中学英语中定语从句的典型错误
中学英语中定语从句的典型错误
定语从句是高中英语重要语法项目之一，也是历年高考的热点。除在单项填空中对定语从句进行考查外，短文改错也经常考查定语从句。现通过举例说明，对同学们在学习定语从句时容易犯的典型错误归纳如下。
一、和关系词有关的错误
1. 关系词的缺失
例1：在巴黎住了五十年之后，他回到了他幼年生活过的那个小镇。
误：After living in Pairs for fifty years, he returned to the small town he grew up.
正：After living in Pairs for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up.
析：先行词the village和定语从句之间缺少关系词，谓语动词grew up为不及物动词，所以应在先行词the village后面加上关系副词where。
2. 关系代词与关系副词的混淆
例1：我还记得我在北京度过的日子。
误：I still remember the days when I spent in Beijing.
正：I still remember the days (which/that) I spent in Beijing.
析：定语从句中引导词的选择关键词是看先行词在定语从句中充当什么样的成分，或者说定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果从句缺少主语、表语、宾语，则引导词通常为which、that、who、whom、as；如果缺少定语，则用关系代词whose，如果缺少状语，则用关系副词when、where、why。分析例句的成分可以知道，从句中缺少谓语动词spent的宾语，故应用关系代词which 或that来引导定语从句。
例2：父亲在6月4日回来了，那天是我的生日。
误：Father came back on June 4th when was my birthday.
正：Father came back on June 4th which was my birthday.
析：先行词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，要用关系代词that或which；作时间状语，要用关系副词when。本句中先行词作从句的主语，故应将when改为that。
例3：我仍然记得我来到北京的那天的情景。
误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing.
正：I still remember the day when/on which I first came to Beijing.
析：应删去on或者将when改为which。因为when本身是关系副词，不能与再与介词连用。
3. 关系代词的误用
(1) 应用关系代词的地方误用了人称代词
例1：金先生腿受重伤，被送进了医院。
误：Mr King, his legs were badly hurt, was taken to hospital.
正：Mr King, whose legs were badly hurt, was taken to hospital.
析：应将his 改为whose，因为用关系代词引导定语从句的地方误用了人称代词。
例2：格林夫妇有两个女儿，她们都是大学生。
误：The Greens have two daughters, both of them are college students.
正：The Greens have two daughters, both of whom are college students.
析：误用人称代词them代替关系代词，使得例句变成了没有连词连接的两个简单句。
(2) 从句中出现了和关系代词重复的成分
例：我邀请的朋友中有几个没有来。
误：Some of the friends that I invited them didn’t come.
正：Some of the friends that I invited didn’t come.
析：应删去them，因为引导定语从句的that已经代替them在充当了从句的宾语，若从句中再出现them就会造成从句句子成分重复。
(3) 应和介词结合使用的关系代词前面缺介词或介词使用不当
例1：刚才和我说话的那个人是经理。
误：The person whom I spoke just now is the manager
正：The person to whom I spoke just now is the manager.
析：关系代词whom要代替“the person”，作从句的宾语，但从句中的spoke 是不及物动词，必须加介词to才可带宾语。
例2：从1999到2003年，马克就读于这所大学，在此期间他学习非常努力，并当了学生会主席。
误：Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, in which time he
studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.
正：Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, during which time he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union.
析：“From 1999 to 2003”表示一个时间期间，应用介词during。“介词+ 关系代词”中的介词，选用时应从以下五个角度去考虑：由与先行词的搭配关系而定；由与定语从句谓语动词的搭配而定；由整句话的意义而定；若表示“所属”或“部分与整体”的关系，则用of；由与形容词的搭配而定。
二、和先行词有关的错误
1. 先行词判断错误
例1：这只风筝是你父亲昨天为你做的吗？
误：Is this kite your father made for you yesterday?
正：Is this kite the one (that) your father made for you yesterday?
析：若把this看作kite的修饰语，短语this kite为主句的主语，这时很明显主句缺表语(即定语从句的先行词)，所以应该加上代词the one。如果我们把this 看作代词，作句子的主语，那么kite应为句子的表语，但此时kite前缺定冠词the。故本句还可改为：Is this the kite (that/which) your father made for you yesterday?
例2：你还记得在美国发生可怕的交通事故的晚上吗？
误：Do you remember one night in America where a terrible traffic accident took place?
正：Do you remember one night in America when a terrible traffic accident took place?
析：一般来说，先行词后面紧跟着关系词，再跟定语从句。但有时在先行词和关系词之间会插入其他成分，此时正确判定先行词便很关键。在本句中先行词是one night而不是America，故先行词应用when而不是where。
2. 先行词的单复数判断错误
例1：做完了的同学可以离开教室。
误：Those who has finished may leave the classroom
正：Those who have finished may leave the classroom
析：应将has改为have。因为who代替的是those，表复数，所以从句的谓语动词应用复数形式。
例2：这是中国境内向北流的河流之一。
误：This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward
正：This is one of the rivers in China which flow northward
析：应将flows改为flow。因为which代替的是rivers而不是one，是复数概念，所以定语从句的谓语动词也应用复数形式。
例3：他是哪些男孩唯一一个要去参加会议的。
误：He is the only one of the boys who are to attend the meeting.
正：He is the only one of the boys who is to attend the meeting.
析：应将are改为is。因为当one之前有定冠词the修饰时，定语从句修饰的是“the one”，而不是boys，所以从句的谓语动词不能用复数，而应用单数形式。
三、其他错误
1. 非限定性定语从句与限定性定语从句混淆
例：他们昨晚看了一部讲述美国内战故事的电影。
误：They saw a film last night, that tells about the American Civil War.
正：They saw a film last night that(, which) tells about the American Civil War.
析：限定性定语从句和主句之间一定不能用逗号隔开，而非限制性定语从句则必须和主句用逗号隔开。同时，that肯定不引导非限定性定语从句。
2. 语从句和并列句混淆
例：他们昨晚看了一部影片，影片讲述的是关于美国内战的故事。
误：They saw a film last night, and which tells about the American Civil War.
正：They saw a film last night, and it tells about the American Civil War. 或They saw a film last night, which tells about the American Civil War.
析：有连词and，后面的句子为并列句，则it用来代替前面film，故将which 改为it；没有and，则后面的句子为非限定性定语从句，则去掉and，可用which。
3. 定语从句和强调句型混淆
例：大火是发生在厨房的。
误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.
正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.
析：应将where改为that。强调句型的常见结构为：It is/was + 被强调的部分+ that 从句。去掉“it be”和that后，剩余部分能还原为一个完整的句子；而where
引导的定语从句修饰限制的则是表示地点的名词，而不是介词短语。(如spot、place、house、school、factory、station等)。试比较：
It was not until 1920that regular radio broadcast began. (强调句)
It was 1920when regular radio broadcast began. (定语从句)
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定语从句十大典型错误例析
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高考英语短文改错分类讲解 ---“定语从句中常见错误”
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定语从句典型例题解析
【典型例题解析】 例1 The second book ______I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought. A. which B. what C. that D. as 解析先行词book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。 例2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you. A. when B. in which C. that D. for which 解析本题指时间，故选A。 例3 The book______ is sold out at the moment. A. you need B. what you need C. which you need it D. that you need it 解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触，故选A。 例4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived. A. that B. which C. where D. when 解析本题指地点，故选C。 例5 I'm one of the boys [CD#3] never late for school. A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is 解析本题中who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。 【选讲例题】 例6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English. A. whom B. that C. which D. who is 解析非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom. 故选A。 例7 These book are for students _____ mother language is not English. A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose 解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。 【课内追踪练习】 单项选择 (D) 1.Is this museum ______they visited last month? A. that B. where C. which D. the one (C) 2.Is this the museum [CD#3] they visited last month? A. what B. where C. which D. the one (B) 3.The clever boy made a hole in the wall,_____ he could read books at night. A. in which B. through which C. at which D. on which (D) 4.____ cleans the classroom can go home first. A. Anyone B. Those who C. However D. The one who (B) 5.The man ______ coat is black is waiting at the gate. A. who's B. whose C. that D. of which (B) 6.The young man ____ is an engineer of my factory. A. that you just talked B. whom you just talked to C. which you just talked D. who you just talked (C) 7.The dictionary _____ I paid one dollar was very interesting. A. that B. which C. for which D. to which 【课外巩固练习】 一、单项选择
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