文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 外文文献翻译(后附原文)——一种踏板摩托车车架

外文文献翻译(后附原文)——一种踏板摩托车车架

外文文献翻译(后附原文)——一种踏板摩托车车架
外文文献翻译(后附原文)——一种踏板摩托车车架

C1 附件C :译文

一种踏板摩托车车架结构

[54]发明名称

一种摩托车车架

[57]摘要

本发明公开一种摩托车车架,其中包括车头立管(32)、一对前管(41),上连接管(42)和下连接管(43)。其中,前管(41)两端都连接到车头立管(32)上,每一个前管(41)都有向下延伸部分(411)和弯曲部分(410)。容置空间(44)是由上下连接管(42,43)和一对前管的向下延伸部分(411)和弯曲部分(410)形成。 一对后管(51)两端分别连接到上管(41)的底部水平部分(412),加强单元(6)由一对加强杆(61)组成,且分别位于前管(41)和后管(51)交汇位置。

C2 技术领域

[0001] 本发明涉及到一种摩托车车架,且本发明摩托车具有更大的容置空间。 背景技术

[0002] 请参阅图1、图2所示,图2是台湾专利公布号1274695所揭示的踏板型摩托车,图1是摩托车车架侧视图,其车架包括主管单元(11)、一对侧梁(12)和连接杆(13)。其中,主管单元(11)包括车头立管(111)和车头立管支撑管(112),其中,车头立管(111)下方向后延伸至车头立管支撑管(112)上部,(113)。车头立管支撑管(112)上部(113)向下向后延伸至其下部(114)。

C3 [0003] 侧梁(12)分别位于车头立管支撑管(112)的左边和右边,每个侧梁(12)都有一个前段弯曲部分(121),前段弯曲部分(121)向后延伸至水平部分(122),水平部分(122)向后上方延伸至后段部分(123),前段部分(121)顶端和离其末端很远的车头立管支撑管(112)上半部分(113)外壳成为一个整体。

[0004] 连接杆(13) 连接至车头立管支撑管(112)下部(114)末端,并在侧梁(12)的水平段(122)间横向延伸连接侧梁(12)。 连接杆(13)和侧梁(12)间形成的容置空间(14)是油箱位置 (图中未示出).

[0005] 为提高车架强度,每个侧梁(12)都由弯曲单件分别形成前段(121)、水平段(122)和后段(123)。使车架呈光滑弯曲的曲线,该侧梁(12)弯曲部分的曲率半径不能太小。但是,曲率半径越大,弯曲部分的大小也相应增大。因此,摩托车外壳内部的弯曲部分所占用的空间增大,从而限制了用于安装摩托车部件的空间,如油箱,发动机等。因为侧梁(12)弯曲部分占据摩托车壳体内大部分空间,所以要减小油箱尺寸,因此,油箱容量就会下降。此外,由于车头立管支撑管(112)下部(114)向下延伸到摩托车2的搁脚板区域,其干扰了侧梁(12)之间的空间 ,使得侧梁间的容置空间(14)变的有限。

[0006] 图3是台湾专利公布号1274695的专利公开的另一款摩托车车架3,车架包括车头立管支撑管(8),它从车头立管(A)延伸到连接杆(C ),连接管(C

)两

端连接着侧梁(E)。和传统的摩托车车架1相比,车架3中由连接杆(C)和侧梁(E)形成的容置空间(F)更大。然而,由于连接杆(C)两端连接是侧梁(E)弯曲部分,所以容置空间(F)仍然受限。从另一方面来讲,因为车头立管支撑管(8)长度较长且只用作车架前段支撑结构,所以,所述摩托车车架3在驱动操作期间容易发生振动。

[0007] 因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种具有相对大的容置空间的摩托车车架,可以减轻现有技术的上述缺点。

实用新型内容

[0008] 根据本发明,摩托车车架应该要适中,以便可以被有搁脚板的摩托车外壳覆盖其全部,包括主管部分,前管部分和后管部分。

[0009] 主管部分包括车头立管、车头立管支撑管,车头立管支撑管的顶端部分连接车头立管,其向下延伸到底端部分。

[0010] 侧梁前端部分包括一对隔开的前支撑管,他们都连接至车头立管支撑管,每一个前支撑管包含一个向下延伸部分、底端部分和弯曲部分,前者从车头立管支撑管向下延伸的,底端部分延伸到摩托车外壳的搁脚板,弯曲部分则位于下延部分和底端部分之间。侧梁前端包括上连接管和下连接管,它置于前支撑管下延部分之间,同时还连接车头立管支撑管底端,下连接管置于前支撑管底端部分之间,侧梁前端部分还包括由上下连接管和前支撑管弯曲部分和下延部分围成的容置空间。

[0011] 侧梁后端包括一对后支撑管,其分别连接到底端部分。每一个后支撑管都有向上延伸部分和一个延伸部分,上延部分是从前支撑管底端部分向上延伸的,而上延部分上方向后延伸形成延伸部分。

附图说明

本发明的其他特点和优点在以下参照附图优选实施方案的详细介绍中可以明显看出,其中,

图1 是台湾专利公布号1274695揭示的传统摩托车车架的侧视图。

图2 是图1车架的描述性视图。

图3是台湾专利公布号1274695;揭示的另一摩托车车架的描述性视图。

图4是根据目前发明,摩托车车架的首个优选实施的描述性视图。

图5是首个优选实施方案的侧视图。

图6是放大的局部剖视图,展示了首个最佳实施方案的车头立管支撑管。

C4

C5 图7是根据本发明,摩托车车架的第二个最佳实施方案的透视图。

图8是根据本发明,摩托车车架的第三个最佳实施方案的透视图。

具体实施方式

[0013] 在详细介绍本发明之前,应当指出的是,在整个公开附图内容中,类似的元件用相同的标记(数字或字母)表示。

[0014] 根据图4、图5、图6 ,本发明首个摩托车车架优选实施方案正好被摩托车外壳92覆盖,还有搁脚板部921,其中还包括主管部分3 、前侧框架单元4 、后侧框架单元5, 以及加强单元6。

[0015] 主管单元3包括车头立管31、车头立管支撑管32,车头立管支撑管32包括顶端321和底端322,顶端部分连接到车头立管31,顶端321向下延伸到底端322。在这个优选实施方案中,车头立管支撑管32横截面呈矩形,并且是由前左管和前右管323、324在中间连接在一起形成。前左管和前右管(323, 324)的中间分别具有一个焊接面(320),焊接面是平面,并分别面向左、右两个方向。[0016] 侧梁前端4包括一对隔开的前支撑管41连接到头车头立管支撑管32,更优选的实施方案是,侧梁前端4的前支撑管41 焊接到车头立管支撑管上。并且,每个前支撑管41都有下延部分411和底端部分412,且在下延部分411和底端部分412之间是弯曲部分410,其中,下延部分411是从车头立管支撑管32向下延伸的,底端部分412 正好适合延伸到摩托车外壳92的搁脚板部921 上。在此优选实施方案中,前支撑管41下延部分411末端分别焊接到前左管323和右管324中间部分的横截面320上。此外,侧梁前端部分4还包括上连接管42和下连接管43,其中,上连接管42连接到前支撑管41的下延部分411和车头立管支撑管32的底端部分322,下连接管43位于前置支撑41的底端部分412之间,并且上下连接管42、43和前支撑管41的下延部分411和弯曲部分410形成容置空间[0017] 更为优选的实施方案是,每个前支撑管41的底端部分412是线性水平的,并且具有搁脚板区域4121和向后部分4122,搁脚板部分4121连接到所述弯曲部分410,且其中 4121向后延伸形成向后部分4122.。下连接管43位于前支撑管41的脚踏部分4121,在此优选实施方案中,上连接管42位于前支撑管41底端部分412的脚踏本分4121和弯曲部分410上方,而且高于摩托车外壳92的脚踏部分921,下连接管43位于脚踏部分4121之间,且低于摩托车外壳92的脚踏部分921,且在侧梁向后部分之前5。因为上连接管42高于弯曲部分410和摩托车外壳92的脚踏部分921,头管支撑管32没有延伸到前支撑管41的脚踏部分4121,所以相对于图1所示的此上连接管缩短了。

[0018] 后侧梁单元5包括一对后支撑管51,其分别连接到所述底端部分,每个后支撑管51包括上延部分511和延伸部分512,上延部分511是从前支撑管41相应底端部分412向上延伸的,延伸部分512是从上延部分511开始继续向上向后方延伸形成的。在此优选实施中,每个后支撑管51的上延部分511连接到相应的前支撑管41的后端4122和脚踏部分4121的结合处。

[0019] 所述加强部分6包括:一对加强件61,通过焊接过程,把每个加强件61设置在的相应后支撑管51中的上延部分511的后方并和后支撑管51相应上延部分511和相应前支撑管41后部4122相互连接。加强件61不仅可以将加强摩托车

C6

车架的刚性,而且还能够支持发动机(未示出),也就是说,发动机可以悬在加强件部件61 上。

[0020] 图7是本发明中第二个优选实施方案,加强单元6包括一对吊板62,用来吊挂摩托车引擎。每个吊板62是通过后支撑管51的上延部分511和延伸部分512的结合处连接至相应的后支撑管51。与之类似的,吊板62不仅能加强摩托车车架的刚性,而且还能够支持发动机(未示出)。

译文原文出处:

[1]Ko,Shih-Chih.Motocycle frame[P].TW:13192193.4,14.5.2014.

C7

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号:121912020115姓名:彭钰钊 所在系别:动力工程系专业班级:测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师:李冰 原文标题:Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术,被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低,小型化,传输速率快,点对点安全传输,不受电磁干扰等特点,可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送,在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值,目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术,在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降,红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号,主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调,其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262,解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是:利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息,PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间,然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息,由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字:红外线;编码;解码;LM386;红外收发器。 1 绪论

毕业论文外文文献翻译-数据库管理系统的介绍

数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan1 数据库(database,有时拼作data base)又称为电子数据库,是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息,其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的,在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下,可以简化数据的存储,检索,修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘,磁带,光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成,其中的信息可以分解为记录,每一记录又包含一个或多个字段(或称为域)。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体,其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类(排序)命令,用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询,重新整理,分组或选择,以实体对某一类数据的检索,也可以生成报表。 所有数据库(最简单的除外)中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建,访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统(DBMS)。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。(这些用户可以是应用程序员,管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序)。 DBMS可组织,处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索,探查和查询数据库的内容,从而对在正规报告中没有的,不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且(或者)是定义不恰当的,但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之,DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项,并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成:(1)存储子系统,用来存储和检索文件中的数据;(2)建模和操作子系统,提供组织数据以及添加,删除,维护,更新数据的方法;(3)用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势; 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单,发票和账号的当前信息。 3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言,在很短的一段时间内用数据1Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12

ASP外文翻译原文

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型,它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 应用程序的代码时,可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码,这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言,可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 应用程序。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 包括: ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架,它在 Web 服务器上运行,可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 网页,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记(例如 HTML)。通常,您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页,因为 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是,您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 网页,并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备(如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA))的移动控件。

毕业设计外文翻译附原文

外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称: Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处:Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

人力资源管理外文文献翻译

文献信息: 文献标题:Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management(影响人力资源管理未来的挑战和机遇) 国外作者:Dianna L. Stone,Diana L. Deadrick 文献出处:《Human Resource Management Review》, 2015, 25(2):139-145 字数统计:英文3725单词,21193字符;中文6933汉字 外文文献: Challenges and opportunities affecting the future of human resource management Abstract Today, the field of Human Resource Management (HR) is experiencing numerous pressures for change. Shifts in the economy, globalization, domestic diversity, and technology have created new demands for organizations, and propelled the field in some completely new directions. However, we believe that these challenges also create numerous opportunities for HR and organizations as a whole. Thus, the primary purposes of this article are to examine some of the challenges and opportunities that should influence the future of HR. We also consider implications for future research and practice in the field. Keywords: Future of human resource management, Globalization, Knowledge economy Diversity, Technology 1.Change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledge economy One of the major challenges influencing the future of HR processes is the change from a manufacturing to a service or knowledgebased economy. This new economy is characterized by a decline in manufacturing and a growth in service or knowledge as the core of the economic base. A service economy can be defined as a system based on buying and selling of services or providing something for others (Oxford

外文文献及翻译

文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to

管理信息系统外文翻译

管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号:(9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

英文文献翻译 二〇年月日

科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

客户关系管理外文文献翻译(2017)

XXX学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院:计算机与软件工程学院 专业:计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名: 学号: 外文出处:GoyKakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1:外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案,通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献,解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略,从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序,企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1.客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应,一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他

第三方物流外文文献(原文与翻译)

我国第三方物流中存在的问题、原因及战略选择 熊卫 【摘要】我国物流业发展刚刚起步,第三方物流的理论和实践等方面都比较薄弱。本文指出我国第三方物流存在的问题在于国内外第三方物流企业差距、物流效率不高、缺乏系统性管理、物流平台构筑滞后、物流管理观念落后等。分析了产生上述问题的原因,并提出了精益物流、中小型第三方物流企业价值链联盟、大型第三方物流企业虚拟化战略等三种可供选择的第三方物流企业发展战略。 【关键词】第三方物流;精益物流战略;价值链联盟;虚拟化战略 1引言 长期以来,我国国内企业对采购、运输、仓储、代理、包装、加工、配送等环节控制能力不强,在“采购黑洞”、“物流陷井”中造成的损失浪费难以计算。因此,对第三方物流的研究,对于促进我国经济整体效益的提高有着非常重要的理论和实践意义。本文试图对我国策三方物流存在的问题及原因进行分析探讨,并提出第三方物流几种可行的战略选择。 2我国第三方物流业存在的主要问题 (一)我国策三方物流企业与国外第三方物流企业的差距较大,具体表现在以下几个方面: 1、规模经济及资本差距明显。由于国外的大型第三方物流企业从全球经营的战略出发,其规模和资本优势是毫无疑问的,尤其初创时期的我国策三方物流业,本身的规模就很小,国外巨头雄厚的资本令国内企业相形见绌。 2、我国策三方物流业企业提供的物流服务水准及质量控制远不如国外同行。当国内一些企业还在把物流理解成“卡车加仓库“的时候,国外的物流企业早已完成了一系列标准化的改造。同时,国外的物流组织能力非常强大,例如德国一家第三方物流公司,公司各方面的物流专家遍布欧洲各地。如果有客户的货物需要经达不同的国家,那么欧洲各地的这些专家就在网上设计出一个最佳的物流解决方案。这种提供解决方案的能力就是这第三方物流公司的核心能力,而不像国内公司号称拥有多少条船,多少辆车。 3、我国加入WTO后物流产业的门槛降低。在物流服务业方面:我国承诺所有的服务行业,在经过合理过渡期后,取消大部分外国股权限制,不限制外国服务供应商进入

外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息

外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息 1.政府信息化的含义? 政府信息化是指:政府有效利用现代信息和通信技术,通过不同的信息服务设施,对政府的业务流程、组织结构、人员素质等诸方面进行优化、改造的过程。 2.广义和狭义的电子政务的定义? 广义的电子政务是指:运用信息技术和通信技术实现党委、人大、政协、政府、司法机关、军队系统和企事业单位的行政管理活动。(电子党务、电子人大、电子政协) 狭义的电子政务是指:政府在其管理和服务职能中运用现代信息和通信技术,实现政府组织结构和工作流程的重组优化,超越时间、空间和部门分隔的制约,全方位的向社会提供优质规范、透明的服务,是政府管理手段的变革。 3.电子政务的组成部分? ①:政府部门内部办公职能的电子化和网络化; ②:政府职能部门之间通过计算机网络实现有权限的实时互通的信息共享; ③:政府部门通过网络与公众和企业间开展双向的信息交流与策; 4.理解电子政务的发展动力? ①:信息技术的快速发展; ②:政府自身改革与发展的需要; ③:信息化、民主化的社会需求的推动; 5.电子政务的应用模式?

模式有:1.政府对公务员的电子政务(G2E); 2.政府间的电子政务(G2G); 3.政府对企业的电子政务(G2B); 4.政府对公众的电子政务(G2C); 6.电子政务的功能? ①:提高工作效率,降低办公成本; ②:加快部门整合,堵塞监管漏洞; ③:提高服务水平,便于公众的监督; ④:带动社会信息化发展; 7.我国电子政务发展存在的主要问题? ①:政府公务员与社会公众对电子政务的认识不足; ②:电子政务发展缺乏整体规划和统一性标准; ③:电子政务管理体制改革远未到位; ④:电子政务整体应用水平还较低; ⑤:政府公务员的素质有待提高; ⑥:电子政务立法滞后; ⑦:对电子政务安全问题缺乏正确认识; 8.政府创新的含义和内容? 含义:是指各级政府为适应公共管理与行政环境的需要,与时俱进的转变观念与职能,探索新的行政方法与途径,形成新的组织结

英文翻译与英文原文.陈--

翻译文献:INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL (对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告) 文献作者:Peter Dransfield, 出处:Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数:p139—144 英文译文: 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究,从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统,分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论,如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下: s1-流源,即调速阀出口流量; S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数: I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容; C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度; R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻, R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力; I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容: R5, R7-管路的等效液阻; V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积; P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载, V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型,滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9a3233533.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

相关文档