understanding humor based on the incongruity theory and the cooperative principle
ISSN 1923-1555[Print] ISSN 1923-1563[Online]
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9014630008.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9014630008.html,
Studies in Literature and Language
V ol. 4, No. 2, 2012, pp. 94-98
DOI:10.3968/j.sll.1923156320120402.3521
94
Copyright ? Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture
Understanding Humor Based on the Incongruity Theory and the Cooperative Principle
ZHAN Lili 1,*
1
Department of Foreign Languages, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.*
Corresponding author.
Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT12RW435).
Received 14 January 2012; accepted 23 April 2012.
Abstract
Humor plays a crucial role in social interactions; sometimes it is even named as social coping mechanism. People have been working on humor since Plato and Aristotle times and different theories have thus come into being, among which the incongruity theory is considered most influential. This article combines the incongruity theory and a pragmatic principle — the Cooperative Principle (CP) set by H. P. Grice, to explain how humor is generated and perceived in certain context. The analysis shows that people produce humor not just for humor’s sake. Mostly, they want to express an additional message or implicature in Grice’s term. Following Grice’s particularized conversational implicatures generated when conversational maxims of the CP are flouted by participants to convey extra information, the paper terms humor out of exploiting maxims as particularized conversational humor. Detailed analyses of examples of humor have been conducted to elucidate how humor is generated through flouting conversational maxims of the CP and what implicature is put across.
Key words: Humor; Cooperative principle; Incongruity theory
ZHAN Lili (2012). Understanding Humor Based on the Incongruity Theory and the Cooperative Principle. Studies in Literature and Language , 4(2), 94-98. Available from URL: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9014630008.html,/index.php/sll/article/view/j.sll.1923156320120402.3521 DOI: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9014630008.html,/10.3968/j.sll.1923156320120402.3521
INTRODUCTION
The term “humor” has its origin in the Latin word which means fluid or moisture. According to Renaissance physiology, there are four basic humors or fluids in human body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. The proportion between these four humors is assumed to play a major role in determining a person’s temperament. A person with the four humors in balance is regarded as good humor whereas a person with any kind of imbalance is considered as out of humor (McGhee, 1979). For centuries, the term “humor” has been referring to one’s mood or state of mind in a general sense. In the sixteenth century, Ben Jonson introduced the term “humor” into the field of art to refer to a person’s peculiarity, absurdity and folly. Not until the eighteenth century, did “humor” become an aesthetic term that was invested with the present meaning, that is, to reflect something aesthetic in a ridiculous way.
Humor can bring about marvelous amusement. In social interactions, humor is treated as a lubricant since it can help ease social tensions, convey friendly intent, and strengthen social bonds. This article approaches humor by combining the Cooperative Principle (CP) in pragmatics and the incongruity theory in philosophy to investigate how humor is generated and try to explain the mechanism behind. The paper will first explain what humor is, then introduce the CP and the incongruity theory, and on the basis of those two theories humor has been explored through examples.
1. ExPLORATIONS OF HUMOR
1.1 What is Humor?
Though we may realize humor when we meet it, it is not easy to define it. Innumerable definitions of humor have been advanced since Plato times, but no agreement has been reached. McGhee (1979) believes that humor does
ZHAN Lili (2012). Studies in Literature and Language, 4(2), 94-98
not exist in the real world but only exists in one’s mind and it is only measurable in terms of one’s assessment. He defines humor as “a form of intellectual play” (McGhee, 1979, p.42). Some people identify humor with joking. However, the two are quite different in that the former makes humor a medium to serve the speaker’s purpose, such as reflecting social reality or getting the hearer perform certain actions while the latter is merely recreational. In this paper, humor is tentatively defined as one’s evaluation of events or utterances as ridiculous and witty.
Humor is constituted of humorist, stimulus, recipient, and reaction. Originally people who possessed too much of one of the four humors were objects of laughter and ridicule and referred to as humorists. Once the connection is made, the term extends to anyone who is highly skilled at producing ridiculous, amusing or absurd ideas and events. The humorist may identify with the speaker. But when a humorous event is told in the third person, the humorist and the speaker will become two distinct entities. Stimulus of humor takes many forms. Not only the event itself, but the organization of the event and the speaker’s presenting manner can all give rise to humor. The stimulus of one humorous event may vary with different recipients. For example:
(1) During an exercise, a commander’s jeep got stuck in mud. The commander saw several soldiers around, so he asked them for help. But one of the soldiers replied, “According to the regulations, we are dead now and shouldn’t take part in any action”. The commander turned to his driver, “Go there and put some corpses under the wheels. It seems to be the only way to get the vehicle out ”.
All the soldiers instantly jumped up!
To some people, the commander’s wit may serve as the stimulus of humor while to some people the soldiers are ridiculous because their action apparently contradicts their words and they are satirized for their idleness. The recipient of humor refers to the person who can comprehend essence of humor. Recognition of humor largely depends on the audience. Only when the recipient gets enjoyment from an event which is being told, can the humorist or speaker gains delight. Laughter is assumed to be a reliable index that someone has found something absurd. Just as McGhee (1979) says: “the more intense and extended the laughter, the greater the level of appreciation experienced” (p.25). At times, the recipient’s reactions can also be verbal remarks such as “It’s interesting/funny” or a combination of both nonverbal and verbal expressions.
1.2 The Incongruity Theory
Explorations of humor by philosophers can trace back to Plato and Aristotle times. There are many theories of humor which attempt to explain what humor is, what social function it fulfills, and why it is humorous. Various classical theories of humor have been put forward since then; however, three are most popular: relief theory, superiority theory, and incongruity theory (Buijzen & Valkenburg, 2004). Although it’s hardly possible to account for every attribute of every kind of humor simultaneously with one theory due to complexity and multi-facet of humor, among the three theories, incongruity theory occupies a dominant position and is considered most influential and most powerful (Raskin, 1985).
Incongruity is regarded as “something unexpected, out of context, inappropriate, unreasonable, illogical, exaggerated and so forth” (McGhee, 1979, p.10). Proponents of the incongruity theory argue that incongruity is at the core of all humor. They hold that humor is recognized at the perception of the incongruity between a concept and the real objects which have been thought to be in some relation to the concept (Mulder & Nijholt, 2002). However, the crucial point of the incongruity theory is not the incongruity itself, but “the congruous resolution of the apparent incongruity that makes a certain situation funny. That is why we speak of the incongruity-resolution theory” (Mulder & Nijholt, 2002, p.4).
The forgoing analysis suggests that generation and perception of humor is heavily dependent on context. On the one hand, no conversations including humorous talk exchanges can occur in vacuum, i.e. devoid of context. On the other, incongruous elements of an event or utterance can only be harmonized in the local context. In example (1), the soldier’s action leads to incongruity because “dead people” are impossible to speak and stand up. But their absurd action gets resolved since only according to the rule of the military exercise, they are assumed to be dead. Once their life is threatened, the safety naturally becomes the first consideration rather than rules in the simulated military exercise. Thus, incongruity becomes coordinated.
2. THE COOPERATIvE PRINCIPLE
In 1967, H. P. Grice, in his paper “Logic and Conversation” originally presented at Harvard University, put forward a set of rules which he believed that people in conversation were expected to follow and he named them the Cooperative Principle (CP). Later, the paper got printed in Cole & Morgan (1975) and with slight revisions was reprinted in Studies in the Way of Words (1989). Lindblom (2009) in his paper cites the final version as he assumes that this is the one Grice considered most complete. Likewise, the 1989 version is taken as reference in this paper.
Grice (1989) formulates the CP in this way: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” (p. 26) He generalizes four maxims from the CP which
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Understanding Humor Based on the Incongruity Theory and the Cooperative Principle
he names them respectively as quantity, quality, manner, and relation maxims. Grice assumes that participants in conversation normally follow these maxims and try to cooperate with each other to achieve a successful communication. However, he found that in some situations people did not observe the maxims. Grice describes four situations in which people tend to violate the maxims. What has been discussed fully and has attracted most attention is the last one: “flouting or exploiting a maxim for the purpose of implicating information (implicature)” (Lindblom, 2009, p.153). Yule (2000) points out: “Most of the time, our conversations take place in very specific contexts in which locally recognized inferences are assumed. Such inferences are required to work out the conveyed meanings which result from particularized conversational implicatures” (p.42).
When people produce humorous utterances, they do not tend to be humorous merely for the sake of humor. Generally, they create humor to covey additional information — implicature. Following particularized conversational implicatures, humor, which can only be perceived by drawing information from the local context, is called particularized conversational humor in this paper.
3. PARTICULARIzED CONvERSATIONAL HUMOR
There are two types of particularized humor: One is that the speaker flouts the maxims to produce humor; the other is that the hearer intentionally misinterprets what the speaker has said. Particularized humor possesses those qualities that characterize implicatures, that is, calculability, cancellability, non-detachability, and indeterminacy (Grice, 1989). Calculability means that every conversational implicature can be worked out and deduced step by step. There’s no doubt that humor can be perceived; otherwise we won’t experience it. It is through linguistic clues, contextual cues and harmonization of incongruity that humor is worked out. Once additional linguistic expressions or clauses or a change in context is made, the conversational implicature can be cancelled. In example (1), if the soldier’s words have been changed into the following: “According to the regulations, we are dead now, but we are certainly alive and are able to do things. OK, we’ll help you”, humor then will disappear instantly. However, humor doesn’t rely on a single word; instead it resides in content co-constructed by all the linguistic elements involved. Thus, replacing the words of the utterance with synonyms won’t detach humor from utterances. And it is very likely that a story which elicits laughter from some audience may not seem funny at all to other audiences, which shows the property of indeterminacy. We are going to use more examples to show how humor can be analyzed through a combination of the incongruity theory and the cooperative principle.
3.1 Humor out of Flouting Quantity Maxim
The maxim of quantity requires the speaker to “provide as much information as required” (Grice, 1989, p.28). But in reality, the speaker may intentionally behave in the opposite way. For example:
(2) Malborn sat in his attorney’s office. “Do you want the bad news first or the terrible news first?” the lawyer asked.
“Give me the bad news first.”
“You wife found a picture worth half-million dollars.”
“That’s the bad news?” asked Malborn incredulously. “I can’t wait to hear the terrible news.”
“The terrible news is that it’s of you and your secretary.”
The attorney needs to tell Malborn that the affair between him and his secretary has been uncovered by his wife and the incident has to be settled at half-million dollars, but then the attorney could not embarrass his client while trying to give the relevant information. Under such circumstances, humorous utterances serve the purpose. The attorney intentionally avoids telling Malborn what kind of picture his wife has found; instead he only says “a picture” to give Malborn a vague idea. Though what he has said is seemingly incongruous with “bad news”, he does this on purpose again because he intends to mislead Malborn and makes Malborn himself ask for the terrible news. In this way the attorney’s scheme (intentional violation of quantity maxim plus purposefully-made incongruity) not only gives rise to humor but helps him realize his purpose.
Flouting the maxim of quantity involves two circumstances: providing inadequate information and giving more information than required. Example (2) has shown how the insufficient information gives rise to humor while the following example helps explain how unnecessary information produces humor.
(3) I became somewhat excited at my son’s high school football games. One night, when he made a particular good tackle, I punched the person next to me and loudly exclaimed, “That’s my son who made that tackle.”
“I know”, she replied quietly, “He’s my son too.”
From the conversation, we can safely infer that the speaker and the hearer must be husband and wife. To the wife, the husband gives unnecessary information because the wife certainly knows who the boy is. But the irrationality can be resolved by the local contextual cues, that is, the husband is too thrilled to forget who is sitting beside him. The wife knows the situation clearly; however, she keeps calm and gives back more information on purpose. In this way, humor is generated.
3.2 Humor out of Flouting Quality Maxim
The maxim of quality requires the speaker to commit himself to the truth and “not to say what is false” (Grice, 1989, p.28). In humorous talk exchange, the speaker may exaggerate some realities to achieve comical effect
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ZHAN Lili (2012). Studies in Literature and Language, 4(2), 94-98
through which s/he puts across the intended message. For example:
(4) A person, recently deceased, approached the Pearly Gate. After exchanging pleasantries with St. Peter, he asked him what all those clocks in the room were for. Peter said there was one clock for each human being living on earth, and they represented the amount of time each person had left to live on earth. The deceased noticed that some clocks ran faster than others, and asked Peter why some clock hands were moving faster than others. Peter replied that when someone tells a lie, the hands will move faster thus shortening the lifespan of that particular liar. The deceased wondered where his boss’ clock was located, Peter said he keeps that one in the back room and uses it as a ceiling fan.
Common sense tells us a clock cannot be used as a ceiling fan no matter how fast clock hands move. St. Peter certainly knows this, too. Nevertheless, he intentionally overstates the facts, i.e. he is flouting the maxim of quality. But if we refer back to St. Peter’s interpretations of the clocks, we can find explanation for the oddity — he is implying that the boss has lied too much!
The most apparent violation of quality maxim is that the speaker contradicts himself. This can be seen clearly in the following example:
(5) A newly-wedded couple quarreled. At last she said with tears. “I don’t want to have anything to do with you any more. I’m packing up my things and going off to my mother.”
“Fine, my dear,” said the husband. “Here are the traveling expenses.”
She counted the money. “What about the money for the return?”
The wife claimed that she would leave her husband forever and go to her mother’s. But when her husband gives her traveling expenses, she even asks for the return money. Thus she is contradictory with what she has just said. The incongruity reveals that she is unwilling to leave. It’s for sure that the seemingly ridiculous request will bring the couple to good relations again. This, to some extent, reveals the power of humor — dispelling tension and consolidating interpersonal relationship.
3.3 Humor out of Flouting Relation Maxim
The maxim of relation is explained rather simply, namely, to be relevant to the ongoing talk exchange (Grice, 1989). But in the following example, the psychiatrist’s remarks are not pertinent to the man’s requirement.
(6) “It was horrible,” the man was telling his psychiatrist. “While I was in Japan on business, I wired my wife that I’d be back a day early. I rushed home from the airport and found her alone with my best friend. How could she do this to me?”
“Well,” answered the shrink, “maybe she didn’t get your telegram!”
In fact, the man is complaining and seeking comfort from his psychiatrist about his wife’s disloyalty. The psychiatrist certainly understands his client’s intentions, but he intentionally ignores the question “How could she do this to me” and only gives an irrelevant response “maybe she didn’t get your telegram”. What should be noted is that the response is not totally irrelevant if we refer back to the talk exchange because the man did mention that he sent a telegram to his wife telling her that his return date would be a day ahead of schedule. By making use of humor, the psychiatrist escapes from the trouble of dealing with the thorny issue. If he were really serious about the matter, it would be hard for him to give counseling.
3.4 Humor out of Flouting Manner Maxim
A ccordi n g t o Gr i ce (1989), wha t one s ay s i n communication should be as clear as possible. This maxim can hardly be observed fully because ambiguity is a common language phenomenon. Nevertheless, when put in certain context, most ambiguous utterances can become disambiguated. At times, the hearer may deliberately distort what the speaker has said to convey extra message. For example:
(7) A newly-married couple were entertaining and among the guests was one whose conduct was rather flippant. At supper he held up on his fork a piece of meat which had been served him, and in a vein of intended humor, remarked, “Is this a pig?”
“To which end of the fork do you refer?” asked an old man sitting at the other end of the table.
In the local context there are two entities that can be referred to by “this”. One is the flippant man; the other is the meat. The old man knows clearly that the flippant man is referring to the meat. But he wants to puncture the man’s arrogance; so he invests the deictic term “this” with the entity “the man” instead of “the meat”.
Sometimes, the speaker makes use of fuzzy borderline between lexical meanings to generate humor and achieve personal purpose. For example:
(8) Several weeks after a young man had been hired, he was called into the personnel director’s office.
“What is the meaning of this?” the director asked. “When you applied for the job, you told us you had five years’ experience. Now we discover this is the first job you ever held.”
“Well,” the young man said, “in your advertisement you said you wanted somebody with imagination.”
Most linguistic expressions have more than one sense. In the job advertisement, “imagination” is supposed to mean “creativeness”; however, imagination can also mean “fantasy and ability to imagine” in other contexts. It’s hard to draw a clear line between these two meanings if devoid of the specific context. But in this dialogue, imagination occurs on a job notice, and it can be understood by almost all applicants that imagination means originality. The employee is surely capable of reaching the intended
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Understanding Humor Based on the Incongruity Theory and the Cooperative Principle
meaning. But in order to justify his behavior and shake possible blame from the boss, he gives the response by taking advantage of the fuzzy line between “creativeness” and “fantasy” of “imagination”.
CONCLUSION
It is assumed that speakers and listeners involved in conversation are generally cooperating with each other, that is, communicative parties will basically observe the Cooperative Principle (CP). However, when a person is trying to give additional information and is not deliberately making trouble in social interactions, s/he may not fully adhere to CP and its four maxims. Humorous talk exchanges can be generated in this way. Although humor is a linguistic phenomenon, given its complexity it’s far from enough to explain it solely with linguistic theories. In this paper, production and recognition of humor in communication is explained on a combined basis of the CP and the incongruity theory. But this is by no means the only possible combination between a theory on humor and a linguistic principle. Humor can also be approached from other pragmatic aspects, such as deixis, presupposition, and speech act. Moreover, being a
complicated and pervasive linguistic phenomenon, humor needs a more comprehensive and systematic study.
REFERENCES
Buijzen, M., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2004). Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media. Media
Psychology, 6(2), 147-167.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole, & J. L.
Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts (pp. 58-
85). New York: Academic Press.
Grice H. P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Lindblom, K. (2009). Cooperative Principle. In Concise Encyclopedia of Pragmatics (2nd ed., pp. 151-158). Oxford:
Elsevier Ltd..
McGhee, P. E. (1979). Humor, Its Origin and Development. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Mulder, M. P., & Nijholt, A. (2002). Humour Research: State of the Art (Internal Report) (pp. 1-24). Retrieved March 28,
2012 from http://doc.utwente.nl/63066
Raskin, V. (1985). Semantic Mechanisms of Humor. Dordrecht:
D. Reidel.
Yule, G. (2000). Pragmatics. London: Oxford University Press.
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英语句子结构和造句
高中英语~词性~句子成分~语法构成 第一章节：英语句子中的词性 1.名词：n. 名词是指事物的名称，在句子中主要作主语.宾语.表语.同位语。 2.形容词;adj. 形容词是指对名词进行修饰~限定~描述~的成份，主要作定语.表语.。形容词在汉语中是（的）.其标志是: ous. Al .ful .ive。. 3.动词：vt. 动词是指主语发出的一个动作，一般用来作谓语。 4.副词：adv. 副词是指表示动作发生的地点. 时间. 条件. 方式. 原因. 目的. 结果.伴随让步. 一般用来修饰动词. 形容词。副词在汉语中是（地）.其标志是：ly。 5.代词：pron. 代词是指用来代替名词的词，名词所能担任的作用，代词也同样.代词主要用来作主语. 宾语. 表语. 同位语。 6.介词：prep.介词是指表示动词和名次关系的词，例如：in on at of about with for to。其特征：
介词后的动词要用—ing形式。介词加代词时，代词要用宾格。例如：give up her（him）这种形式是正确的，而give up she（he）这种形式是错误的。 7.冠词：冠词是指修饰名词，表名词泛指或特指。冠词有a an the 。 8.叹词：叹词表示一种语气。例如：OH. Ya 等 9.连词：连词是指连接两个并列的成分，这两个并列的成分可以是两个词也可以是两个句子。例如：and but or so 。 10.数词：数词是指表示数量关系词，一般分为基数词和序数词 第二章节：英语句子成分 主语：动作的发出者，一般放在动词前或句首。由名词. 代词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当。 谓语：指主语发出来的动作，只能由动词充当，一般紧跟在主语后面。 宾语：指动作的承受着，一般由代词. 名词. 数词. 不定时. 动名词. 或从句充当. 介词后面的成分也叫介词宾语。 定语：只对名词起限定修饰的成分，一般由形容
完整报价单模板(文字版)
完整的外贸报价单模板 一、报价单的头部 01，卖家基本资料（举例） 工厂标志（Factory Logo） 公司名称（Company） 详细地址（Detailed Address） 邮政编码（Post Code） 联系人名（Contact） 职位名称（Job title） 电话号码（Telephone No.） 传真号码（Fax No.） 手机号码（Mobile No.） 邮箱地址（E-mail Address） 聊天方式（Messenger Online） 公司网址（Website Address） 02，买家基本资料（举例） 工厂标志（Factory Logo） 公司名称（Company） 详细地址（Detailed Address） 邮政编码（Post Code） 联系人名（Contact） 职位名称（Job title） 电话号码（Telephone No.） 传真号码（Fax No.） 手机号码（Mobile No.） 邮箱地址（E-mail Address） 聊天方式（Messenger Online） 公司网址（Website Address） 03，报价单的抬头： 报价单标题（Quotation/Quotation Form/Price List）参考编号（Reference No.） 报价日期（Date） 有效日期（Valid date） 二、产品基本资料（Product’s Basic information） 序号（No.） 货号（Item No.） 型号（Type） 产品名称（Product’s Name） 产品图片（Photo） 产品描述（Description） 原材料（Materials） 规格（Specification）
六级单词解析造句记忆MNO
M A: Has the case been closed yet? B: No, the magistrate still needs to decide the outcome. magistrate n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 A: I am unable to read the small print in the book. B: It seems you need to magnify it. magnify vt.１．放大，扩大；２．夸大，夸张 A: That was a terrible storm. B: Indeed, but it is too early to determine the magnitude of the damage. magnitude n.１．重要性，重大；２．巨大，广大 A: A young fair maiden like you shouldn’t be single. B: That is because I am a young fair independent maiden. maiden n.少女，年轻姑娘，未婚女子 a.首次的，初次的 A: You look majestic sitting on that high chair. B: Yes, I am pretending to be the king! majestic a.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，高贵的 A: Please cook me dinner now. B: Yes, your majesty, I’m at your service. majesty n.１．［Ｍ－］陛下（对帝王，王后的尊称）；２．雄伟，壮丽，庄严 A: Doctor, I traveled to Africa and I think I caught malaria. B: Did you take any medicine as a precaution? malaria n.疟疾 A: I hate you! B: Why are you so full of malice? malice n.恶意，怨恨 A: I’m afraid that the test results have come back and your lump is malignant. B: That means it’s serious, doesn’t it, doctor? malignant a.１．恶性的，致命的；２．恶意的，恶毒的 A: I’m going shopping in the mall this afternoon, want to join me? B: No, thanks, I have plans already. mall n.（由许多商店组成的）购物中心 A: That child looks very unhealthy. B: Yes, he does not have enough to eat. He is suffering from malnutrition.
base on的例句
意见应以事实为根据. 3 来自辞典例句 192. The bombers swooped ( down ) onthe air base. 轰炸机 突袭 空军基地. 来自辞典例句 193. He mounted their engines on a rubber base. 他把他们的发动机装在一个橡胶垫座上. 14 来自辞典例句 194. The column stands on a narrow base. 柱子竖立在狭窄的地基上. 14 来自辞典例句 195. When one stretched it, it looked like grey flakes on the carvas base. 你要是把它摊直, 看上去就象好一些灰色的粉片落在帆布底子上. 18 来自辞典例句 196. Economic growth and human well - being depend on the natural resource base that supports all living systems. 经济增长和人类的福利依赖于支持所有生命系统的自然资源. 12 1 来自辞典例句 197. The base was just a smudge onthe untouched hundred - mile coast of Manila Bay. 那基地只是马尼拉湾一百英里长安然无恙的海岸线上一个硝烟滚滚的污点. 6 来自辞典例句 198. You can't base an operation on the presumption that miracles are going to happen. 你不能把行动计划建筑在可能出现奇迹的假想基础上.
英语造句大全
英语造句大全English sentence 在句子中，更好的记忆单词！ 1、(1)、able adj. 能 句子：We are able to live under the sea in the future. (2)、ability n. 能力 句子：Most school care for children of different abilities. (3)、enable v. 使。。。能句子：This pass enables me to travel half-price on trains. 2、(1)、accurate adj. 精确的句子：We must have the accurate calculation. (2)、accurately adv. 精确地 句子：His calculation is accurately. 3、(1)、act v. 扮演 句子：He act the interesting character. （2）、actor n. 演员 句子：He was a famous actor. (3)、actress n. 女演员 句子：She was a famous actress. (4)、active adj. 积极的 句子：He is an active boy. 4、add v. 加 句子：He adds a little sugar in the milk. 5、advantage n. 优势 句子：His advantage is fight. 6、age 年龄n. 句子：His age is 15. 7、amusing 娱人的adj. 句子：This story is amusing. 8、angry 生气的adj. 句子：He is angry. 9、America 美国n.
(完整版)主谓造句
主语+谓语 1. 理解主谓结构 1) The students arrived. The students arrived at the park. 2) They are listening. They are listening to the music. 3) The disaster happened. 2．体会状语的位置 1) Tom always works hard. 2) Sometimes I go to the park at weekends.. 3) The girl cries very often. 4) We seldom come here. The disaster happened to the poor family. 3. 多个状语的排列次序 1) He works. 2) He works hard. 3) He always works hard. 4) He always works hard in the company. 5) He always works hard in the company recently. 6) He always works hard in the company recently because he wants to get promoted. 4. 写作常用不及物动词 1. ache My head aches. I’m aching all over. 2. agree agree with sb. about sth. agree to do sth. 3. apologize to sb. for sth. 4. appear (at the meeting, on the screen) 5. arrive at / in 6. belong to 7. chat with sb. about sth. 8. come (to …) 9. cry 10. dance 11. depend on /upon 12. die 13. fall 14. go to … 15. graduate from 16. … happen 17. laugh 18. listen to... 19. live 20. rise 21. sit 22. smile 23. swim 24. stay (at home / in a hotel) 25. work 26. wait for 汉译英： 1.昨天我去了电影院。 2.我能用英语跟外国人自由交谈。 3.晚上7点我们到达了机场。 4.暑假就要到了。 5.现在很多老人独自居住。 6.老师同意了。 7.刚才发生了一场车祸。 8.课上我们应该认真听讲。9. 我们的态度很重要。 10. 能否成功取决于你的态度。 11. 能取得多大进步取决于你付出多少努力。 12. 这个木桶能盛多少水取决于最短的一块板子的长度。
初中英语造句
【it's time to和it's time for】 ——————这其实是一个句型,只不过后面要跟不同的东西. ——————It's time to跟的是不定式（to do）.也就是说,要跟一个动词,意思是“到做某事的时候了”.如： It's time to go home. It's time to tell him the truth. ——————It's time for 跟的是名词.也就是说,不能跟动词.如： It's time for lunch.(没必要说It's time to have lunch) It's time for class.(没必要说It's time to begin the class.) They can't wait to see you Please ask liming to study tonight. Please ask liming not to play computer games tonight. Don’t make/let me to smoke I can hear/see you dance at the stage You had better go to bed early. You had better not watch tv It’s better to go to bed early It’s best to run in the morning I am enjoy running with music. With 表伴随听音乐 I already finish studying You should keep working. You should keep on studying English Keep calm and carry on 保持冷静继续前行二战开始前英国皇家政府制造的海报名字 I have to go on studying I feel like I am flying I have to stop playing computer games and stop to go home now I forget/remember to finish my homework. I forget/remember cleaning the classroom We keep/percent/stop him from eating more chips I prefer orange to apple I prefer to walk rather than run I used to sing when I was young What’s wrong with you There have nothing to do with you I am so busy studying You are too young to na?ve I am so tired that I have to go to bed early
完整的报价单范文
一、报价单的头部（Head） 01，卖家基本资料（举例） 工厂标志（Factory Logo） 公司名称（Company） 详细地址（Detailed Address） 邮政编码（Post Code） 联系人名（Contact） 职位名称（Job title） 电话号码（Telephone No.） 传真号码（Fax No.） 手机号码（Mobile No.） 邮箱地址（E-mail Address） 聊天方式（Messenger Online） 公司网址（Website Address） 02，买家基本资料（举例） 工厂标志（Factory Logo） 公司名称（Company） 详细地址（Detailed Address） 邮政编码（Post Code） 联系人名（Contact） 职位名称（Job title） 电话号码（Telephone No.） 传真号码（Fax No.） 手机号码（Mobile No.） 邮箱地址（E-mail Address） 聊天方式（Messenger Online） 公司网址（Website Address） 03，报价单的抬头： 报价单标题（Quotation/Quotation Form/Price List） 参考编号（Reference No.） 报价日期（Date） 有效日期（V alid date） 二、产品基本资料（Product’s Basic information） 序号（No.） 货号（Item No.） 型号（Type） 产品名称（Product’s Name） 产品图片（Photo） 产品描述（Description） 原材料（Materials） 规格（Specification）
The Kite Runner-美句摘抄及造句
《The Kite Runner》追风筝的人--------------------------------美句摘抄 1.I can still see Hassan up on that tree, sunlight flickering through the leaves on his almost perfectly round face, a face like a Chinese doll chiseled from hardwood: his flat, broad nose and slanting, narrow eyes like bamboo leaves, eyes that looked, depending on the light, gold, green even sapphire 翻译：我依然能记得哈桑坐在树上的样子，阳光穿过叶子，照着他那浑圆的脸庞。他的脸很像木头刻成的中国娃娃，鼻子大而扁平，双眼眯斜如同竹叶，在不同光线下会显现出金色、绿色，甚至是宝石蓝。 E.g.: A shadow of disquiet flickering over his face. 2.Never told that the mirror, like shooting walnuts at the neighbor's dog, was always my idea. 翻译：从来不提镜子、用胡桃射狗其实都是我的鬼主意。E.g.:His secret died with him, for he never told anyone. 3.We would sit across from each other on a pair of high
完整的外贸报价单模板
完整的外贸报价单 一、报价单的头部 01，卖家基本资料（举例） 工厂标志（Factory Logo） 公司名称（Company） 详细地址（Detailed Address） 邮政编码（Post Code） 联系人名（Contact） 职位名称（Job title） 电话号码（Telephone No.） 传真号码（Fax No.） 手机号码（Mobile No.） 邮箱地址（E-mail Address） 聊天方式（Messenger Online） 公司网址（Website Address） 02，买家基本资料（举例） 工厂标志（Factory Logo） 公司名称（Company） 详细地址（Detailed Address） 邮政编码（Post Code） 联系人名（Contact） 职位名称（Job title） 电话号码（Telephone No.） 传真号码（Fax No.） 手机号码（Mobile No.） 邮箱地址（E-mail Address） 聊天方式（Messenger Online） 公司网址（Website Address） 03，报价单的抬头： 报价单标题（Quotation/Quotation Form/Price List） 参考编号（Reference No.） 报价日期（Date） 有效日期（Valid date） 二、产品基本资料（Product’s Basic information） 序号（No.） 货号（Item No.） 型号（Type） 产品名称（Product’s Name） 产品图片（Photo） 产品描述（Description） 原材料（Materials）
翻译加造句
一、翻译 1. The idea of consciously seeking out a special title was new to me., but not without appeal. 让我自己挑选自己最喜欢的书籍这个有意思的想法真的对我具有吸引力。 2.I was plunged into the aching tragedy of the Holocaust, the extraordinary clash of good, represented by the one decent man, and evil. 我陷入到大屠杀悲剧的痛苦之中，一个体面的人所代表的善与恶的猛烈冲击之中。 3.I was astonished by the the great power a novel could contain. I lacked the vocabulary to translate my feelings into words. 我被这部小说所包含的巨大能量感到震惊。我无法用语言来表达我的感情（心情）。 4，make sth. long to short长话短说 5.I learned that summer that reading was not the innocent(简单的) pastime(消遣) I have assumed it to be., not a breezy, instantly forgettable escape in the hammock(吊床)，( though I’ ve enjoyed many of those too ). I discovered that a book, if it arrives at the right moment, in the proper season, will change the course of all that follows. 那年夏天，我懂得了读书不是我认为的简单的娱乐消遣，也不只是躺在吊床上，一阵风吹过就忘记的消遣。我发现如果在适宜的时间、合适的季节读一本书的话，他将能改变一个人以后的人生道路。 二、词组造句 1. on purpose 特意，故意 This is especially true here, and it was ~. (这一点在这里尤其准确，并且他是故意的) 2.think up 虚构，编造，想出 She has thought up a good idea. 她想出了一个好的主意。 His story was thought up. 他的故事是编出来的。 3. in the meantime 与此同时 助记：in advance 事前in the meantime 与此同时in place 适当地... In the meantime, what can you do? 在这期间您能做什么呢？ In the meantime, we may not know how it works, but we know that it works. 在此期间，我们不知道它是如何工作的，但我们知道，它的确在发挥作用。 4.as though 好像，仿佛 It sounds as though you enjoyed Great wall. 这听起来好像你喜欢长城。 5. plunge into 使陷入 He plunged the room into darkness by switching off the light. 他把灯一关，房
改写句子练习2标准答案
The effective sentences:(improve the sentences!) 1.She hopes to spend this holiday either in Shanghai or in Suzhou. 2.Showing/to show sincerity and to keep/keeping promises are the basic requirements of a real friend. 3.I want to know the space of this house and when it was built. I want to know how big this house is and when it was built. I want to know the space of this house and the building time of the house. 4.In the past ten years,Mr.Smith has been a waiter,a tour guide,and taught English. In the past ten years,Mr.Smith has been a waiter,a tour guide,and an English teacher. 5.They are sweeping the floor wearing masks. They are sweeping the floor by wearing masks. wearing masks,They are sweeping the floor. 6.the drivers are told to drive carefully on the radio. the drivers are told on the radio to drive carefully 7.I almost spent two hours on this exercises. I spent almost two hours on this exercises. 8.Checking carefully,a serious mistake was found in the design. Checking carefully,I found a serious mistake in the design.
用以下短语造句
M1 U1 一. 把下列短语填入每个句子的空白处（注意所填短语的形式变化）： add up (to) be concerned about go through set down a series of on purpose in order to according to get along with fall in love (with) join in have got to hide away face to face 1 We’ve chatted online for some time but we have never met ___________. 2 It is nearly 11 o’clock yet he is not back. His mother ____________ him. 3 The Lius ___________ hard times before liberation. 4 ____________ get a good mark I worked very hard before the exam. 5 I think the window was broken ___________ by someone. 6 You should ___________ the language points on the blackboard. They are useful. 7 They met at Tom’s party and later on ____________ with each other. 8 You can find ____________ English reading materials in the school library. 9 I am easy to be with and _____________my classmates pretty well. 10 They __________ in a small village so that they might not be found. 11 Which of the following statements is not right ____________ the above passage? 12 It’s getting dark. I ___________ be off now. 13 More than 1,000 workers ___________ the general strike last week. 14 All her earnings _____________ about 3,000 yuan per month. 二.用以下短语造句： 1.go through 2. no longer/ not… any longer 3. on purpose 4. calm… down 5. happen to 6. set down 7. wonder if 三. 翻译： 1.曾经有段时间，我对学习丧失了兴趣。（there was a time when…） 2. 这是我第一次和她交流。（It is/was the first time that …注意时态） 3.他昨天公园里遇到的是他的一个老朋友。（强调句） 4. 他是在知道真相之后才意识到错怪女儿了。（强调句） M 1 U 2 一. 把下列短语填入每个句子的空白处（注意所填短语的形式变化）： play a …role (in) because of come up such as even if play a …part (in) 1 Dujiangyan(都江堰) is still ___________in irrigation(灌溉) today. 2 That question ___________ at yesterday’s meeting. 3 Karl Marx could speak a few foreign languages, _________Russian and English. 4 You must ask for leave first __________ you have something very important. 5 The media _________ major ________ in influencing people’s opinion s. 6 _________ years of hard work she looked like a woman in her fifties. 二.用以下短语造句： 1.make (good/full) use of 2. play a(n) important role in 3. even if 4. believe it or not 5. such as 6. because of