新世纪大学英语(第二版)综合教程第4册Unit8

Electronic Teaching Portfolio

Book Four

Unit Eight: Globalization

Part I Get Started

Section A Discussion

▇Work in pairs or groups and discuss the following questions.

1. What do you know about globalization?

2. What has globalization contributed to the world economy?

3. What negative effects has globalization brought about?

▇ Answers for reference:

1. Globalization has been a commonly used term since the late twentieth century. It simply means that the world has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through the advances in technology, transportation and communication. It is the collaboration of countries to boost trade, and to reduce cultural differences.

2. Globalization has contributed to the world’s economy in many beneficial ways.First, the advances in science and technology have allowed businesses to cross over frontiers easily. Consequently, companies tend to become more productive and competitive, thus raising the quality of goods, services and living standards. Second, globalization provides companies with more and larger markets. They can sell more goods and make more money. Meanwhile, they can create more jobs. Last but not least, consumers can also benefit from globalization. As products become cheaper, they can get new goods more quickly and easily.

3. Though globalization has a lot of advantages, it also produces some negative effects. First, globalization results in more unemployment in industrialized countries because many factories have moved to developing countries where they can get cheap labour. Second, it causes some environmental problems. As companies in the developed countries open their factories in developing countries, serious environmental problems have occurred in some developing countries. Last, the natural resources of some of the developing countries are being robbed of by some developed countries in the process of globalization.

Section B Quotes

▇Study the following quotes about globalization and discuss in pairs what you can learn from them.

Jeffrey Sachs

⊙Globalization was a deep trend pushed by technology and right ideas, as much as anything else.

—Jeffrey Sachs

Interpretation:

Everything has its law of development. The same is true of globalization. Driven by technology and right ideas, it has progressed rapidly and will develop in depth.

About Jeffrey David Sachs (1954- ): an American economist and Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University. He is one of the youngest economics professors in the history of Harvard University. He is known for his work on the challenges of economic development, environmental sustainability, poverty alleviation, debt cancellation, and globalization.

Robert Reich

⊙Globalization and free trade do spur economic growth, and they lead to lower prices on many goods.

—Robert Reich

Interpretation:

Stimulated by globalization and free trade, the world economy grows rapidly. At the same time, globalization and free trade have brought in fierce competition, and affordable prices have benefited consumers in a great way.

About Robert Bernard Reich (1946- ): an American political economist, professor, author, and political commentator. He served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter and was Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.

Jimmy Carter

⊙If you are totally illiterate and living on $1 a day, the benefits of globalization never come to you.

—Jimmy Carter

Interpretation:

Though globalization brings advantages to the world, it also brings about a great gap between the rich and the poor. There are still many people living below the poverty line, who cannot enjoy the fruits of globalization.

About Jimmy Carter (1924- ): an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981). He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.

Larry Summers

⊙In the developing world, far more people are poor because of too little globalization rather than too much.

—Larry Summers Interpretation:

People in many developing countries are still poor because they have not benefited from globalization. Globalization decreases poverty in developing countries.

About Larry Summers (1954- ): an American economist. He served as the 71st United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1999 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Director of the White House United States National Economic Council for President Barack Obama until November 2010.

Section C Watching and Discussion

▇ Watch the following video clip “What Is Globalization” and do the tasks that follow:

1.Please decide whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F) based on the

information in the video clip.

( F ) Globalization is a process through which the financial markets, societies and cultures have become independent and tend to demerge.

( T ) Globalization can also be viewed as the freedom of movement for goods, services, and people across borders.

( F ) There seems to be an agreement on that economic globalization is an irreversible current.

( F ) Global competition keeps prices low so inflation has no chance to occur.

( F ) In a globalized world, when having a economy crush, a country can ask for help from other countries.

( T ) Our economy is increasingly global as a result of mass communication and mass transportation.

2.Do you think that globalization is an irreversible current? Why or why not? Is there any

chance for small businesses to survive? How?

Answers for reference:

Open.

Script：

What Is Globalization

Hello, I’m Milo from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9715413595.html,, and here we’ll talk about globalization.

Globalization is a word that we hear constantly nowadays. It can be defined as the trend in the financial markets and businesses to expand beyond national and territorial borders and boundaries. It is a process through which the financial markets, societies and cultures have become interdependent and tend to merge, blurring the boundaries between the local, national,

and international.

It is a dynamic process primarily led by multi-national businesses and organizations. It can also be viewed as the freedom of movement for goods, services, and people across borders. It is a phenomenon caused by the latest developments in mass communication and the technologies that have been developed and continue to be developed to support this new and instant way of communicating between people and organizations.

The increased ease of mobility has also greatly contributed to this unstoppable trend. There seems to be a disagreement on whether economic globalization is or not an irreversible current. What is certain is that this trend has substantial effects on the world’s economies.

The Pros of globalization include:

?Global competition keeps prices low so inflation is less likely to occur.

?An open economy can encourage innovation as people can exchange ideas freely and instantaneously.

?There are more varied and international goods available for consumption everywhere.

On the negative side:

?Small businesses have difficulty surviving in an unregulated market and usually get eaten up by larger competitors.

?As economies become interdependent, a crush in a country’s economy will affect other countries in a negative way.

To sum up we must understand that there are some basic aspects to globalization:

?Internet allows us to be global in the way we exchange information.

?We are more mobile than ever, travel has become less expensive and people move all over the place and get to see and experience different cultures.

?Environmental problems affect us all, issues such as air pollution, acid rain, and climate go beyond national borders.

?Our economy is increasingly global as a result of mass communication and mass transportation.

Part II Listen and Respond

Section B Task One: Focusing on the Main Ideas

▇Choose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the information contained in the listening passage.

1) What does globalization mean according to the speaker?

A) It means that the world is becoming more and more integrated.

B) It means that the world’s living standards are greatly improved.

C) It means that more opportunities are given to the developing countries.

D) It means that the world is developing more and more rapidly.

2) What benefits do companies get from globalization according to the speaker?

A) They are allowed to do business in the developing countries.

B) They become more productive and competitive by doing business overseas.

C) Their products can reach any place they want through modern means of transportation.

D) They can communicate with other companies more easily.

3) How do people in developing countries benefit most from globalization?

A) They can meet various people online.

B) They can get better education by studying overseas.

C) They can learn from people from other countries.

D) They can study in their home universities.

4) What new threats does globalization bring?

A) The quick spread of perishable items.

B) The quick spread of wildfire.

C) The quick spread of disease.

D) The quick spread of the labor-force.

5) What is the speaker’s attitude towards globalization?

A) Prejudiced.

B) Negative.

C) Subjective.

D) Objective.

▇ Key:

1) A 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) D

Section C Task Two: Zooming In on the Details

▇Listen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.

Globalization has been a commonly used term since the late twentieth century. It simply means that the world has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through the advances in technology, transportation and communication. It is undeniable that globalization has resulted in both positive and negative effects which must be addressed accordingly.

To begin with, globalization has contributed to the world’s economies in many beneficial ways. Advances in science and technology have allowed businesses to easily cross over frontiers. Consequently, companies tend to become more productive and competitive thereby raising the quality of goods, services and the world’s living standard.

Secondly, a very critical advantage is the spread of education. With numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from the home country for better opportunities elsewhere. Thus, integrating with different cultures, meeting and learning from various people through the medium of education is all due to globalization. Developing countries or labour-intensive countries have benefited the most.

Script:

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization

Globalization has been a commonly used term since the late twentieth century. It simply means that the world has become integrated economically, socially, politically and culturally through the advances in technology, transportation and communication. It is undeniable that globalization has resulted in both positive and negative effects which must be addressed accordingly.

To begin with, globalization has contributed to the world’s economies in many beneficial ways. Advances in science and technology have allowed businesses to easily cross over frontiers. Consequently, companies tend to become more productive and competitive thereby raising the quality of goods, services and the world’s living standards.

Secondly, a very critical advantage is the spread of education. With numerous educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from the home country for better opportunities elsewhere. Thus, integrating with different cultures, meeting and learning from various people through the medium of education is all due to globalization. Developing countries or labour-intensive countries have benefited the most.

However, one cannot deny the negative effects resulting from globalization. Globalization has given rise to more health risks and threats of epidemics. A customary example is the dawn of HIV/AIDS. Having its origin in remote regions of Africa, the virus has spread like wildfire throughout the globe. Furthermore, food items are also transported to various countries, and this is a matter of concern, especially in the case of perishable items. The safety regulations and the standards of food preparation are different in different countries, which may pose a risk of potential health hazards.

In conclusion, while globalization is inevitable, we must nevertheless urge individuals, companies and governments to use a more balanced approach by taking appropriate steps to deal with matters relating to the financial or economic gains versus the social, political and ecological concerns of the world.

Part III Read and Explore

Text A

Section A Discovering the Main Ideas

Exercise 1: Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.

1. What is the speaker’s definition of an inclusive globalization?

2. What does an inclusive globalization demand of us?

3. In what ways can an inclusive globalization be promoted?

4. What is the impact of the 11 September attacks on the process of globalization?

5. What message does the speaker mean to convey?

▇Answers for reference:

1. According to the speaker, an inclusive globalization recognizes and exploits the potential of globalization as a truly integrating and inclusive force. Its purpose lies not only in opening markets but also in expanding opportunity and promoting cooperation. Its ultimate goal is to ensure that globalization benefits the whole of humanity economically, politically and socially.

2. An inclusive globalization demands that we tear down the walls in our minds so as to treat each other equally and to recognize the interdependence between nations and peoples. It also

demands that we open our minds to a new, more integrated idea of community.

3. There are many different ways to promote an inclusive globalization: opening markets for the products of developing countries; increasing development assistance; promoting good and transparent governance; addressing diseases and environmental problems that have not reached our shores; recognizing obligations to provide asylum; fostering a more orderly process of integrating migrants; and valuing pluralism as a top priority for every state.

4. The 11 September attacks make it very clear that humanity is indivisible and terrorism is a threat to everyone, and that the fight against terrorism can be successful only if people of different races, nations or regions get united as one. For this purpose, globalization must be made to benefit all — those at the margins and those at the centre, the poor and the privileged, the shackled and the free.

5. The speaker urges us to deal with the negative, unattended social and political consequences of globalization, and the solution lies in promoting an inclusive globalization to ensure that globalization benefits the whole of humanity.

Exercise 2: Text A can be divided into five parts with the paragraph number(s) of each part provided as follows. Write down the main idea of each part.

Section B In-depth Study

Some people benefit from globalization, while others simply see it as one more manifestation of the inequity of the world. Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations, suggests that one way to address this issue is the pursuit of an inclusive globalization.

A Plea for an “Inclusive” Globalization

Kofi Annan

1 It has often been said that globalization is what distinguishes our era from all its predecessors. Globalization, we are told, is redefining not only the way we engage the world, but how we communicate with each other. Globalization is commonly understood to describe the increasing flow of goods, service, capital, technology, information, ideas and labour at the global level, driven by liberalization policies and technological changes. For a time, this logic was borne out

by reality. Indeed, it worked so well that in many cases underlying schisms were ignored in the belief that the rising tide of material growth would eliminate the importance of political differences and social grievances.However, over the past few years, I and others have urged greater consideration for the potential political backlash if the social—as well as the economic—consequences of globalization are left unattended.

2 Today, I would like to share some thoughts on an equally important aspect of globalization—namely its potential to be a truly integrating and inclusive force and the very real dangers if it fails to live up to that potential. In other words, just as we worry about the gap between haves and have-nots, we need to be equally concerned about the gulf between insiders and outsiders in a globalized world where no border is impermeable, and where the privileges—economic as well as political and social—of the few are painfully apparent to those multitudes who still yearn for liberty and opportunity. We need, in short, to direct our energies towards realizing the aspiration inherent in the awkward, but revealing Arabic translation of the word “globalization” —which means literally“world inclusivity”.

3 Today, I wish to suggest that one way to address this new division—between those who benefit from globalization, and those who simply see it as one more manifestation of the inequity of the world—is to pursue an inclusive globalization whose purpose lies not only in opening markets but in expanding opportunity and promoting cooperation. By this I mean the need to ensure that the globalization of economies and societies is supported and sustained by a “globalization of community”—to create a wider, more expansive definition of our duties to our fellow men and women in the global village, and to ensure that globalization benefits them all—economically, politically and socially.

4 Such a world demands that we tear down the walls in our own minds as well—those separating us from them, rich from poor, white from black, Christian from Muslim—so that we are able to recognize the untold ways in which we can all benefit from cooperation and solidarity across lines of nationality, race or economic development. Whether it is the area of crime, health, the environment, or the fight against terrorism, interdependence has ceased to be an abstract concept, and become a reality in our own lives. This poses a real challenge not only to political leaders, but to civil society, NGOs, business, labour unions, thinkers, and citizens of every nation. We need to rethink what belonging means, and what community means, in order to be able to embrace the fate of distant people and realize that globalization’s glass house must be open to all if it is to remain secure. This will require leaders in every sector to present the choices facing the public in a different light. They need to make the difficult but necessary case that we cannot continue to exclude the poor, the disenfranchised or those who are denied the basic right to liberty and self-determination. Or that if we do, we cannot at the same time hope to secure lasting peace and prosperity.

5 There are myriad ways in which nations can act on this imperative—by opening markets for the products of developing countries; by increased development assistance; by promoting good and transparent governance; by addressing diseases and environmental problems that have not reached our shores, or at least not yet; by recognizing obligations to provide asylum; by fostering a more orderly process of integrating migrants; and by valuing pluralism as a top priority for every state.

6 The United Nations itself was created in the belief that dialogue can triumph over discord, that diversity is a universal virtue, and that the peoples of the world are far more united by their common fate than they are divided by their separate identities. This dialogue must take place every day among all nations—within and between civilizations, cultures and groups. But it must

be based on genuinely shared values. Without these values—values rooted in the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—no peace can be lasting and no prosperity secure. That is the lesson of the United Nations’ first half-century. It is a lesson that we ignored at our peril. While it may seem somewhat vague to speak of globalization based on shared values, the vision of the world it seeks to create is quite clear and quite specific.

7 This vision is based on an understanding that we are the products of many cultures, that our strengths lie in combining the familiar with the foreign. This is not to say that we cannot rightly take pride in our particular faith or heritage. We can and we should. But the notion that what is ours is necessarily in conflict with what is theirs is both false and dangerous. It has resulted in endless hostilities and conflicts, leading men and women to commit the greatest of crimes in the name of a higher power.

8 Friends, if today, after the horror of 11 September, we see better, and we see further—we will realize that humanity is indivisible. New threats make no distinction between races, nations or regions. A new insecurity has entered every mind, regardless of wealth or status. A deeper awareness of the bonds that bind us all—in pain as in prosperity—has gripped young and old. The process of globalization cannot remain unchanged in the face of this recognition. It must be made to benefit those at the margins as well as those at the center, the poor as well as the privileged, the shackled as well as the free.

9 The global reaction to the 11 September attacks should give us courage and hope that we can succeed in this fight. The sight of people gathering in cities in every part of the world from every religion to mourn—and to express solidarity with the people of the United States—proved more eloquently than any words that terrorism is not an issue that divides humanity, but one that unites it.

10 The victims of the attacks on 11 September were, first and foremost, the innocent civilians who lost their lives, and families who now grieve for them. But peace, tolerance, mutual respect, human rights, the role of law and the global economy are all among the casualties of the terrorists’acts. Repairing the damage done to the fabric of the international community—restoring trust among peoples and cultures—will not be easy. But just as a concerted international response can make the work of terrorists much harder to accomplish, so should the unity born of this tragedy bring all nations together in defense of the most basic right—the right of all peoples to live in peace and security.

11 An inclusive globalization will be central to achieving this fundamental goal.

▇课文参考译文

呼吁推行“包容性”全球化

科菲·安南

1 人们常说，全球化是一个不同于以往任何时代的全新时代。有人告诉我们，全球化不仅正在重新定义我们处理世界事务的方式，也正在重新定义我们相互交流的方式。人们通常认为，全球化描述的就是在自由化政策和技术革新的推动下，货物、服务、资本、技术、信息、思想和劳动力越来越频繁地在全球范围内流动的情况。这个推理方法曾一度被事实所证明是正确的。的确，它表述得如此恰当以至于在很多情况下，由于人们确信物质财富的增加会消除政治分歧和社会不满的重要性，所以潜在的分裂被忽视了。然而，在过去几年中，我和其他人一道，呼吁人们更多关注由于忽视全球化带来的社会和经济后果而产生的潜在的政治反弹。

2 今天，我想就全球化另一个同等重要的方面和大家分享我的想法——即全球化作为一种真正整合、兼容的力量的潜力，以及该潜力如果不能得以发挥而带来的危险。换句话说，正如我们担心穷人和富人之间的差距一样，我们还要考虑全球化的参与者和局外人之间的隔阂。在全球化中，没有跨越不了的国界。在那些仍然渴望自由和机会的大众看来，少数人在经济、政治和社会生活中享有的特权是显而易见的，这让他们感到痛心。简而言之，阿拉伯语对全球化的翻译从字面上看就是“包容世界”，这个翻译虽然笨拙却有启迪意义，我们需要把精力转向实现蕴藏在这个术语内的强烈愿望。

3 今天，我想提出一个办法，来解决那些从全球化中受益的人和那些认为全球化只是世界不平等的又一表现的人之间存在的新的分歧，这就是追求一种包容性的全球化。包容性的全球化，其目的不仅仅在于开放市场，而且在于增加机会和促进合作。我指的是要确保经济和社会的全球化能得到全球化社区的支持和长期维持，从而对地球村里的男女同胞的责任作出更加宽泛的定义，确保全球化让全人类在经济、政治和社会生活中受益。

4 这样一个世界要求我们还要推倒我们心中的围墙，那些将我们与其他人分隔开来，将富人与穷人、白人与黑人、基督教徒与穆斯林教徒分隔开来的围墙。只有这样，我们才能找到前所未闻的诸多方法，让我们从跨越国界、种族和经济发展的合作与团结中获益。无论是在整治犯罪、健康、环境领域，还是在反恐斗争的领域，相互依赖已不再是一个抽象的概念，它已经成为我们生活中的现实。这不仅对政治领导人，而且对文明社会、非政府间国际组织、商业、工会、思想家和每个国家的公民都构成了真正的挑战。为了关注远离全球化的人们，为了认识到如果要让全球化这个玻璃屋完好无损，就必须让玻璃屋对所有人开放，我们需要重新思考归属的含义是什么，社区的含义是什么。这将要求每一领域的领导者从一个不同的角度呈现公众所面对的选择。他们必须对如下看法予以证实：我们不能继续把穷人、被剥夺公民权利的人或那些被剥夺了最基本自由和自主权利的人排斥在外，这很困难但很有必要。换言之，我们如果将他们排斥在外，就无法期望永久和平与繁荣。

5 各国实践全球化的方法多种多样：通过向发展中国家的产品开放市场，通过增加发展援助，通过提升良好、透明度的管理，通过关注尚未波及到（或至少暂时还没有波及到）我们的疾病以及环境问题，通过履行庇护的义务，通过鼓励更有序的方式吸收移民以及通过将多元化作为每个国家的首要任务而予以重视等等。

6 联合国本身的创立就是基于以下这些信念：对话能够战胜分歧；多样化对整个世界都有好处；世界各族人民不会因为他们不同的身份相互隔离，而会因为他们共同的命运更加紧密地团结在一起。这种对话每天都必须在所有国家，在不同的文明、文化和社会团体之间及其内部进行。但对话必须建立在真正的共同价值观之上。如果没有这些价值观，这些植根于《联合国宪章》和《人权宣言》的价值观，便没有持久的和平，繁荣也无法得到保证。这就是联合国在前半个世纪的教训。我们忽视了这个教训，只能自担风险。虽然谈论建立在共同价值观的基础上的全球化尚显得有些模糊，但是它试图创造的世界之远景是非常清楚和明确的。

7 这个远景是建立在以下认识基础之上的：我们是不同文化的产物，我们的长处在于能把熟悉和陌生的融合在一起。这并不是说我们不能因自己特有的信仰和遗产而理所当然地感到自豪。我们能够而且也应该感到自豪。但是，那种认为于属于我们的东西必然与属于他人的东西相冲突的观点不但是错误的，而且是危险的。那种观点已经导致了无尽的仇恨与冲突，让人类假借所谓更高的权力之名犯下了滔天罪行。

8 朋友们，“9·11”恐怖袭击之后的今天，如果我们看得更清，看得更远，那么我们就会认识到人类是密不可分的。新的威胁是不分种族、国家和地区的。无论其财富和地位如何，人人都有一种新的不安全感。不论是处于痛苦之中还是享受繁荣，我们都被捆绑在一起了，这种深刻的纽带意识已经牢牢地抓住了我们的心灵，不论是年轻人还是老年人。有了这样的认识，全球化进程不会再一成不变。全球化必须既要惠及那些处在中心的人，又要惠及那些处于边缘的人；既要惠及有特权的人，又要惠及穷人；既要惠及自由人，又要惠及被监禁的人。

9 全世界人民对“9?11”恐怖袭击的反应应该给我们带来战胜恐怖主义的勇气和希望。所有不同宗教信仰的人民聚集在世界每一个角落、每一座城市，寄托他们的哀思，表达他们与美国人民团结一道的决心。这一幕幕场景充分说明，恐怖主义并不能分裂人类，反而会使人类团结。

10 “9?11”恐怖袭击的受害者首先是失去了生命的无辜平民百姓，以及现在还在为他们悲痛欲绝的千家万户。但是，和平、宽容、相互尊重、人权、法律的作用以及全球经济全都是恐怖分子暴行的牺牲品。要修复被损坏的国际社会结构——重构各民族和文化之间的相互信任——并非易事。但是，正如团结一致的国际反恐行动使恐怖分子的行动举步维艰一样，“9?11”悲剧带来的团结也应该让各国人民齐心协力，共同捍卫最基本的权利，即全世界人民平安生活的权利。

11 一个包容性的全球化对实现这一根本目标是至关重要的。

Good Usage （Para. 1）

It has often been said that…

distinguishes our era from all its predecessors

communicate with each other

for a time

was borne out by reality

Good Usage （Para. 2）

live up to

in other words

worry about

be equally concerned about

yearn for

in short

Good Usage （Para. 3）

benefit from

pursue an inclusive globalization

lies in

expanding opportunity and promoting cooperation

in the global village

Good Usage （Para.4）

tear down the walls in our own minds

separating us from them

poses a real challenge to…

be open to all

secure lasting peace and prosperity

Good Usage （Para. 5）

act on

open markets for the products of developing countries

as a top priority

Good Usage （Para. 6）

triumph over

take place

be based on

at our peril

speak of

shared values

Good Usage （Para.7）

combining the familiar with the foreign

take pride in

in conflict with

in the name of

Good Usage （Para.8）

regardless of

remain unchanged

in the face of

Good Usage （Para.9）

give us courage and hope

in every part of the world

succeed in

Good Usage （Paras.10-11）

first and foremost

restoring trust among peoples and cultures

in defense of

be central to

Key Words and Expressions for Text A

plea n. [C(for)] fml an urgent or serious request [常与for连用]〖正式〗恳求，请求

e.g. 1. He made an emotional plea for peace at the press conference.

2. The director of the charity made an impassioned plea for help.

慈善机构的负责人强烈请求帮助。

3. a plea for unity within the party

要求党内团结的呼吁

bear out show that sb. is right or sth. is true; support the truth of 证实；支持（某种）说法

e.g. 1. For quite some time we doubted his honesty, but subsequent events bore him out.

2. He will bear me out in what I advance.

他会证实我提出的情况。

3. Does the rest of the story bear out this view?

故事的下文有证实这个观点吗？

urge vt. [(on)] suggest very strongly; draw attention to the importance of or need for [常与on连用]极力主张；强烈要求；强调

e.g. 1. We should constantly urge ourselves to study hard.

2. We urge vigorous action to be taken immediately.

我们强烈要求立即采取有力措施。

3. You must urge the children on or we’ll never get home.

你必须催促孩子们赶路，不然我们永远也到不了家。

CF: induce, persuade, urge, convince, counsel, coax

这些动词均有“劝说，劝导，劝诱”之意。

induce：指用讲道理来使某人做某事。

persuade：普通用词，指通过劝说、感情交流等而使对方做劝说者所希望的事。

urge：语气强，指不断地热情地规劝诱导。

convince：指凭行动、事实或言语使他人从思想感情上信服。

counsel：较正式用词，指对一些较重大事情所提出的劝告。有时也用于非正式场合，但仍强调严肃的一面。

coax：指用好话善意或耐心劝诱、哄骗某人做某事。

potential a. [no comp.] that may happen or become so, although not actually existing at present [无比较级]潜在的，有可能的

e.g. 1. She is widely regarded as a potential Olympic gold medallist.

2. We are aware of the potential problems and have taken every precaution.

我们已意识到潜在的问题，并采取了全面的预防措施。

n. [(for)] (the degree of) possibility for developing or being favourably developed [常与for 连用]潜力，潜能；潜势；可能性

e.g. 1. John seemed horrified about his potential for violence.

2. The school strives to treat pupils as individuals and to help each one to achieve their full

potential.

学校力求对每一个学生因材施教，帮助他们充分发挥其潜力。

CF: latent, potential

这两个形容词均含“潜在的”之意。

latent：指存在但看不见的现象或潜在的性质。

potential：强调潜在的可能性或能力。

live up to keep to the high standards of; do as well as sth. or sb. is expected to 保持……的高水

平；遵守，实践（原则等）；符合，不辜负（期望等）

e.g. 1. The editors of the newspaper tried to live up to readers’ expectations.

2. Had he lived up to his promise, he would have made a fortune in sponsorship money.

要是他遵守了诺言的话，他本应该已经从赞助费中赚了一大笔钱了。

3. I try to live up to the high standard of the school.

我力求达到这所学校的高标准要求。

liberty n. [U] esp. lit the state of being free from conditions that limit one’s actions, so that one can do what one likes without the permission of others; freedom 〖尤文〗自由（权）

e.g. 1. The citizen’s individual liberty is protected by the law.

2. Such a system would be a fundamental blow to the rights and liberties of the English

people.

这样一种制度将对英国人民的权利与自由造成根本性的打击。

3. Two of the escaped prisoners are still at liberty.

两名逃犯仍然逍遙法外。

Collocation:

at liberty

1. 自由：不受约束的或不受限制的；自由的

2. 空闲的，不占用的或不被使用的

take liberties

1. 过分亲昵，过于随便

2. 随意改变，自由处理

take the liberty 擅自做某事

CF: freedom, liberty

这两个名词均有“自由”之意。

freedom：含义广，指任何无限制无束缚的自由自在状态。

liberty：常可与freedom换用，但强调从过去受的压制、管束下被解救或释放出来，也指法律所承认的特权，如言论、集会等自由。

inherent a. [(in)] present naturally as a part of; not able to be thought of as separate [常与in连用]固有的；内在的

e.g. 1. There are dangers inherent in almost every sport.

2. The desire for freedom is inherent in us all.

对自由的渴望是我们所有人的天性。

3. Industry and frugality are the inherent qualities of the Chinese nation.

勤劳俭朴是中华民族的本色。

CF: inherent, essential

这两个形容词均有“内在的，本质的”之意。

inherent：指物体本身固有的、不能与该物体分割的某种特性。

essential：指决定所属事物存在的关键因素。

literally ad. according to the words and not the intention 照字面地

e.g. 1. I took what he said literally, but afterwards it became clear that he really meant

something else.

2. He translated the passage literally.

他逐字逐句地翻译这段文字。

3. It is context and convention that determine whether a term will be interpreted literally

or metaphorically.

对一个词的理解是按字面意思还是隐喻的意思要视乎上下文和习惯。

ensure vt. make (sth.) certain to happen 确保（某事）发生；担保，保证

e.g. 1. Please ensure that all lights are switched off when you leave the classroom.

2. Ensure that it is written into your contract.

确保把这一点写入合同中。

3. Our role is to ensure liaison between schools and parents.

我们的作用是确保学校与家长间的联系。

CF: ensure, insure, assure, guarantee, pledge, promise

这些动词都有“保证”之意。

ensure：侧重使人相信某个行为或力量产生的结果。

assure：侧重指消除某人思想上的怀疑或担心，从而有达到目的的保证感，但不如ensure普通。

guarantee：指对事物的品质或人的行为及履行义务、义务等承担责任的保证。

pledge：正式用词，指通过郑重许诺、协议或立誓等保证承担某一义务或遵守某一原则。

promise：侧重表自己的主观意向，设法用语言使人感到稳当可靠。

sustain vt. keep in existence over a long period; maintain 长期保持，使继续

e.g. 1. An overpopulated earth will not be able to sustain its inhabitants.

2. During the war we had just enough food to sustain us.

战争期间，我们的食物仅够维持生活。

3. We do not have enough money to sustain our campaign for long.

我们没有足够的财力使宣传活动长期保持下去。

tear down (esp. of a building) pull down, esp. violently; destroy 推倒（尤指建筑物）；拆毁

e.g. 1. The old cinema was torn down and replaced by a restaurant.

2. I imagine they’ll be tearing the building down sooner or later.

我猜他们早晚会拆除这座楼的。

3. We will tear down the door if you don’t let us in!

如果你不让我们进去，我们就把门拆了。

pose vt. be the cause of (sth. difficult to deal with); present 造成，形成（难局等）

e.g. 1. Pollution poses a threat to the continued existence of this species.

2. His ill health poses serious problems for the future.

他身体不好，对将来造成严重的隐患。

3. Bandits sometimes pose difficulties for the police.

匪徒有时给警察带来许多麻烦。

exclude vt. [(from)] keep or shut out [常与from连用]排斥于……之外；拒绝……进入

e.g. 1. At this stage the company cannot entirely exclude the possibility of staff cuts.

2. The Academy excluded women from its classes.

该学院不招收女学生。

3. The army should be excluded from political life.

军队不应该涉足政治。

act on do sth. or take action according to 遵照……行动，奉行

e.g. 1. He is very stubborn and never acts on other people’s advice.

2. The police are acting on the information received.

警方正根据获得的情报采取行动。

3. We must not act on assumptions.

我们不能凭想当然办事。

base … on form or make (sth.) using (sth. else) as the starting point 以……为基础，以……为根据

e.g. 1. The film is based on a short story by Thomas Mann.

2. He based his conclusions on the evidence given by the captured prisoners.

他根据被俘囚犯提供的证据得出了这个结论。

3. We must base ourselves on the interests of the people.

我们一定要从人民的利益出发。

rooted a. [(in)] having as its origin or cause [常与in连用]来源于……的，依据……的

e.g. 1. Their distrust is firmly rooted in fear and ignorance.

2. The crisis is rooted in deep rivalries between the two groups.

这场危机的根源是这两个群体之间积怨已深的敌对情绪。

3. This problem is rooted in the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle.

这个问题来源于柏拉图和亚里士多德的哲学思想。

at one’s peril (used when advising sb. not to do sth.) with the near certainty of meeting great danger （用于告诫某人勿做某事）自担风险

e.g. 1. You had better not invest so much money at your peril.

2. One ignores the political situation at one’s peril.

忽视政治环境会造成危险。

3. One ignores letters from the bank manager at one’s peril.

忽视银行经理来函，后果堪虑。

in the name of by the right of or for the advantage of 凭……的权威，以……的名义

e.g. 1. I would like to give you some advice in the name of a friend.

2. Let me thank you in the name of us all.

让我代表我们全体感谢你。

3. We’ re very glad to greet you in the name of the Chinese people.

我们非常高兴能代表中国人民向你们致意。

insecurity n. the state or feeling of being not safe 不安全；无安全感

e.g. 1. Her sense of insecurity comes from an unhappy childhood.

2. She is always assailed by self-doubt and emotional insecurity.

她一直为自我怀疑与缺乏安全感所困扰。

3. The prime minister spoke of the general insecurity in the country.

总理谈到了全国普遍存在的不安全。

regardless of without worrying about or taking account of 不顾；不管

e.g. 1. He serves the public wholeheartedly, regardless of his personal gain or loss.

2. I shall go regardless of the weather.

无论天气好坏我都要去。

3. Regardless of how often I correct him, he always makes the same mistake.

不管我怎样经常告诫他，他总是犯同样的错误。

tolerance n. [U (for, of, towards)] apprec willingness to accept or allow behaviour, beliefs, customs, etc., which one does not like or agree with, without opposition [常与for, of或towards 连用]〖褒〗容忍，忍受；宽容

e.g. 1. Tolerance of differing views is a hallmark of a mature society.

2. Some children have a low tolerance for boredom.

一些孩子很难忍受无聊。

3. He has a sense of humour plus tolerance and patience.

他具有幽默感又能宽容和忍耐。

restore vt. bring back into use or existence; introduce again （使）恢复；重新采用

e.g. 1. These measures are intended to restore public confidence in the country’s market

economy.

2. The army has recently been brought in to restore order.

最近军队被调来重整秩序。

3. His recent success has helped to restore his faith in his own ability.

他最近取得的成功使他恢复了对自己能力的信任。

CF: recover, reclaim, restore, regain

这些动词均有“重新获得，重新找到，恢复”之意。

recover：普通用词，含义广，可泛指收回去的物质的或精神的东西，也指无意中找到失物。

reclaim：主要指回收或利用废物。

restore：指建筑物、工艺品恢复原状，也指健康、能力等的恢复。

regain：着重指通过努力使失去的东西复得。

Difficult Sentences for Text A

1. Indeed, it worked so well that in many cases underlying schisms were ignored in the belief that the rising tide of material growth would eliminate the importance of political difference and social grievances. (Para.1)

Q：What is the implied meaning of the sentence?

A：It was believed that the wealth brought about by globalization would help eradicate

political differences and social injustice. However, this presumption does not work in reality.

Q: Please translate the sentence into Chinese.

A: 的确，它表述得如此恰当以至于在很多情况下，由于人们确信物质财富的增加会消除政治分歧和社会不满的重要性，所以潜在的分裂被忽视了。

2.Such a world demands that we tear down the walls in our own minds as well ... (Para.4)

Q：What is the implied meaning of the sentence?

A：The “walls” h ere refers to prejudice and discrimination. We should remove these barriers so as to form a positive, productive, and inclusive mentality towards people of different races, nations or regions.

Q: Please translate the sentence into Chinese.

A: 这样一个世界要求我们还要推倒我们心中的围墙……

3. We need to rethink what belonging means, and what community means, in order to be able to embrace the fate of distant people and realize that globalization’s glass house must be open to all if it is to remain secure. (Para.4)

Q：What is the implied meaning of the sentence?

A：A globalization that excludes any member of the global community is doomed to fail.

“Glass house” here refers to the new transparent world in which everyone can see the benefits of globalization. Those who are kept away will revolt and break the fragile glass house.

Q: Please translate the sentence into Chinese.

A: 为了关注远离全球化的人们，为了认识到如果要让全球化这个玻璃屋完好无损，就必须让玻璃屋对所有人开放，我们需要重新思考归属的含义是什么，社区的含义是什么。

4. This vision is based on an understanding that we are the products of many cultures, that our strengths lie in combining the familiar with the foreign. (Para.7)

Q：What is the implied meaning of the sentence?

A：We are brought up in cultures that have diverse origins and under a variety of influences, and we have the ability to accept and respect these differences and to be able to unite and work together with people of separate identities is what makes us powerful.

Q: Please translate the sentence into Chinese.

A: 这个远景是建立在以下认识基础之上的：我们是不同文化的产物，我们的长处在于能把熟悉和陌生的融合在一起。

Extended Questions

▇ Extended questions （Para. 2）

Q: Some people say that globalization is widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Do you agree or disagree? Why?

A: I strongly agree with this viewpoint. First, the expansion in world’s trade seems to have increased inequality between developed countries and developing countries. Second, globalization enables those developed countries to exploit the natural resources, cheap labour, and raw materials of the developing countries. And third, since the developed countries have

become more and more dependent on the developing countries for labour and raw materials, they are faced with acute unemployment problems at home and are vulnerable to international financial turbulence. The negative effects of globalization will surely widen the gap between the rich and the poor.

▇ Extended question （Para. 5）

Q: What does pluralism mean?

A: Pluralism is a term that is used in different ways across a wide range of issues. In its most general sense, it refers to the principle that people of different races, religions, and political beliefs can live together peacefully in the same society. In religion, pluralism means the acceptance of all religious paths as equally valid. In philosophy, pluralism refers to a doctrine according to which many rather than one (monism) or two (dualism) basic substances make up reality. As a term in methodology, pluralism refers to the view that some phenomena observed in natural and social sciences require multiple methods to account for their nature.

Whatever context in which it is used, the term pluralism denotes a diversity of views and stands rather than a single approach or method of interpretation.

▇ Extended questions （Para. 6）

Q: How much do you know about the United Nations?

A: The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization created in 1945 to promote world peace, economic and social development, and other forms of international cooperation. It consists of six main organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

The Security Council has 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members. China, the U.S.A., France, Russia and the U.K. are the permanent members of the Security Council. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; now there are 193. The UN Headquarters resides in the international territory in New York City, with further main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The People’s Republic of China had its seat restored in the United Nations on October 25, 1971.

▇ Extended questions （Para.8）

Q: How much do you know about the September 11 attacks?

A: The September 11 attacks were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by al-Qaeda (基地组织) upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked (劫持) four commercial passenger jet airliners. The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City, killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon (五角大楼) in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C.

The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville in rural Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights.

Section C Voicing Your Views

▇In Text A, the speaker addresses the importance and urgency of promoting an inclusive globalization. How do you understand the concept of “inclusive globalization”? Work in pairs

or groups and voice your views. The following questions may help you develop your ideas:

1. What words or phrases come to your mind when you think of inclusive globalization?

2. Do you agree that an inclusive globalization can help solve the global conflicts related to the present implementation of globalization?

3. What are the major obstacles to the pursuit of an inclusive globalization?

▇ Answers for reference:

1. Here are some of the words and phrases that may readily come into students’ minds when they think of inclusive globalization: inclusivity, unity, bonds, equity, wellbeing for all, indivisible, respect for other’s faith and heritage, interdependence, co-existence, tolerance, etc.

2. The implementation of an inclusive globalization will help solve some of the global conflicts if all nations can recognize and respect each other’s differences and if they are united to work for the wellbeing of all peoples in the world.

3. The first major obstacle is the difficulty in tearing down the walls in people’s minds that are built on discrimination, misunderstanding and hatred. The second one results from the law of human nature that the strongest survive, which forces us to fight to be the best and creates division among people. The third obstacle is that people might not want to sacrifice individuality for inclusivity after so many years of striving for and placing value in individuality.

Text B

Section A KEY WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS

e.g.1. Security forces halted the demonstrators by blocking the road.

2. The cop signaled traffic to halt to allow pedestrians to cross the street.

警察指示车辆停下以便让行人过街。

primarily ad. fml mainly; chiefly 〖正式〗主要地，首要地

e.g.1. We’re primarily concerned with the worsening air quality.

2. The advertising campaign is aimed primarily at young people.

这个广告宣传运动主要是针对年轻人的。

unsustainable a. not able to be maintained at the current rate or level 无法支撑（或维持、忍受）的

e.g. 1. The current unsustainable patterns of production and consumption must be changed in

the interests of our future welfare.

2. Every policymaker knows that this situation is unsustainable.

决策者心知肚明，这一情况不可持久。

reverse vt. change (e.g. a decision or judgment) to the opposite 推翻，取消，撤销；改变，

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Unit1 Working with words and expressions 1. 2. cloze Translation

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