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unit 11 Optical Fiber

Optical Fiber

Part I. T ext-Translation：

Passage 1

1、Light is a form of electromagnetic energy. It travels at its fastest in a vacuum: 300,000 kilometers/second (approximately 186,000 miles/second).

光是电磁能的一种形式。它在真空里的传播速度最快：300，000千米/秒（大约是186，000英里/秒）。

2、The speed of light depends on the density of the medium through which it is traveling (the higher the density, the slower the speed).

光速与它正穿越的介质密度有关（密度越大，速度越低）。

Passage 2

1、Current technology supports two modes for propagating light along optical channels, each requiring fiber with different physical characteristics: multimode and single-mode.

目前的技术支持两种在光纤信道中传播光信号的模式：多模和单模。

2、Multimode, in turn, can be implemented in two forms: step-index or graded-index.

不同模式要求光纤具有不同的物理特征，而多模光纤又可以两种形式实现：阶跃型或渐变型光纤。

Passage 3

1、Multimode is so named because multiple beams from a light source move through the core in different paths.

光源发出的不同模式的光线会以多重路径穿过纤芯，多模由此得名。

2、How these beams move within the cable depends on the structure of the core.

光速在光缆内如何传播取决于纤芯的结构。

Passage 4

1、In step-index multimode, the density of the core remains constant from the center to the edges.

在阶跃型多模中，纤芯的密度中心到边沿均保持一致。

2、A beam of light moves through this constant density in a straight line until it reaches the interface of the core and cladding.

光速以直线的形式通过这种密度相同的纤芯传播，直到它抵达纤芯与包层的界面。

3、At the interface there is an abrupt change to a lower density that alters the angle of the beam’s motion. The term step-index refers to the suddenness of this change.

在界面处，密度突然降低改变了光速运动的角度。“阶跃型”就是指这种突然的改变。

Passage 5

1、In a step-index fiber, some beams in the middle travel in straight lines through the cores and reach the destination without reflecting or refraction.

在一个阶跃型光纤中，一些光速在传播中以直线的形式穿过纤芯达到目的地，没有反射或是折射。

2、Some beams strike the interface of the core and cladding at an angle smaller than the critical angle; these beams penetrate the cladding and are lost.

有些光速在角度小于临界角时会撞击纤芯与包层的界面，这些光速便会穿过包层，消失不见。

3、Still others hit the edges of the core at angles greater than the critical angle and reflect back into the core and off the other side, bouncing back and forth down the channel until they reach the destination.

还有些光速在角度大于临界角时会撞击纤芯的边沿，然后反射回到纤芯，离开另一个边沿，在光纤信道中来回反射，直到抵达目的地。

Passage 7

1、Every beam reflects off the interface at an angle equal to its angle of incidence. The greater the incidence angles, the wider the refection angles.

每一束光线在角度与入射角角度相同时会反射出界面。

2、A beam with a smaller angle of incidence will require more bounces to travel the same distance than a beam with a larger angle of incidence.

入射角越大，反射角越宽。入射角小的光束在相同距离内传播时比入射角大的光束需要更多的反射。

3、Consequently, the beam with the smaller incident angle must travel farther to reach the destination.

因此，入射角小的光束必须传播地更远以抵达目的地。

4、This difference in path length means that different beams arrive at the destination at different times.

路径长度的不同表明不同的光束会在不同的时间抵达目的地。

5、As these different beams are recombined at the receiver, they result in a signal that is no longer an exact replica of the signal that was transmitted.

当这些不同的光束在接收器处重新组合时，他们所形成的信号将不再是之前传播的信号。

6、Such a signal has been distorted by propagation delays.

这样一个信号因传播延迟而失真。

7、This distortion limits the available data rate and makes multimode step-index cable inadequate for certain precise applications.

而这种失真限制了数据速率的有效性，致使阶跃型多模光缆在某些精确应用中不再合适。

Passage 7

1、A second type of fiber, called graded-index, decreases this distortion of the signal through the cable.

第二类光纤被称为渐变型光纤，可减弱通过它传送信号中的失真问题。

2、T he word index here refers to the index of refraction.

“率”在这里指的是反射率。

3、As we saw above, index of refraction is related to density.

我们由上可知，反射率与密度有关。

4、A graded-index fiber, therefore, is one with varying densities.

因此，一个渐变型纤维有着不同的密度。

5、Density is highest at the center of the core and decreases gradually to its lowest at the edge.

纤芯中心密度最高，然后逐渐降低，边沿密度最低。

Passage 8

1、The signal is introduced at the center of the core.

信号由纤芯中心传导。

2、From this point, only the horizontal beam moves in a straight line through the constant density at the center.

从这一点看来，只有以直线形式传播的水平光束才能在密度为常数的中心传播。

3、Beams at other angles move through a series of constantly changing densities.

其他角度的光束在不断变化的密度中传播。

4、Each density difference causes each beam to refract into a curve.

每个密度差异致使每束光线折射成曲线。

5、In addition, varying the refraction varies the distance each beam travels in a given period of time, resulting in different beams interesting at regular intervals.

此外，折射率的变化使每束光线在给点的时间里所传的距离发生变化，这就造成了在一定距离上不同光束的相交。

6、Careful placement of the receiver at one of these intersections allows the signal to be constructed with far greater precision.

在某个交叉点上精心放置接收器可以准确地重建信号。

Passage 9

1、Single mode uses step-index fiber and highly focused source of light that limits beams to a small range of angles, all close to the horizontal.

单模使用阶跃型光纤和高度集中的光源，将光束限制在接近于水平线的一个小范围的角度内。

2、The fiber itself is manufactured with a much smaller diameter than that of multimode fibers, and with substantially lower density (index of refraction).

光纤本身的直径要比多模光纤的直径小，密度也要小很多（折射率）。

3、The decrease in density results in a critical angle that is close enough to 90 degrees to make the propagation of beams is almost horizontal.

密度的减小使其临界角度接近90度，从而使光几乎能水平地进行传播。

4、In this case, propagation of different beams is almost identical and delays are negligible.

这种情况下，不同光束的传播几乎是完全相同的，延迟可以忽略不计。

5、All of the beams arrive at the destination “together”and can be recombined without distortion to the signal.

所有光束能同时抵达目的地，并在不失真的情况下重组成信号。

Passage 10

1、As we have seen, the purpose of fiber-optic cable is to contain and direct a beam of light from source to target.

我们已经看到，应用光纤的目的是为了容纳和引导光束，使其从电源端传送到目的地。

2、For transmission to occur, the sending device must be equipped with a light source and the receiving device with a photosensitive cell (called a photo-diode) capable of translating the received light into current usable by a computer.

为了能实现传播，发送装置须配备一个光源，接收装置配备一个光敏电池（叫做光电二极管），它能将接收到的光转变成为可供电脑使用的电流。

3、The light source can be either a light-emitting diode (LED) or an injection laser diode (ILD).

光源可以使发光二极管或是注入型激光二极管。

4、LEDs are the cheaper source, but they provide unfocused light that strikes the

boundaries of the channel at uncontrollable angles and diffuses over distance.

发光二极管是较为便宜的光源，但是它们所提供的光，在不受控制的角度时会撞击光纤信道的边界，并扩散开来。

5、For this reason, LEDs are limited to short-distance use.

因此，发光二极管限于短距离使用。

Passage 11

1、Lasers , on the other hand, can be focused to a very narrow range allowing control over the angle of incidence.

在另一方面，激光器可以集中到一个狭小的范围，并控制入射角的角度。

2、Laser signals preserve the character of the signal over considerable distances.

光信号可以在相当长的距离内保存信号的特征。

B. T ext-based Exercises

一、选择填空

1. In , the density of the core remains constant from the center of the edges.

A grade-index multimode

B step-index multimode

C all of above

2. In step-index multimode fiber, the beam with the smaller incident angle must to reach the destination.

A travel short er

B travel farther

C travel the same distance

C in the middle at the center of the core

4. Single mode uses step-index fiber and .

A ordinary light

B highly focused source of light

C dim light

5. In single mode fiber, all of the beams arrive at the destination .

A at different times

B together

二、中译英

光学的optical

密度density

传播propagate

多模multimode

光柱beam

芯core

包层cladding

三、英译中

Electromagnetic energy 电磁能

Density of the medium 介质密度

Optical channels 光信道

The interface of the core and cladding 纤芯与包层的界面

Critical angle 临界角

Photosensitive cell 光敏原件

Part III. Summary (小结)

科技文比一般文章的翻译要难，因为有很多的专业名词。像这篇《Optical Fiber》中multimode and single-mode，step-index or graded-index 都是非常专业的词汇。有些词我们认识，但是不一定是那个通常使用的意思。比如说，critical angle，中critical的意思是“关键的”，但是这里并不能翻译成“关键的角度”，而是一个固定词组，表示“临界角”。再是，英语中喜欢用被动句，翻译过来应该用主动句，这样语句读起来会比较舒服。

G0******* 汪刘艳

G0******* 王艳云

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We have received an order for US＄80,000 worth of goods from Delta ,1258 Huston Avenue, New York, who has given your bank for reference. Could you please tell us if they are good for this amount? Are they trustworthy and reliable? We shall be most grateful for any information you give. Any advice you give us will be kept strictly confidential. We are also pleased to perform a similar service for you should the opportunity come. A stamped and addressed envelope has been included for your reply. Thank you in advance. Sincerely yours, Thomas 3. 向客户查询信用及经营情况 Inquiring New Customer’s Credit Information from Customers 写作案例详解 Dear Mr. Smith: We have received an important order from Delta ,1258 Huston Avenue, New York, who has given us your name for reference. We would be much obliged if you could give us some information concerning their business status. Any information you give will be highly appreciated and kept in strict confidence. We shall be pleased to do the same if you should need our services at this end. Yours Sincerely Thomas 4. 带附表的资信调查函 Credit Survey Letter with Attachment

外贸函电课后练习答案大全

选择题第二单元：询价与回复一：1.You name D. has been recommended to us by the Chamber of Commerce in New York.. 2. Our market survey informs us that you are A. in the market for Audio and Electronic Equipment. 3. We should be pleased to receive you’re A. illustrated catalogue and price list. 4. We are B. well-established exporters of all kinds of Chinese good. 5. If your price are competitive, we are confident D. in selling the goods in great quantities in this market. 6. We shall appreciate B. your quoting us FOB Sydney. 7. As we are one of the leading importers in this line, we are B. in a position to handle large quantities. 第三单元：资信调查一：1.For information D. concerning our credit standing we refer you to Bank of China, Shanghai Branch. 2. We should be grateful if you would say C. whether they are likely to be reliable for a credit up to USS20.000. 3. Any information you kindly give us will be treated in strict confidence and A. without any responsibility on your part. 4. Will you please inform us, B. in confidence, of the extent of their resources and also as to their reputation? 5. D. While appreciating your decision to place regular orders with us, we respectfully request that you furnish us two references for the initial purchase. 第四单元：促销 1.（C、Having made）a special purchase of toys on very favorable terms, we are able to offer to you at the following attractive prices 2 we can only（A、hold open）this very advantageous offer for a few weeks.. 3 the recent advance in the cost of raw materials （B、has compelled）us to make a slight increase in the Prices 4 although costs have been （C、rising）steadily since last October , we have not yet （raised）our prices 5 （B、with a view to ）supporting your sales, we are sending some samples of our new makes. 第五单元：报盘与还盘 1A comparison of your offer （A、with that of ）our regular suppliers shows that their figures are more favorable. 2 If your prices are competitive, we are confident（D、in selling）the goods in great quantities in this market. 3 we confirm our fax just sent （A、offering you firm）these goods. 4 we offer you the following items（D、subject to）your reply reaching here by 4p.m today our time. 5 although we appreciate good quality of your goods, we are sorry to say that your prices appears to be（C、on the high side）. 6 we trust that we may be （C、favored）with a continuance of your valued orders. 7 we hope that you will see your way to （B、grant）us your order, and assure you in advance of its most careful execution 8 not having heard from you since, we should be glad to know whether there is any disadvantage in our terms which we could （B、remove）. 9 you are （C、assured）that we will quote our best prices as soon as we are told what products of ours you need. 10 in all probability this offer will not be （A、repeated）for some time, and we according look forward to receiving an early reply from you. 第六单元: 订单一、Fill in the blanks with your choices 1.This order the sample you sent us on March 24.（A、is placed on） 2.We hope you will give your usual best attention this order.（B、to the execution of） 3.We have decided to place a trial order for the following stated in your letter.（B、on the terms） 4.we would like to supply you with the product, we are unable to fill your order owing to the heavy backlog of commitments. (B、Much as) 5.We must apologize you being unable to fill your present order.（D、To… for ） 6.We have accepted your Order No.234. Please open the relevant L/C,here two weeks prior to the date of shipment.（A、which must reach） 7.We are enclosing our latest catalogue some of the items may be of interest to you.（C、in the hope that） 8.The order is given strictly on the condition that shipment must be made not later than the first day of May.（B、enclosed）第七单元：支付一、单选 1.As requested, we have immediately arranged (A、with) our bankers to extend the expiry date of our L/C for two weeks (up to) 10th March. 2.As arranged, we would ask you to open an irrevocable credit in (C、our) favor and shall hand over shipping documents (against) acceptance of our draft. 3.We inform you that we have opened an irrevocable credit (D、with) the London Bank in your favor. 4.We advised the bank to amend the clause (D、to read)“partial shipment are permitted”. 5.We enclose our cheque for US$ 200 (A、in payment of) your invoice No.D-124. 第九单元：保险一：选择题 1: please insure the goods (A、against) F.P.A. for US 100,000. 注：against加险别for加保额 2: please effect insurance (D、on) the cargo for US50,000 by S.S.Bright from Tianjin to seattle. 3: we have opened insurance you ordered for US9,000 (D、on) the shipment by S.S.East sun. 4: we wish to renew the above policy (C、for) the same amount and (on)the same terms as before to cover our consignment to be shipped b s.s.bright next month. 5: as requester, we have covered insurance (on) 20,000 DVD players (at) 10% above the invoice value (against) all risks. 6: unless we hear from you (A、to) the contrary before the end of this month, we shall arrange to cover the goods against t p a for the value of the goods plus freight. 7: any additional coverage（险别）other (B、than) ISS shall be for the account of the buyer. 8: we confirm that we hold the consignment covered as (from) today. 9: we have arranged (A、for) surveyor to investigate the extent of the damage and shall forward his report together with our claim. 10: we understand that these terms will apply (C、to)all our shipments of bottled sherry by regular liners to west European ports. 完形填空第二单元：Fill in each blank in the letter below with a word that fits naturally.

七年级下册语文一课一练答案

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外贸函电的拒绝策略及语用分析

[摘要]拒绝是威胁听者积极面子的言语行为, 因而要采取各种策略进行补救。外贸函电的拒绝策略分为直接策略和规约策略。规约策略由于同时遵守了合作原则和礼貌原则, 从而减少了对于对方面子的威胁, 因而在外贸函电中被广为使用。 [关键词]外贸函电; 拒绝策略; 礼貌原则; 合作原则; 面子外贸函电是外贸业务交流和沟通的常规方法。如何得体地拒绝客户要求是个难题。拒绝函电难写是因为作为言语行为, 拒绝最直接的后果就是严重地威胁受话人的面子, 即违反了礼貌原则。目前拒绝言语行为的研究主要关注跨文化语境下拒绝策略的异同。学者们主要定位于跨文化角度, 试图通过比较不同文化背景使用拒绝策略情况来解释跨文化交际中出现的种种差异现象。外贸函电作为国际商务普遍使用的规范语言, 它具有明显的程式化结构特点, 文化因素对于外贸函电的影响微乎其微。因此本文主要是分析外贸函电的拒绝策略, 并借用礼貌原则和面子观对其进行探讨解释。一、外贸函电的拒绝策略分类目前对于拒绝语结构的分类有以下几种: 马月兰根据首要言语行为与次要言语行为对拒绝语的策略进行分类[ 1] ( P81) ; 王爱华认为中心言语行为是实现拒绝言语行为的中心, 同时把中心言语行为分为直接拒绝言语行为、否定的意愿和能力, 以及间接绝言语行为。[ 2] ( P178)本论文参照张绍杰所采用的请求言语行为的三个请求策略类型[ 3] ( P64) , 并参考Liao 归纳总结的24 种拒绝策略稍做修改[ 4] , 将外贸函电的拒绝策略类型划分为直接策略和规约策略两种。 1. 直接策略( direct refusals) 直接说/ 不0, 没有任何形式的过渡或缓冲而直接明确表明不愿意或没有能力答应对方的请求。如: 1) We see no possibility of shipping the goods on or before April 10. 2. 规约策略( conventional refusals) 是指通过固定的程式化结构以委婉客气的方式表达拒绝之意。 (1) 感谢+ 辅助语, 如Thanks a lot, but. . . 。 2)Thank you , but we have to advise you that we are unable to dispatch in full your order. ( 2) 遗憾语+ 辅助语, 如regret doing. . . 。 3) We regret very much being unable to to promise shipment within one month. ( 3) 意愿+ 辅助语, 如We would like to, but. . . 。 4) Much as we would like to assist you, we fear we may not accept your request for the increase of commission. ( 4) 道歉+ 辅助语, 如We are sorry that 或I. m afraid that. . . 。 5) We are sorry that we are unable to accept your order at the price mentioned in view of the present market price. ( 5) 赞赏+ 辅助语, 如We appreciate your interest, but. . . 。 6) We really appreciate your efforts, but we no longer manufacture pure cotton shirts, however, we can offer you a substitute. ( 6) 体谅+ 辅助语, 如We have read carefully your letter, but. . . 。 7)We have considered your quotations carefully, but sorry we still can. t acceptyour price. 以上例句涉及了外贸业务的基本流程, 也是把外贸函电中的拒绝表达方式进行了比较具体的总结。通过调查我们发现, 在外贸业务操作中几乎没有人采用直接拒绝策略。通常的拒绝函电往往是先通过感谢、道歉、遗憾、赞赏或表达良好意愿之后再表达拒绝的信息。二、拒绝策略的语用分析 1. 拒绝的定义