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中考英语语法复习--定语从句、宾语从句

2019年中考英语语法复习方案12《定语从句、宾语从句》

【趋势解读】

在复合句中作定语的从句叫作定语从句，定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，因此定语从句也被称为形容词性的从句。定语从句是从句中较为复杂和十分重要的一种。与汉语不同的是，英语中的定语从句总是采取后置定语的形式。定语从句作为基础知识来考查，以单选的题型出现，但更多的是在语篇中考查。

【思维引导】

精彩笔记1 关系代词的作用和用法

1.关系代词的作用有三个:

(1)连接作用:关系代词引导从句，把从句和主句连接起来。

(2)替代作用:关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词。

(3)成分作用:关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。

2.关系代词的基本用法:

3.关系代词who /that , whom /that和whose的用法

在定语从句中作主语时，用who /that，不可省略。

先行词指人在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom /who /that，可以省略。

在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，相当于of whom，不可省略。

核心题根1 (1)用正确的关系代词填空。

①This is the scientist achievement(成就)are well known.(这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。)

② She is the woman lives next door.(她就是住在隔壁的妇女。)

③That is the boy I teach.(那是我教的那个男孩。)

思路点拨:首先确定被修饰的名词(先行词)在定语从句中的作用(句子成分)，再根据语法成分确定关系代词。

①关系代词whose在从句中作定语，相当于替代the scientist's(科学家的成就)。

②关系代词在从句中作主语。

③关系代词在从句中作teach的宾语。

(2)翻译填空。

①我喜欢妈妈给我买的这些书。

I like the my mother bought for me.

②我们看了在Roxy电影院上映的那部影片。

We saw the film on at the Roxy Cinema.

③我们正在谈论我们所看的一部电影中的女演员。

We are talking about the actress we saw in a film.

思路点拨:考查引导定语从句的关系代词的用法。先行词指物时，关系代词用which或that;指人时根据先行词在定语从句中所承担的句子成分而定。

同类变式1 (1) I will never forget the day we spent in the old town with small houses.

A. who

B. whom

C. that

D. what

(2) The shop sells flowers is at the end of the street.

A. who

B. where

C. which

(3)—What are you looking for?

一I'm looking for the CD about EXO I bought yesterday.

A. that

B. who

C. whose

D. when

(4) First Lady Peng Liyuan was watering the flowers were named "Cathy" with Dutch Queen Maxima.

A. what

B. which

C. who

D. whose

(5)—In a text message, 88 means Bye-bye.

—And another example is F2F stands for face to face.

A. that

B. who

C. whom

D. it

(6)—Which is your new neighbour, Liu Hua?

—The man T-shirt is red.

A. that

B. who

C. which

D. whose

(7) Tommy couldn't stop thinking about the boy made him a fool in front of the whole class.

A. whom

B. which

C. what

D. who

(8) I really like the photo of my family my sister took in the city park last year.

A. which

B. who

C. what

D. whom

(9) He likes low-carbon life. He lives in the house he built himself out of trash.

A. where

B. what

C. which

D. in which

(10) Could you tell me the result of the discussion you had made in the meeting just now?

A. that

B. when

C. how

D. who

方法技巧

作为关系代词，that用法灵活，既可以替代指人的先行词，也可以替代指物的先行词;既可替代单数的先行词，也可替代复数的先行词。当that在定语从句中作主语时，注意谓语动词既可能是单数，也可能是复数。

精彩笔记2 that和which的特殊用法及“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1.下列情况下，先行词指人时，只能用who引导，不用that。

(1)先行词是指人的不定代词。

(2)there be结构中，先行词指人时，多用who。

(3)在非限定性定语从句中，先行词指人，且作主语时用who。

2.下列情况下，先行词指物，只能用which引导，不能用that。

(1)当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。

(2)先行词本身就是that时，只用which，不用that。

3.下列情况下，先行词指物或指人时，只能用that引导，不能用which。

(1)当先行词是指物的不定代词all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none,

some等时。

(2)当先行词前面有the only, the very(恰恰，正好)，any, every, some, no, all, few, little, much, the right, the last, just等词修饰时。

(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。

(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。

(5)主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。

(6)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。

(7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。

(8)当先行词既有指人的又有指物的时。

核心题根2 (1)汉译英填空。

①人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。

People all like those have good manners.

②有一些想去海南度假的人。

There are some people want to have a holiday in Hainan.

③王教授已年过六旬，依然日夜努力工作。

Professor Wang, is over sixty, still works hard day and night.

④我想和昨天接待我的那个女孩讲话。

I want to speak to the girl served me yesterday.

思路点拨:考查关系代词的特殊用法。先行词为指人的不定代词时，关系代词用who; there be句型中先行词指人时，关系代词也用who 。

(2)根据汉语提示，用which或that填空。

①刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么?

What's that flashed in the sky just now?

②这是我正在寻找的那本书。

This is the book I'm looking for.

③这是我父亲曾经住过的房子。

This is a house in my father once lived.

思路点拨:先行词是that，或者先行词后面有介词时，关系代词只能用which，不能用that。

(3)完成句子。

①你有什么要为自己说的吗?

Do you have you want to say for yourself?

②他是唯一支持你的人。

He is is for you.

③这是去武汉的最后一趟火车。

The train is will go to Wuhan.

④这是我曾经看过的最有趣的电影。

This is interesting I've ever seen.

⑤妈妈给我讲了很多我从未听到过的有趣的人和事。

My mother told me many interesting and I had never heard of.

⑥哪本书是你丢的书?

is the book you lost?

⑦你不再是从前的那个女孩了。

You are not you used to be.

⑧角落里还有一个位置可用。

There is a in corner is still available.

思路点拨:①牢记这些使用关系代词的规则，复杂的定语从句就简单了。

②当先行词在从句中作主语时，注意主谓要一致。

知识归纳

指人的不定代词有:one, ones, anyone, no one, those, all nobody, anybody, none等。

同类变式2 (1) Anyone this opinion may speak out.

A. that againsts

B. that against

C. who is against

D. who are against

(2) Mr Herpin is one of the foreign experts who in China.

A. works

B. is working

C. are working

D. has been working

(3)Didn't you see the man ?

A. I nodded just now

B. whom I nodded just now

C. I nodded to him just now

D. I nodded to just now

(4) The radio set has gone wrong.

A. I bought it last week

B. which I bought it last week

C. I bought last week

D. what I bought last week

(5)They talked for about an hour of things and persons they remembered in the school.

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. whom

(6)Who is the girl is talking with Mr Smith?

A. which

B. who

C. whom

D. that

(7)A11 the apples fell down were eaten by the pigs.

A. that

B. those

C. which

D. what

(8)They asked him to tell them everything he saw at the front.

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. where

(9)I'11 tell you he told me last week.

A. all which

B. all what

C. that all

D. all

(10) Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn?

A. that

B./

C. which

D. it

(11)A child parents are dead is called an orphan.

A. who

B. who's

C. whose

D. which

易错警示

在有固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分离，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如:(误)This is the book for which I'm looking.

精彩笔记3 关系副词的用法

(1)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when =表时间的介词(如:in, at, on, during等)+which ; where=表地点的介词(如:in, at, on, under等)+which; why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。

(2) where /when=介词+关系代词(which )。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where /when前加介词from或to等。

核心题根3 完成句子，一空一词。

(1)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。

I still remember the day I first came to Beijing.

(2)我永远不会忘记我在北京度过的那些日子。

I'll never forget the days I spent in Beijing.

(3)你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?

Can you tell me the office he works

(4)你知道他缺席的原因吗?

Do you know the reason he is absent?

(5)中国是风筝的故乡，从这里放风筝传到了日本、朝鲜、泰国和印度。

China is the birthplace of kites, from kite flying spread to Japan，Korea，Thailand and India.

思路点拨:(1)先行词是the day，将它代入定语从句中是:I first came to Beijing on the day. the day在从句中作时间状语，关系词应为表示时间的关系副词when, when=on which。

(2)先行词为the days，在定语从句中作spent的宾语。

(3)先行词为the office，在从句中作地点状语，即he works in the office，所以office后要用表示地点的关系副词where ( = in which ) 。

(4) the reason在定语从句中作原因状语，即he is absent for the reason，关系词要用表示原因的关系副词why(=for which) 。

(5)先行词是the birthplace，在从句中作地点状语，由于它和关系词被of kites分割开了，为了表达清楚需要在关系副词前加介词from。

同类变式3 (1) Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from

you received gifts?

A. which

B. them

C. that

D. whom

(2) I wish to thank Professor Smith, without help I would never have got this far.

A. who

B. whose

C. whom

D. which

(3) Between the two parts of the concert is an interval，the audience can buy ice-cream.

A. when

B. where

C. that

D. which

(4) A bank is the place they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.

A. when

B. that

C. where

D. there

(5) The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other.

A. they

B. where

C. what

D. that

(6)—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut?

—You should try the barber's I go. It's only 15.

A. as

B. which

C. where

D. that

(7)I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind.

A. which

B. of which

C. that

D. whose

相关提示

在(1),(2)题中先行词同为表示时间的名词the day，但是由于它们在从句中所承担的句子成分不同，所以关系词也不同。

方法技巧

首先分清主句和从句。再确定从句中的先行词。其次是把先行词代回定语从句中去看它在从句中充当什么句子成分。最后根据先行词在从句中的作用确定关系词。

精彩笔记4 非限制性定语从句(只出现在自主招生中)

非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法:

(1)关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。

(2)who(主语)，whom(宾语),which(主语，宾语)不能用that代替，也不能互相替换。

(3) which可以代表主句的一部分，甚至全部，而不仅仅限于一个名词或代词。

(4)在“介词+which /whom从句”结构中，介词不能移到从句的后面。

(5)关系副词when , where可用于非限制性定语从句中，而关系副词why不可以。

核心题根4 (1)We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou，live my grandparents and some relatives.

A. which

B. that

C. who

D. where

(2) Mr Wu，everybody likes，is going to give us a talk on chemistry.

A. whom

B. that

C. which

D./

(3)This is Mr Smith，I think has something interesting to tell us.

A. who

B. whom

C. that

D./

思路点拨:(1)句意:我们打算到广州去过春节，我祖父母和一些亲戚都住在广州。逗号后面是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Guangzhou，主句意思完整，后面的从句只是对主句进一步补充说明。把先行词代入定语从句为:In Guangzhou live my grandparents and some relatives.先行词Guangzhou在定语从句中与in一起作地点状语。因为地点状语在句首，所以句子倒装。四个选项中只有where指代先行词在从句中作地点状语，相当于in which

(2)句意:吴先生要给我们做关于化学的报告，大家都喜欢他。“everybody likes”是非限制性定语从句，用逗号与主句隔开，修饰先行词(专有名词)Mr Wu。首先排除B项，因为that不能引导非限制性定语从句。再排除D项，因为非限制性定语从句的关系词不能省略。因为先行词是“人”不是“物”，排除C项。whom指代Mr Wu，在定语从句中作likes的宾语。

(3)句意:这是Smith先生，我想他有有趣的事情要告诉我们。分析句子结构可知I think 是插入成分，把非限制性定语从句分开了。has something interesting to tell us为非限制性定语从句，先行词为Mr Smith 。把先行词代入定语从句中为:Mr Smith has something interesting to tell us.先行词在从句中作主语。

同类变式4 (1)The buses，were already full，were surrounded by an angry crowd.

A. most of that

B. which most

C. most of which

D. that most

(2)He is a man of great experience，much can be learned.

A. who

B. that

C. from which

D. from whom

规律总结

限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制的作用(译为“……的”)，非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用。在非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句之间往往有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等。

精彩笔记5 宾语从句的连接词

1. that引导的宾语从句

如:“She is a good girl,”the teacher told us.=The teacher told us ( that ) she was a good girl.老师告诉我们她是一个好女孩。

注意:引导词that用于下列情况时不可省略:

(1)当宾语从句的主语是that时。如:He says that that is a useful book.他说那是一本有用的书。

(2)当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时。如:I'm afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.我恐怕如果你丢了它，你必须赔偿。

(3)当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时，除第一个从句中的that可以省略外，其余从句中的that都不可以省略。如:

He said (that) the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.他说这部电影非常有趣，并且他非常喜欢看。

2. whether或if引导的宾语从句

如:“Are you from Japan?”He asked me. =He asked me if/whether I was from Japan.他问我是不是来自日本。

“Do you like watching TV?”He asked me. =He asked me if/whether I liked watching TV.他问我是否喜欢看电视。

3.特别疑问词引导的宾语从句

如:When did he leave for Japan? Could you tell me? =Could you tell me when he left for Japan，你能告诉我他什么时候去的日本吗?

核心题根5 (1) Police have found appears to be the lost ancient statue(古代雕像).

A. which

B. where

C. how

D. what

思路点拨:句意:警察已经找到了样子好像丢失的古代雕像的东西。Police have found是主句。空白处为宾语从句的引导词，这个引导词在宾语从句中作主语。where和how在宾语从句中不能作主语，排除掉;which“哪一个”，不符合句意;what“什么，什么样的，所……的”，在宾语从句中可以作主语、宾语等。

(2)Experts believe people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.

A. why

B. where

C. that

D. what

思路点拨:句意:专家认为人们只有在必要时去购物才能浪费较少的食物。主句是Experts believe，空白处后面是宾语从句，空白处是从属连词，引导宾语从句。分析宾语从句可知，它也是一个主从复合句，only when it is necessary是时间状语从句。这个宾语从句结构完整，不缺成分，这种情况下引导词用that，此时that可以省略。

(3)一Have you finished the book?

一No，I've read up to the children discover the secret cave.

A. which

B. what

C. that

D. where

思路点拨:句意:一你看完这本书了吗?一没有，我已经看到孩子们发现秘密山洞的地方了。介词to后面是从句，作to的宾语。宾语从句中缺少地点状语，所以应选where作关系词。

(4) I don't care he will come or not.

A. weather

B. if

C. whether

D./

思路点拨:句意:我不关心他是否会来。whether和if都表示“是否”，引导宾语从句时可互换，但句中如果有or not，则只能用whether。

同类变式5 (1) struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.

A. That

B. It

C. What

D. Which

(2) At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see it got any better.

A. when

B. how

C. why

D. if

(3) With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat，feeling pleased he was a man of action.

A. which

B. that

C. what

D. whether

(4)It doesn't matter you turn right or left at the crossing-both roads lead to the park.

A. whether

B. how

C. if

D. when

知识归纳

易错警示

whether和if通常可以通用，但下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if：

(1)介词后面的宾语从句只用whether引导。如:Our success depends on whether we work hard.

(2)与or no:连用时，只用whether引导宾语从句。

(3)宾语从句置于句首时，只用whether引导。如:Whether he will come, I can't say.他是否会来，我说不准。

精彩笔记6 宾语从句要注意的几个问题

1.主句与从句时态一致的问题

(1)如果主句是现在的某种时态(包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)，那么宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。

(2)如果主句是过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时)，那么宾语从句一般要用过去的某种时态(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时)。

2.宾语从句的语序问题

宾语从句的语序要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。

3.否定转移问题

当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think, believe, suppose等时，要将宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如:I don't think he will come with you.

4.宾语从句简化的问题

当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是know, remember, forget, learn等时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。

核心题根6 (1) Does the earth go around the sun? Susan wanted to know.(将两句合并为一句) Susan wanted to know the earth around the sun.

思路点拨:直接引语的句子为一般疑问句，所以选用引导词if或whether;从句的内容为客观事实时，不管主句是何时态，从句都用一般现在时;主语为第三人称单数the earth,所以go用goes。

(2) Tom said, “We will go back tomorrow morning.”(改为间接引语)

Tom said they come back the next morning.

思路点拨:考查主从句的时态呼应。直接引语改为间接引语时，若主句的时态为过去时态，则从句的时态应使用相应的过去时态。主句为一般过去时，根据句意及时间状语可知，从句应改为过去将来时。

(3) I really don't know what I can do to help her out.(改为简单句)

I really don't know what to help her out.

思路点拨:考查宾语从句简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。当宾语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可使用’‘疑问词+不定式”结构对从句进行改写，故填to do。

(4)I think Daniel has finished his homework.(改为否定句)

I Daniel finished his homework.

思路点拨:在主从复合句中，主句的人称为第一人称，谓语动词为think,believe等时，要将宾语从句的否定转移到主句中。

同类变式6 (2)—I'd like to know .

一Maybe in the forest.

A. whether we will go camping

B. where we will go camping

C. whether will we go camping

D. where will we go camping

(2)—Could you tell me ?一Talking about festivals.

A. how they are playing

B. what they are doing

C. where they are going

D. why they are practicing

(3)—2015 is an El Nino(厄尔尼诺)year. Many places may be short of water. Being a student，I want to do something, but I wonder . 一Oh，you can do some small things such as turning off the tap while brushing teeth.

A. what I am supposed to do

B. how should I protect our home

C. why it can cause such bad weather

(4)—David asked in China.

一Of course not. Chinese usually shake hands with a lady as a greeting.

A. why he can greet a lady by kissing her

B. why he could greet a lady by kissing her

C. whether he can greet a lady by kissing her

D. whether he could greet a lady by kissing her

(5) Franklin told them all to be in Britain again.

A. how happy was he

B. how happy he was

C. how was he happy

D. how he happy was

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【拓展3】在think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope 等动词以及I’m afraid 等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，用not代替一个否定的宾语从句。 eg: --- Do you believe he will come 你相信他会来吗 --- I believe so. 我相信会。 --- I don’t believe so. (或I believe not.) 我相信不会。 2. 以whether或if 引导的宾语从句, 主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑问句意思的宾语从句，从句是陈述句语序。whether或if在从句中不充当任何成分，意为“是否”。 eg: “May I use your knife” He asked me. → He asked me if he might use my knife. 【注意1】从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。 eg: “Do you know her telephone number” He asked me. → He asked me whether I know her telephone number. 【注意2】：一般情况下，whether 和if 可以互用，但有些情况例外。 ①当从句做介词的宾于是只用whether 不用if。 eg: We are talking about whether we'll go on the picnic. 我们在讨论是否去野餐。 ②引导词与动词不定式或or not 连用时，只用whether。 eg: Please let me know whether to do next step. 请让我知道是否开展下一步行动。

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