读写译教师用书unitfivelifescience

Unit Five

Life Science

The Text

Introduction

Aging is a natural phenomenon. Some people can successfully stay healthy into old age, but some people suffer a lot from age-related diseases as they are aging. What is a healthy life extension? Scientists are planning to sequence genes to have better understanding of the genetic variations that help people escape the aging-related diseases such as heart disease, cancer and diabetes. Scientists plan to focus on the genes that are linked to health and longevity and started searching the genome for clues to healthy aging and a lengthy life span. Their study reveals that old healthy people are genetically susceptible to many serious diseases including cardiovascular disease, stroke and diabetes, they don’t get any of these diseases. Why do some people live a long life without suffering from age-related diseases? Researchers have sequenced genes in old healthy people and compared them with DNA samples of people who died from age-related diseases. They have found that these older healthy people are more likely to carry protective genes that play an important role in people’s successful aging.

Language Points

1.sequence v. (Par.1): arrange in a particular order

e.g. to sequence the books in the library

sequence n.: a number of things (actions, events, etc) that happen or come one after another

e.g. the sequence of events leading to war

2.shed light on (Par.1): make sth clear and easy to understand

e.g. We’re hoping that this letter will shed some light on the mystery.

3.ailment n. (Par.1) : an illness (that is not very serious)

e.g. a physical/minor ailment

He doesn’t have even the slightest ailment.

4.insulate n. (Par. 1): protect or cover sth with a material that prevents electricity,

heat or sound from passing through

e.g. You can save a lot of money on heating if your house is well insulated.

5.blemish n. (Par. 2): a mark that spoils the way sth looks

e.g. Make up to hide spots and other blemishes.

6.These people have genetic susceptibility markers for many serious diseases,

including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes, but they don't get any of these diseases. (Par. 2): …these people are likely to suffer from many serious diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes, but they d on’t get any of them.

cardiovascular a.: relating to the heart and blood vessels.

7.account for (Par.2): to explain or give a reason for sth

e.g. I was asked by my boss to account for all the money I had spent

8.involve sb/sth in (doing )sth (Par. 3): to cause sb/sth to take part in or be

concerned with sth

e.g . More than 100 people were involved in this project.

9.＊accumulate v. (Par.3): to collect a number or quantity of sth over a period of

time.

e.g. Over the years, I’ve accumulated hundreds of records.

10.affect v. (Par. 3): to influence or cause sb/sth to change in a particular way

e.g. Her personal problems seem to be affecting her work.

Loud music can affect your hearing.

11.＊defect n. (Par. 3): something that is wrong with or missing from sb/sth

e.g. All the cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.

12.＊trigger v (Par. 3): to cause sth to start or happen

e.g. The smoke from his cigarette triggered off the fire-alarm

13.detect v (Par. 4): to notice or discover sth that is difficult to see, feel, etc

e.g. I detected slight change in his attitude.

14.＊accumulate v. (Par. 3):

e.g By buying ten books every month, he soon accumulated a good library .

Dust quickly accumulates if we don’t sweep our room.

15.The scientists have already found that the healthy people had only a slightly

lower probability of carrying disease-linked variations(Par. 5): …the scientists have already found that the healthy people were less likely to carry the genetic variations which are related to diseases.

probability n : the state of probable or likely

e.g. At that time , there seemed little probability of success.

16.identify v. (Par. 6) : to recognize or distinguish

e.g. Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?

17.target v (Par. 6) : to aim sth

e.g. They targeted the product at teenagers.

target n.: a person or a thing that you aim at when shooting or attacking

e.g. The politician was a likely target for terrorist attacks.

18.confirm v. (Par. 8): to say or show that sth is true

e.g. He looked around to confirm that he was alone.

Can you confirm that you will be able to attend?

Chinese Translation

抗衰老基因的秘决

艾米莉·辛格

（1）一项雄心勃勃的计划将对1000名健康老人的100个基因进行测序, 这一计划有可能为找到使某些人免患因衰老带来的包括心脏病、癌症和糖尿病等疾病，使他们能够健康地生活到80岁甚至更久的基因变异提供线索。与其研究增加疾病危险的基因变异, 科学家们计划将重点放在之前已经证明与健康和长寿相关的基因上。

（2）近年来, 基因筛选技术的发展使科学家开始在基因组中寻找健康衰老和长寿的线索。这项研究表明健康老年人的基因组并不是没有缺陷的。“这些人对许多严重疾病在遗传基因上都存在患病的风险,其中包括心血管疾病、中风和糖尿病,但他们却并没患有这些疾病, ”，心脏病学家Eric Topol说。他是位于加利福利亚州La Jolla的Scripps Translational科学研究中心的基因药物项目组的主任和项目负责人。“怎样解释这一现象？是什么原因使他们免患这些疾病？”

（3）为了回答这些问题，研究者正在采集1000名80岁或以上的从未得过任何严重的疾病，也没有进行过任何药物治疗的老年人的血样。他们计划对100组从动物研究和其他研究中发现的影响健康和衰老的基因组进行测序。Topal说:“我们特别感兴趣于主要的掌控基因比如说(那些参与)DNA修复或者胰岛素生长因素-1”，一种参与细胞生长的蛋白质荷尔蒙，。在关于长寿的研究中，参与DNA修复的酶引起了关注，因为随着年龄的增长，细胞常常会积累DNA序列错误，而且某些老鼠和人类DNA修复基因的缺陷会触发某些早衰的现象。胰岛素生长因素-1（IGF1）的受体已通过实验证明对老鼠，线虫和苍蝇的衰老有影响。

（4）大多数之前的研究只对少量的基因进行测序或者使用基因芯片,这样能够快速检测整个基因组中常见的基因变异. 但是最近的研究表明一些在不同基因中发生的罕见的变异在健康和疾病中发挥作用。基因测序使研究人员能够确定健康的老年人是否更有可能携带能使防护性因素功能更加有效的运作或者能阻碍有害因素活动的基因变异。

（5）Topol和他的合作者将对健康志愿者的基因序列与在80岁以前就死于与衰老相关疾病的人身上收集的DNA样本进行比较。科学家们发现健康人群携带与疾病相关的基因变异的几率只是稍微低一点。这一发现证实了防御性基因在人们成功（健康）衰老中扮演着重要角色的论点。

（6）科学家们希望找到这种具有保护效果的分子成分，从而进行药物仿制。“我们相信长寿基因在保护着几种而不是一种与衰老相关的疾病”，纽约爱因斯坦医学院长寿基因项目负责人Nir Barzilai说。他没有参与Scripps项目的研究。他还说“从制药的角度来看，针对上述途径会更符合成本效益，因为它会效仿长寿而不只是治疗疾病本身。”

（7）Barzilai已经确定了两组长寿基因的候选人。在一项正在进行的关于95岁或以上德裔犹太人后裔的研究中，Barzilai和他的同事发现老年组更有可能携带改变人体处理胆固醇方式的基因变异。最近科学家对IGF1基因及其受体进行了排序，并且找到了女性百岁老人所特有的变异。

（8）在以不同的途径，即通过基因芯片，进行基因搜寻时，Barzila指出：各个研究小组都期待了解别人的研究发现。有两项同时进行的关于健康衰老基因的大型研究将

使每个研究组能证实对另一人群的研究结果--这是一项对大型基因研究有效性的关键测试。

Key to the Exercises

Part One: Reading

Pre-reading Activities:

I. Topic Preview

Answers will vary.

II. Vocabulary preview

A.

1. a, c, b

2. c, b, a

3. b, a, c

4. c, a, b

B.

1. medication

2. genes

3. detected

4. accumulate

5. identify

6. defects

7.involved 8 sequence

9. ailment 10.trigger 11. centenarians 12. probability

Post-reading activities:

I. Discussion:

1.They hope to have better understanding of genetic variations that protect people

from diseases of aging.

2.These people are susceptible to many serious diseases, but they don’t get any of

these diseases.

3.They plan to sequence 100 genes , known from animal research and other studies

to influence health and aging.

4.It allows researchers to determine if healthy people are more likely to carry

variations that either make protective factors function more efficiently or hinder the activity of harmful factors.

5.Protective genes.

6. Answers will vary.

II. Vocabulary Review and Expansion

A.

1. B

2. C

3. A

4. D

5. A

6. A

7. B

8. C

9. A 10. B

B.

III. Cloze

A. (1) genes (2) diseases (3) genome (4) to

(5) from (6) samples (7) medication (8) variations

(9) sequences (10) age-related (11) protecting (12) process

B.

(1) boosts (2) eating (3) more (4) reduce (5) aging-related

(6) extends (7) exercise (8) diseases

(9) longer (10) age

(11) diet (12) normal (13) acquired (14) lean (15) published

Part Two: Writing

Exercises

A.

B.

Answers will vary.

C.

Part Three: Translation Tips

Exercises

A.

1.这个句子没有什么不对的地方。

2.她昨天尽管头痛，仍去上班了。

3.人工智能这门科学正在迅速地发展。

4.你如果肯及早告诉我，我将感激不尽。

5. 他的成功部分源于他销售产品的能力。

6. 去年夏天，吉姆因车祸受伤。

7. 这件事将会尽快处理。

8. 她尽了一切力量之后，当选了，对此我不感到奇怪。

9. 因为节日交通阻塞，所以我们被耽误了。

10. 如果发现得早，许多种癌症都是可以治愈的。

B.

以往大多数研究仅仅进行了少数的基因排序，或者是利用了基因微排列，这些基因微排列可以迅速地探测到常见的基因变异。但是最近的研究表明一些罕见的基因变异在健康和疾病中扮演着重要的角色。通过排序研究者可以判定健康的老年人是否更有可能带有能让人体的自我保护既能更加有效或者抑制有害因素的变异。

Part Four: Supplementary Reading Exercises

A . 1.

B 2. B 3. D 4.

C 5. A

B . Answers will vary.

A. Match each italicized word in Column A with its synonym or definition in Column

B.

Quiz

B. Translate the following paragraph into English.

近年来，科学家们借助于基因检测技术对健康老人的基因进行了排列。结果表明这些老人患心血管病、糖尿病、中风的可能性很大，但他们却没得过这些病。为找到问题的答案，研究者们从80岁以上的健康老人中抽取血样本，对100种影响人的健康寿命的基因进行排列，结果发现健康老人携带与疾病相关的基因可能性相对较低。

Key to the Quiz

A.

1．g 2. c 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. e 7. f 8. h

B.

In recent years, scientists have sequenced genes in healthy old people with genetic screening technologies. The finding has revealed that these people have genetic susceptibility markers for cardiovascular disease, diabetes and stroke, but they don’t get any of these diseases. To answer this question, researchers collected blood samples from people aged 80 or older and sequenced 100 genes which influence health and aging. They have found that healthy old people have a slightly lower probability of carrying disease-linked variations.

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译讲课稿

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译- 哈佛学子的成功之道 1 许多不同类型的自助书籍都给读者提出建议，帮助他们培养一定的技能、目标和态度，以获得成功，并拥有一种健康的生活方式。现在，在采访了 1600 名大学生后，马萨诸塞州波士顿市哈佛大学的研究者们找到了促成哈佛学子学业成功、让他们产生满足感的因素。 2 他们的重要发现让哈佛大学做出了改变其策略的决定，这些变化包括：给学生布且更多的小组作业以及在下午安排课程。目的是为了鼓励学生吃晚餐时可以继续讨论他们的课程。 3 研究者们是如何获得他们所需的信息的呢？首先，他们提出很多问题，涉及学生的课余活动、教学质量和指导质量等方方面面。研究者们通过寻找规律来找出某些课程有用的原因。他们询问学生的感受----对自己所学的东西是否感到高兴、满意或兴奋，然后把得到的答案与学生们在学业方面的成功进行比较。这些问题旨在找出是什么让学生高兴，又是什么在帮助他们学习。 4 以下是他们通过调查研究所提出的建议： (1) 了解任课教师。学生每个学期都要听四到五个教师的课。至少要熟悉其中的一位教师并且也要让他们认识你，这样会有使你感到和学校联系在一起。另一个重要的忠告是：向任课教师请教有关课程学习的建议。问一些有关你要做什么才能得到提高的具体问题。例如，像“怎样才能使我第一段的论证更有效？”这样的问题能让你获得所需的建议。研究表明，大多数寻求帮助的学生都能提高他们的成绩，而那些没有寻求帮助的学生则成绩不好或者不及格。 (2)分小组学习。做作业很重要，但是仅仅如此是不够的。为了真正理解学习内容，在学习之余最好和两三个同学组成学习小组，和他们一起完成作业。能这样做的同学会更好地理解学习内容。他们会觉得与课堂的联系更紧密，从而更积极地参与课堂学习。 (3) 留出足够的时间去做好一件事情。在这次哈佛大学的研究中，学习好的学生比学习不好的学生在学习上花的时间更多。学习好的学生可以不间断地学习两到三个小时，而学习不太好的学生一次只学习、二、三十分钟，往往在一天的某些特定时段学习，如晚费前载体育运动后。几乎没有多少学生能意识到抓有不间断的学习时间的必要性。 (4)参加一项活动。你也许认识不到加入一个俱乐部或加入一个团队的重要性，但这恰恰是很重要的。要参加体育俱乐部，你不必是一名优秀的运动员。没有运动天赋的学生可以在体育俱乐部里给教练帮帮忙，尽自己的一份力，比如在比赛或训练期间给队员准备水瓶或切好橙子给他们吃。 学生只要参加了一 项活动，哪怕参与的方式是微不足道的，他们也会以更积极的心态去面对他们的学业。

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译

新时代交互英语读写译课文翻译- 哈佛学子的成功之道 1 许多不同类型的自助书籍都给读者提出建议，帮助他们培养一定的技能、目标和态度，以获得成功，并拥有一种健康的生活方式。现在，在采访了1600 名大学生后，马萨诸塞州波士顿市哈佛大学的研究者们找到了促成哈佛学子学业成功、让他们产生满足感的因素。 2 他们的重要发现让哈佛大学做出了改变其策略的决定，这些变化包括：给学生布且更多的小组作业以及在下午安排课程。目的是为了鼓励学生吃晚餐时可以继续讨论他们的课程。 3 研究者们是如何获得他们所需的信息的呢？首先，他们提出很多问题，涉及学生的课余活动、教学质量和指导质量等方方面面。研究者们通过寻找规律来找出某些课程有用的原因。他们询问学生的感受----对自己所学的东西是否感到高兴、满意或兴奋，然后把得到的答案与学生们在学业方面的成功进行比较。这些问题旨在找出是什么让学生高兴，又是什么在帮助他们学习。 4 以下是他们通过调查研究所提出的建议： (1) 了解任课教师。学生每个学期都要听四到五个教师的课。至少要熟悉其中的一位教师并且也要让他们认识你，这样会有使你感到和学校联系在一起。另一个重要的忠告是：向任课教师请教有关课程学习的建议。问一些有关你要做什么才能得到提高的具体问题。例如，像“怎样才能使我第一段的论证更有效？”这样的问题能让你获得所需的建议。研究表明，大多数寻求帮助的学生都能提高他们的成绩，而那些没有寻求帮助的学生则成绩不好或者不及格。 (2)分小组学习。做作业很重要，但是仅仅如此是不够的。为了真正理解学习内容，在学习之余最好和两三个同学组成学习小组，和他们一起完成作业。能这样做的同学会更好地理解学习内容。他们会觉得与课堂的联系更紧密，从而更积极地参与课堂学习。(3) 留出足够的时间去做好一件事情。在这次哈佛大学的研究中，学习好的学生比学习不好的学生在学习上花的时间更多。学习好的学生可以不间断地学习两到三个小时，而学习不太好的学生一次只学习、二、三十分钟，往往在一天的某些特定时段学习，如晚费前载体育运动后。几乎没有多少学生能意识到抓有不间断的学习时间的必要性。(4)参加一项活动。你也许认识不到加入一个俱乐部或加入一个团队的重要性，但这恰恰是很重要的。要参加体育俱乐部，你不必是一名优秀的运动员。没有运动天赋的学生可以在体育俱乐部里给教练帮帮忙，尽自己的一份力，比如在比赛或训练期间给队员准备水瓶或切好橙子给他们吃。 学生只要参加了一 项活动，哪怕参与的方式是微不足道的，他们也会以更积极的心态去面对他们的学业。 5 安排好你的时间，这可以帮助你在学习上取得成功；制定好一个计划并严格执行，你就能从中获得乐趣并与班上的同学相处愉快。留够时间，学个彻底，玩个痛快，你就

研究生 高级英语 读写译教程1-7单元 汉译英 完整答案

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超强完整版新时代交互英语第一册读写译第 四五单元答案Unit 4 I. Comprehension of the Text 1. The text can be divided into five parts. The paragraph numbers of each part have been III. Vocabulary & Structure 1. 1)fortune 2) optimist 3) committed 4)creativity 5) transformed 6) incredible 7) inspired 8)rooted 2. 1) I stick to the idea that the inventiveness and brightness of human beings will turn our world into a better place. 2) computers can also help us work out the problems that are too hard for even the cleverest person to overcome completely by themselves. 3) we may also find other means to apply our inventiveness and brightness to the work of improving our world. 4) children’s death in Africa is as sad as it is in other parts of the world, and it won’t cost much to make a great change in these children’s life. IV. Banked Cloze (1) grade (2) hooked (3) barely (4) compared (5) changed (6) vision (7) sounded (8) optimistic (9) size (10) personal V. Translation 1. 1) I feel particularly lucky to do something every day that I love to do 2) make an immense difference in these children’s lives 3) improving health and education in a way that can help as many people as possible 2. 1) 他让有着共同兴趣的人结成团体，让我们与那些对我们而言重要的人保持密 切联系，不论他们身在何处。 2）举例来说，每年仍有成百上千万的人死于那些在发达国家易于预防和治疗的疾病。 3）我认为我个人所拥有的大量财富也使我负有回馈社会的责任。 4）我仍是一个坚定的乐观主义者，坚信即便是世界上最棘手的问题都有取得进展的可能----而这样的进步其实每天都在发生。

研究生英语读写译教程第5_marriage原文翻译与课后答案

婚姻何以失败 安·洛芙 [1] 如今，以离婚告终的婚姻如此之多，我们最神圣的誓约听上去都不再真实了。“从此永远幸福地生活着”和“直到死神将我们分开”这类话语似乎快过时了。夫妻长相守何以变得如此困难？哪儿出了问题？我们到底怎么了，竟然有差不多半数的婚姻注定要以离婚法庭为终点？有42%的儿童将在单亲家庭中长大，我们怎么把社会弄成这样了呢？如果统计数字能测量出孤独、懊悔、痛苦、失去自信和对未来恐惧的程度，这些数字会大得惊人。 [2]虽然破裂的婚姻各有其独特的情况，但我们还是能找到致使婚姻无法维持下去的共同因素，即常见的危险。凡婚姻都有其危机时刻，都要考验持久力、考验既能亲密相处又善应对变化的能力。外部压力，如失业、疾病、不育、抚育孩子、赡养年迈的父母，以及生活中其他种种烦恼，都会如飓风横扫海岸那样对婚姻带来打击。有些婚姻经受住了这些风暴，有些则不然。但婚姻失败并不是简单地由外部天气造成的，而是由于内部气候变得过热或过冷，变得过于狂暴或过于麻木造成的。 [3]如果我们来看一下自己如何挑选配偶，看一下在爱情最初的温柔、浪漫阶段有着怎样的期待，婚姻触礁的一些原因便显而易见了。无意中我们都精确地选中了能和我们一起重建我们第一个家庭的情感模式的伴侣。婚姻心理治疗专家、威斯康星大学精神病学荣誉退职教授卡尔·A·威塔科尔解释说：“从幼年起，我们每一个人心里就对婚姻、女性气质、男性气质、为人母、为人父，以及其他各种家庭角色有了自己的模式。”我们每一个人都爱上具有自己父母气质的伴侣，能帮助我们在心理上重温以往生活中的欢乐与苦难的伴侣。我们或许会以为自己找的男人与爸爸不同，可是到头来，就像爸爸那样，他酗酒，或者吸毒，或者一次又一次失业，或者就像爸爸那样一言不发地坐在电视机前。男人或许会选择