时你该有点钱了——就是说,如果你能度过这星期的话，你这傻瓜。”
Be respectful to your superiors, if you have any, also to strangers, and sometimes to others.
要尊重你的上司，如果你有上司的话。对待陌生人, 有时还有别人,也要尊重。
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条件状语从句的翻译
4 译成特定的条件分句
They might be prepared to trim production—but only if they are convinced it will firm prices
它们可能准备削减产量——但条件是必须先使这些产油国确信, 石油价格将保持稳定。
Certainly you can pass the test, but only if you tudy very hard.
你肯定能通过考试，但前提是你学习非常刻苦。
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让步状语分句的翻译
1 译成表示 “让步”的分句
Although there are these cultural differences,the main engine propelling the separatist cause is economic.
尽管有文化差异，但是推动分裂主义进程的主要动力是经济因素。
Old as he is, he wou
ld rather work than sit idle.
他虽已年迈，但他宁愿工作也不愿闲着。
Although we were very close, the time came when Jeff needed a door between us, a space of his own to grow in. 虽然我们之间亲密无间, 但还是有一天, 杰夫需要一扇门把我们分开, 需要一个他自己成长的空间。
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让步状语分句的翻译
Even if man has built the most complicated computer, it cannot compare in intricacy with the brain.
即使人类研制出了最复杂的电脑，其复杂程序也无法与人脑相比。
哪怕成功的希望渺茫，我们也还要试一试。
Even though our hope for success is pretty slim, we still want to have a try.
即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也还要学习人家的长处。
We must continue to learn the strong points of other nations, even if we have caught up with the world dvanced level in the field of science and technology.
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让步状语分句的翻译
2 译成表 “无条件”的条件分句
汉语里有一种复句，前一分句排除某一方面的一切条件，后一分句说出在任何条件下都会产生同样的结果，也就是说结果的产生没有什么条件限制。这样的复句里的前一分，称之为 “无条件”的条件分句，通常以whatever, wherever, whoever, whenever, no matter wh-为引导词, 通常翻译为以 “不论” “无论” “不管” 等关联词。
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让步状语分句的翻译
Yet whenever I stopped by his hospital bedside, he was surrounded by visitors from his church, singing and praying.
然而，无论我何时来到他的病床边，他总是被来自他奉职教堂的人所包围，他们又唱又祷告。
I’ll be right here waiting for you, wherever yougo, and whatever you do.
无论你到哪里去，无论你做什么，我都会在这儿等你。
No matter what happens, he will go on with an indomitable will without turning back.
不管发生什么事，他都将一无反顾, 勇往直前。
We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded that our own nation is superior to all others.
不论我们来自世界上的哪个国家，我们大家全都相信，我们自己的民族优于所有别的民族。
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More practice, more perfect
Since most TV “action-adventure” dramas occurs in urban settings，the fear they inspire may contribute to the current flight of the middle class from our cities.
由于电视播放的大多数“动作片”、“冒险片”以城市为背景，由此引起的恐惧感正促使中产阶级逃离城市。
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Although at first sight the legislation appears to obstruct what might otherwise be a simple process，it actually exists to facilitate the purchase，while protecting the creditors（so far as company law is concerned.）
虽然乍一看，这个法律似乎妨碍本来可能很简单的程序，但实际上这个法律的存在
却使购买变得便利，同时（就公司法而言）也保护债权人。
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While there can be no question of considering education in isolation from science，technology，culture and information，as a social practice that may involve all the members of society in one way or another，education has its own characteristics.
毫无疑问，我们可以脱离科学、技术、文化和信息，把教育作为以某种方式涉及社会全体成员的一种社会实践来加以考查，但教育毕竟还有自己的特点。
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Lifts stopped working，so that even if you were lucky enough not to be trapped between two floors，you had the unpleasant task of finding your way down hundreds of flights of stairs.
电梯停了，因此即使你幸而没有被困在两个楼层中间，你也得去完成一项不愉快的任务，即摸黑往下走百级楼梯。
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The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.
如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较者来说，前两个因素必须是一样的。
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New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.
同过去—样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
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If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
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While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
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If，like most of mankind，you have strong convictions on many such matters，there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice.
如果你和大多数人一样，迷信诸如此类的事情，那么可以使你意识到自己偏见的办法是不少的。
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Every time you try to answer a question that asks why，you engage in the process of causal analysis—you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect.
每当你试图回答一个问及“为什么”的问题时，你就是在进行因果分析了。也就是说，你正努力寻找决定某个结果的某个原因或一系列原因。
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While not every scientific fact is a numerical one，nor every scientific theory a predictor of nu
merical magnitudes，so many are that we cannot conceive of modern science without the process of measurement.
尽管不是每门科学事实都是用数字来表示的，也不是每一条科学理论都是数字大小的预测器，但是用数字表示的是如此之多，以致如果没有计量我们就不可能设想有现代科学。
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Where it is dry so much of the time that few plants can live，the destructive waters have their own way when the occasional rains come.
在长期干旱以致植物稀少的地方，偶尔降雨便会泛滥，造成灾害。
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Whatever its underlying reasons，there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies，individuals and governments would make more efforts.
不论污染的根本原因是什么，毫无疑问，只要各大公司、个人和各级政府都能作出较大的努力，所造成的大部分污染是可以加以控制的。
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Now，commercial farmers have become increasingly specialized so that almost everything consumed on most farms is now bought from outside sources rather than home-grown.
现在，商业社会的农民已越来越专业化，因而在大部分农场消费的几乎所有东西现在都是从外面采购的，而不是农场自己生产的。
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