大学英语四级分类模拟题262

大学英语四级分类模拟题262

Reading Comprehension

Reading Literature Makes Us Smarter and Nicer

A. Gregory Currie, a professor of philosophy at the University of Nottingham, recently argued in the New York Times that we ought not to claim that literature improves us as people, because there is no "convincing evidence that suggests that people are morally or socially better for reading Tolstoy" or other great books.

B. Actually, there is such evidence. Raymond Mar, a psychologist at York University in Canada, and Keith Oatley, a retired professor of cognitive (认

知的) psychology at the University of Toronto, reported in studies published in 2006 and 2009 that individuals who often read fiction appear to be better able to understand other people, empathize (有同感) with them and view the world from their perspective. This link persisted even after the researchers factored in the possibility that more empathetic individuals might choose to read more novels. A 2010 study by Mar found a similar result in young children: the more stories they had read to them, the keener their "theory of mind," or mental model of other people's intentions.

C. "Deep reading"—as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web—is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would cause damage to the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the perpetuation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them.

D. Recent research in cognitive science, psychology and neuroscience has demonstrated that deep reading—slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere understanding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely beneficial to the deep reading experience. A book's lack of hyperlinks (超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions—Should I click on this link or not?—allowing her to remain fully focus on the narrative.

E. That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, implication and metaphor (暗喻): by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were displayed in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, prompting us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy.

F. None of this is likely to happen when we're visiting TMZ (美国名人消

息网). Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the "digital natives" for whom it is so familiar.

G. In May 2013, for example, Britain's National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three

times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.

H. To understand why we should be concerned about how young people read, and not just whether they're reading at all, it helps to know something about the way the ability to read evolved. "Human beings were never born to read," notes Maryanne Wolf, director of the Center for Reading and Language Research at Tufts University and author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. Unlike the ability to understand and produce spoken language, which under normal circumstances will show up according to a program dictated by our genes, the ability to read must be acquired by each individual through effort. The "reading circuits" we construct are recruited from structures in the brain that evolved for other purposes—and these circuits can be weak or they can be strong, depending on how often and how vigorously we use them.

I. The deep reader, protected from distractions and adapted to the tiny differences of language, enters a state that psychologist Victor Nell, in a study of the psychology of pleasure reading, likens to a hypnotic trance (催眠性迷睡). Nell found that when readers are enjoying the experience the most, the pace of their reading actually slows. The combination of fast, fluent decoding of words and slow, unhurried progress on the page gives deep readers time to enrich their reading with reflection, analysis, and their own memories and opinions. It gives them time to establish an intimate relationship with the author, the two of them engaged in an extended and passionate conversation like people falling in love.

J. This is not reading as many young people are coming to know it. Their reading is practical and instrumental: the difference between what literary critic Frank Kermode calls "carnal (肉体的) reading" and "spiritual reading." If we allow our offspring to believe carnal reading is all there is—if we don't open the door to spiritual reading, through an early insistence on discipline and practice—we will have cheated them of an enjoyable, even extremely exciting experience they would not otherwise have. And we will have deprived them of an enlightening experience that will enlarge them as people. Observing young people's attachment to digital devices, some progressive educators and tolerant parents talk about needing to "meet kids where they are," guiding them around their onscreen habits. This is mistaken. We need, rather, to show them someplace they've never been, a place only deep reading can take them.

1、 More and more evidence suggests that online reading may be less attractive and less satisfying.

2、 It is reported that individuals who usually read fiction seem to understand others better.

3、 We should instruct young people to do some deep reading instead of letting them indulge in their onscreen habits.

4、 We should take measures to preserve "deep reading" just like we protect

a historic building or a meaningful work of art.

5、 Studies suggest that literature can increase readers' capacity for empathy in real life.

6、 Individuals must work hard to acquire the ability to read, which people are not born with.

7、 Deep reading favors conventional books although it doesn't necessarily require them.

8、 Nell found that when people are enjoying their deep reading the most, they will slow down their reading speed.

9、 Gregory Currie does not believe that literature can improve us as people.

10、 Deep reading of books and online reading are very different in terms of the experience they produce and the capacities they develop.

Why Humans and Animals Rely on Social Touch?

A. When you run your hands through your lover's hair, you're probably not thinking about your place in the social hierarchy (等级制度). Give your team-mate or colleague a pat on the back after failure, and the chances are you're not consciously seeking to change the mix of signalling chemicals in their brain. It may not seem like it, but these socially important rituals and others like them has emerged before the time our species first walked the African large grassy plain.

B. Human behaviours that involve physical social contact have a lot more in common with social grooming (整饰，梳理毛发) activities we typically associate with other species than we might initially think. When rhesus monkeys (恒河猴) or chimpanzees (黑猩猩) pick through their friends' fur, they're not just helping them remove dirt from hard-to-reach spots. There is undoubtedly a hygienic (卫生的) benefit, but this behaviour, which animal behaviour researchers call "allogrooming", has far greater significance. Allogrooming is the currency of what primatologist (灵长类动物学家) Frans de Waal calls the "marketplace of services" in chimpanzee life: it defines the social hierarchy, which in turn dictates access to food, sex, and social support. For example, one chimpanzee is more likely to share food with another that has previously groomed it. Grooming also serves to ease tensions in a chimp troop following an aggressive situation. One of the most complex forms of reconciliation among chimpanzees occurs when two rival males reach a point of stalemate (局), neither backing down nor increasing the aggressive interaction. Sometimes, a female breaks the stalemate and eases the tension by grooming first one male, and then the other, until the two become relaxed enough to end what amounted to an angry staring contest.

C. According to anthropologist (人类学家) Robin Dunbar, this works because grooming stimulates the release of endorphins (内啡肽) which can bring about feelings of relaxation by lowering the heart rate, reducing obvious nervous behaviours like scratching, and even bringing on sleep. Female chimps that use grooming as a peacekeeping strategy may also experience their own rush of endorphins and enjoy many of the same benefits.

D. Humans, lacking the fur of our evolutionary cousins, had to find a replacement for allogrooming. Like grooming, gossip establishes and maintains our place in the social hierarchy. Also like grooming, the social information that makes up gossip is itself a form of currency in human culture. Or, at least, that's the theory put forward by Dunbar. He argued, in his book Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, that the faculty of language allowed our species to substitute gossip for grooming.

E. But grooming, and related forms of social physical contact, hasn't gone away entirely. Words don't always make adequate tools for communicating our feelings. Far more can be said by a sincere hug or pat on the shoulder after a friend suffers the loss of a relative than through words. In the same way, one's love and desire for a partner can be conveyed with a tender stroke far more effectively than even the words "I want you" ever could. Indeed, Dunbar writes, "the physical stimulation of touch tells us more about the inner feelings of the 'groomer', and in a more direct way" than words are able. And those forms of touch stimulate within us the same endorphin release that chimpanzees enjoy during social grooming.

F. Some scientists have even gone as far as calling the skin a "social organ". This makes good intuitive sense: we both desire for touch and hate

it when it is unwanted, uninvited, or inappropriate. Even simple, brief touches on a hand or arm can have tremendous effects. India Morrison and colleagues at Goteborg University, in Sweden, have presented a laundry list of such findings. Hand-on-hand touches by librarians and salespersons have, for example, been found to lead to more favourable impressions of libraries and shops. People perceive others as more attractive following even a simple, non-sexual touch, and as a result are more likely to act altruistically (利

他地) by returning change left in a pay phone, giving bigger tips in restaurants, or giving away a cigarette to a stranger.

G. And yet these effects might be thought of as simple tricks compared to the power that touch has between lovers, or between parents and their children. In one study, US psychologists investigated social grooming in humans by asking participants to indicate their closest emotional relationship and report behaviours such as running their fingers through the person's hair, wiping away their tears, scratching their back and non-sexual massage. They found levels of relationship satisfaction and trust were both positively correlated with self-reported grooming frequency among romantic partners. And one finding hinted at a causal relationship: people who were more anxious about their relationships "groomed" their partners more often than those who felt more secure with their partners, suggesting that grooming may serve to reduce relationship-related anxiety and to promote the development of romantic bonds. The pattern was true both for men and women.

H. Babies also crave touch. It has long been known among animal behaviour researchers that physical contact is critical for proper social and emotional development. When developmental psychologist Harry Harlow prevent infant rhesus monkeys from approaching a monkey mother in his 1950s experiments at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, they became withdrawn, depressed, and anxious. They refused food, and entered into what he called a "state of emotional shock". When allowed access to a surrogate mother (代理母亲), the infant monkeys overwhelmingly chose a doll covered by terry cloth over a wire doll that provided food and water. The young monkeys preferred the comfort of even an inanimate mother's touch to food.

I. More recent research with rats got what is similar to Harlow's early findings. Canadian researchers found that when infant rats were licked and groomed more by their mothers, they grew up to be relatively well adjusted. But their counterparts who were not groomed often grew up, like Harlow's monkeys, to be anxious and fearful. Touch-deprived rats also had weakened immune systems. It appears as if touch helps to maintain not only social and emotional health, but also physical health.

J. All primates, from monkey to man, rely on social touch. Among non-human primates, grooming is a tool used to get favours, earn social standing, and increase access to resources. Gossip may have replaced dirt removal as a mechanism for defining and enhancing one's place in human society, but the desire to be touched is carved so deeply within our primate heritage that it remained even as we shed our fur.

11、 Robin Dunbar believes that grooming can bring about feelings of relaxation.

12、 We still badly want to be touched today even though we shed our fur.

13、 Apart from the hygienic benefit, allogrooming has far greater significance.

14、 Sometimes, physical touch expresses more than words do.

15、 It seems that touch is not only beneficial to social and emotional health, but also helpful to physical health.

16、 The more satisfied people are with their romantic relationship, the more

frequently they groom their partners.

17、 A chimpanzee tends to share food with another that has groomed it before.

18、 A simple touch without sexual message may lead people to act altruistically.

19、 According to Dunbar, the ability to speak enables human beings to replace grooming with gossip.

20、 Animal behaviour researchers have known that physical contact is extremely important for proper social and emotional development for a long time.

Text a Little Less and Think a Little More

A. If you've suspected lately that your family's mobile-phone bill is driven entirely by your 15-year-old, you are probably right. A recent Nielsen report shows that children aged 13 to 17 average an astonishing 3,417 text messages a month—some 45 percent of all text messages. This breaks down to seven texts "every waking hour," or roughly one every 8.5 minutes. But those who look at this data and worry that young people are over-texting may be asking the wrong question. The more relevant concern may be not the amount, but the function. Many observers argue that the social world of teenagers and even young adults is nowadays largely constituted by text messaging.

B. Certainly a principal reason cited by many teens for their use of texting is that it is fun. In some surveys, young people reported that they prefer texting to conversation. And "prefer" may be too weak a word. Many young people, when not allowed to text, become anxious and nervous.

C. In recent years, there has been no shortage of reports on television about researchers who say they have found teens addicted (上瘾的) to their mobile phones. Perhaps a better way to view the data is as an illustration of how mobile phones in general, and texting in particular, have taken over the experiential world of the young. An economist might expect that teens deprived of texting would simply substitute another method of communication—talking, for instance. As it turns out, a significant minority will not. They will behave instead, researchers report, the way people do when deprived of human contact.

D. The phone, in other words, is not merely a tool through which teens keep in touch with friends. It is the technology that defines their social circle. If they cannot text someone, that person may as well not exist. Still, I am not criticizing the technology itself. Like most people of all ages these days, I find texting far too convenient to ignore—although, to be sure, I usually send two or three texts a day, not seven an hour.

E. The trouble is that texting arose suddenly, not gradually: Originally included in mobile phones as a tool to enable service providers to send advertising e-mails to their customers, it actually came to the U.S. later than most of the industrialized world. David Mercer, in his 2006 book "The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology," suggests that the popularity of the practice rose sharply when viewers were urged to text their votes for the winner on such television programs as "American Idol".

F. This break from past practice was so radical that adults had no opportunity to work out from their own experience reasonable bounds for the young. And so the young, unbounded, freely created their own world, from which the old are largely excluded. Fears of what young people might be like if left free to design the world have long been with us: Think "Lord of the Flies", "A Clockwork Orange" or "Children of the Corn". That imponderable (无法估量的事物) I leave for others to weigh. I don't believe that over-texting will create dangerous psychopaths (精神病患者). But it might create something else.

G. Heavy texting has been linked to sleep deprivation among the young, evidently because they somehow feel compelled to respond, even in the middle

of the night. Researchers have found connections between texting and many other things. A 2006 study by James E. Katz of Rutgers University, perhaps the leading academic expert on mobile-phone use, has found that young people have trouble giving up their phones, even for a short time. Most were unable to make it through a two-day experiment designed to discover what they would do without their phones.

H. On the other hand, if appropriately used, texting might help get rid of the weird and rude etiquette (礼仪；规矩) of the mobile phone, in which, for no reason but the technology's existence, it is the recipient (接受者) of the call who is somehow required to make an excuse if not free to answer. Texting remind people of an earlier, less demanding model of communication, in which response was at the convenience of the respondent. It was, and is, known as letter writing. There may actually be advantages in the use of phones for a purpose other than conversation. The sudden increase of phone apps may help children learn. (It may also lead to a new digital divide between those with lots of apps on their phones and those without.) And for those who are worried that constant mobile-phone use by the young might lead to cancer, texting—in which the phone is nowhere near the ear—is obviously an improvement.

I. The larger problem with texting involves neither the physical nor the mental health of our growing army of young texters. My worry is that the ubiquity (普遍存在) of texting may speed up the decline of what our struggling democracy most needs: independent thought. Indeed, as texting crowds out other activities, it must inevitably crowd out inactivity—and there lies a danger. For inactivity and thinking are closely linked. By inactivity, I mean doing nothing that occupies the mind: time spent in reflection. Bertrand Russell wrote an excellent essay on this subject, titled "In Praise of Idleness" (also the title of the collection in which the essay is most readily found). Russell's point is that when the rest of the world thinks we are idle, the brain, if properly trained, is following its own path. Only then, he contends, are we truly thinking. The rest of the time we are analyzing and reacting, but our thoughts are then determined by responses to the thoughts of others. Unless we spend time in reflection—in idleness—we can never truly think thoughts of our own.

21、 The sudden increase of phone apps may be beneficial to children's study.

22、 The popularity of texting excludes most of the old from young people's world.

23、 The phone is not only a tool for the teens to keep in touch with friends but also a technology that defines their social circle.

24、 Lots of young people tend to be anxious and nervous if they are not allowed to text.

25、 Children aged 13 to 17 text seven messages every waking hour on average.

26、 The author worries that texting may speed up the decline of independent thought.

27、 At first, texting was used by the service providers to send advertising e-mails to their customers.

28、 A small number of teens who are deprived of texting will not find another method of communication.

29、 A study of James E. Katz has shown that it is quite hard for the young to abandon phones.

30、 We have to reflect in idleness so as to truly think our own thoughts. The End of Chinatown

A. As the manager of a Chinatown career center on Kearny Street in San Francisco, Winnie Yu has watched working-class clients come and go. Most of them, like Shen Ming Fa, have the makings of the typical Chinese American

immigrant success story. Shen, who is 39, moved to San Francisco with his family in the fall of 2010, an English-speaking future in mind for his

9-year-old daughter. His first stop was Chinatown, where he found an instant community and help with job and immigration problems.

B. But lately, Yu has been seeing a shift; rather than coming, her clients have been going—in pursuit of what might be called the Chinese Dream.

C. "Now the American Dream is broken," Shen tells me one evening at the career center, his fingers drumming restlessly on the table; he speaks mostly in Mandarin, and Yu helps me translate. Shen has mostly been unemployed, picking up part-time work when he can find it. "In China, people live more comfortably: in a big house, with a good job. Life is definitely better there." On his fingers, he counts out several people he knows who have gone back since he came to the United States. When I ask him if he thinks about returning to China, he glances at his daughter, who is sitting nearby, then looks me in the eye. "My daughter is thriving," he says, carefully. "But I think about it every day."

D. Recent years have seen stories of Chinese "sea turtles"—those who are educated overseas and migrate back to China—attracted by Chinese-government incentives that include financial aid, cash bonuses, tax breaks, and housing assistance. In 2008, Shi Yigong, a molecular (分子的) biologist at Princeton, turned down a $10 million research grant to return to China and become the dean of life sciences at Beijing's Tsinghua University. "My postdocs are getting great offers," says Robert H. Austin, a physics professor at Princeton.

E. But unskilled laborers are going back, too. Labor shortages in China have led to both higher wages and more options in where they can work. The Migration Policy Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based think tank (智囊团), published a paper on China's demography (人口统计学) through 2030 that says thinking of migration as moving in just one direction is a mistake: the flows are actually much more dynamic (动态的). "Migration, the way we understand it in the U.S., is about people coming, staying, and dying in our country. The reality is that it has never been that way," says the institute's president, Demetrios Papademetriou.

F. "Historically, over 50 percent of the people who came here in the first half of the 20th century left. In the second half, the return migration slowed down to 25, 30 percent. But today, when we talk about China, what you're actually seeing is more people going back... This may still be a trickle (缓慢来或去的少量事物), in terms of our data being able to capture it—there's always going to be a lag time of a couple of years—but with the combination of bad labor conditions in the U.S. and sustained or better conditions back in China, increasing numbers of people will go home."

G. In the past five years, the number of Chinese immigrants to the U.S. has been on the decline, from a peak of 87,307 in 2006 to 70,863 in 2010. Because Chinatowns are where working-class immigrants have traditionally gathered for support, the rise of China—and the slowing of immigrant flows—all but ensures the end of Chinatowns.

H. Smaller Chinatowns have been fading for years—just look at Washington, D.C., where Chinatown is down to a few blocks marked by a richly decorated welcome gate and populated mostly by chains like Starbucks and Hooters, with signs in Chinese. But now the Chinatowns in San Francisco and New York are depopulating, becoming less residential and more service-oriented. When the initial 2010 U.S. census (人口普查) results were released in March 2011, they revealed drops in core areas of San Francisco's Chinatown. In Manhattan, the census showed a decline in Chinatown's population for the first time in recent memory—almost 9 percent overall, and a 14 percent decline in the Asian

population.

I. The exodus (大批离去) from Chinatown is happening partly because the working class is getting priced out of this traditional community and heading to the "ethnoburbs" (少数族裔郊区); development continues to push residents out of the neighborhood and into other, secondary areas like Flushing, Queens, in New York. But the influx (大量涌入) of migrants who need the networks that Chinatown provides is itself slowing down. Notably, the percentage of foreign-born Chinese New Yorkers fell from about 75 percent in 2000 to 69 percent in 2009.

J. Chinatowns almost died once before, in the first half of the 20th century, when various exclusion acts limited immigration. Philip Choy, a retired architect and historian who grew up in San Francisco's Chinatown, has observed the neighborhood population of Chinese immigrants being replaced by new generations of Chinese Americans. "Chinatown might have disappeared if it weren't for the changing immigration policies," he told me recently. Only after the 1965 Immigration and Naturalization Act lifted quotas (限额) did the Chinese revive Chinatowns all across the country—especially those communities in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. Of course, since the days of the Gold Rush, the Chinese always thought they were going to move back to China after earning their fortune elsewhere. As Papademetriou told me, what came before often happens again. Only now, fortune can be found at home.

31、 Working-class Chinese immigrants are traditionally inclined to seek help and support from Chinatown.

32、 A variety of American immigration acts greatly influenced the development of Chinatowns.

33、 In the first half of the 20th century, only less than 50 percent of immigrants stayed in America.

34、 Laborers without skills are going back to China for they can have higher wages and more options on work.

35、 Lately Winne Yu's clients have been returning to China to pursue Chinese Dream.

36、 There are less and less people live in Chinatowns in San Francisco and New York.

37、 Migration is actually never the same as what the American people think it is.

38、 In Shen Ming Fa's opinion, people in China now are living a definitely better life than those in the U.S.

39、 The reason why lots of working-class immigrants are moving away from Chinatowns is partly because they cannot afford to live there.

40、 The Chinese government attracts those who received overseas education to return with a series of encouraging measures.

答案:

Reading Comprehension

1、

题干意为，越来越多的证据表明，在线阅读越来越没有吸引力，也越来越不尽如人意了。注意抓住题

干中的关键词More and more evidence和online reading。原文F段提到了越来越多的证据表明与在线阅读相关的内容。该段最后一句中提到，越来越多的证据表明，哪怕是对于那些非常熟悉在线阅读的“数字原住民”来说，在线阅读或许都越来越没有吸引力，也越来越不尽如人意。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选F。

2、

题干意为，据报道，经常阅读小说的人似乎更能理解他人。注意抓住题干中的关键词individuals who usually read fiction。原文B段提到了与经常读小说的人相关的内容。该段第二句中提到，心理学家雷蒙德·马尔和认知心理学教授基思·奥特利分别在2006年和2009年出版的研究报告中指出，经常阅读小说的人似乎能更好地理解他人。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

3、

题干意为，我们应该引导年轻人进行一些深度阅读，而不是放任他们沉溺在电子屏幕阅读的习惯中。注意抓住题干中的关键词instruct the young people do some deep reading。原文J段提到了应该指导年轻人进行深度阅读的相关内容。该段最后三句中指出，只是根据年轻人的电子屏幕阅读习惯来进行指导的做法是错误的，我们更应该向他们展示一个他们从来没有到过的地方，一个只有深度阅读才能带领他们抵达的地方。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选J。

4、

题干意为，我们应该像保护历史古建筑和意义深远的艺术品一样采取措施保护“深度阅读”。注意抓住题干中的关键词preserve“deep reading”和a historic building。原文C段提到了保护“深度阅读”的内容。该段首句中指出，“深度阅读”是一种濒临消失的活动，我们应该采取措施，像保护历史古建筑和意义深远的艺术品一样地保护它。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

5、

题干意为，研究表明，文学能够提升读者在现实生活中感同身受的能力。注意抓住题干中的关键词literature和readers' capacity for empathy。原文E段提到了文学与读者感同身受的能力相关的内容。该段第二句中指出，文学作品中的内容促使我们进入到书中虚构人物的境遇中，甚至有研究表明，这能够提高我们在现实生活中感同身受的能力。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

6、

题干意为，个人必须十分努力才能习得阅读的能力，这种能力不是与生俱来的。注意抓住题干中的关键词to acquire the ability to read。原文H段提到了获得阅读能力相关的内容。该段第三句中指出，在正常情况下，理解和使用口语的能力会由一个基因决定的程序来开启，而阅读能力则与其不同，它是通过每个人刻苦训练而习得的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选H。

7、

题干意为，深度阅读青睐传统图书，虽然深度阅读并不要求非传统纸质书不可。注意抓住题干中的关键词Deep reading和conventional books。原文D段中提到了深度阅读与传统图书相关的内容。该段第二句中指出，尽管严格来讲，深度阅读并不要求非传统纸质书不可，但是印刷品的种种嵌入式限制对深度阅读体验却有着独特的益处。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选D。

8、

题干意为，内尔发现，人们在极为享受深度阅读的时候会放慢阅读速度。注意抓住题干中的关键词Nell found。原文I段提到了内尔的研究发现。该段第二句中指出，内尔发现当读者极为享受阅读的过程时，他们阅读的速度实际上会减慢。此处的“读者”指的是前文中提到的deep reader。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

9、

题干意为，格雷戈里·柯里不认为文学能够提升人性。注意抓住题干中的关键词Gregory Currie。原文A段中提到了格雷戈里·柯里的观点。该段中指出，格雷戈里·柯里最近在《纽约时报》上提出，我们不应该断言文学对我们的人性有所提升。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选A。

10、

题干意为，对书籍的深度阅读和在线阅读在阅读体验和能力培养方面极为不同。注意抓住题干中的关键词very different和the experience they produce。原文F段提到了深度阅读和在线阅读在阅读体验方面极为不同。该段第二句中指出，尽管两种方式都被称为阅读，但是在阅读体验和能

力培养方面，对书籍的深度阅读与在网上为了获取信息的阅读是截然不同的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选F。

11、

题干意为，罗宾·邓巴认为，梳理毛发可以产生放松的感觉。注意抓住题干中的关键词Robin Dunbar 和feelings of relaxation。原文C段中提到了罗宾·邓巴关于梳理毛发的一些看法。该段首句中指出，据人类学家罗宾·邓巴称，这样的方法之所以有效是因为梳理毛发刺激了内啡肽的释放。内啡肽可以通过降低心率、减少抓挠等明显的紧张行为，甚至引起睡眠来产生放松的感觉。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

12、

题干意为，即便是我们的皮毛已经褪去，我们现在依然十分渴望被触摸。注意抓住题干中的关键词badly want和as we shed our fur。原文J段强调了包括人类在内的灵长类动物对于触摸的依赖。该段最后一句中指出，对触摸的渴望已经深深地刻在我们灵长类动物的传统中，即便在我们褪去皮毛的今天，它依然存在。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选J。

13、

题干意为，除了有利于卫生之外，互理毛发还具有更为重大的意义。注意抓住题干中的关键词allogrooming和far greater significance。原文B段中提到动物互理毛发的行为及意义。该段第三句中指出，这样做当然有益于卫生，但是这种被动物行为研究者称作“互理毛发”的行为有着更为重大的意义。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

14、

题干意为，有时候，肢体接触能够比语言表达更多的东西。注意抓住题干中的关键词expresses more than words。原文E段提到了肢体接触与言语的不同。该段第二句和第三句中指出，言语并不总是足以表达我们的情感。在朋友经历丧亲之痛的时候，一个真诚的拥抱或是肩头的一次轻拍传达出的信息远非言语可比。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

15、

题干意为，看起来，触摸不仅能帮助保持社交和情感健康，而且还有助于保持生理健康。注意抓住题干中的关键词helpful和physical health。原文I段提到了触摸对生理健康的影响。该段最后一句中指出，触摸看起来不仅能帮助保持社交和情感健康，而且还有助于保持生理健康。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

16、

题干意为，人们对所处的恋情越满意，他们与伴侣之间的梳理行为就越多。注意抓住关键词more satisfied和romantic relationship。G段中介绍了肢体接触对人类情感关系的影响。该段倒数第三中指出，对一段关系的满意度和信任度与参与者自述的爱人之间的梳理行为发生的频率呈正相关。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选G。

17、

题干意为，黑猩猩倾向于与之前给它梳理过毛发的黑猩猩分享食物。注意抓住题干中的关键词A chimpanzee和share food。原文B段提及了与黑猩猩分享食物相关的内容。该段第五句中提到，黑猩猩更愿意同之前为它梳理过毛发的同类分享食物。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

18、

题干意为，一个不包含性暗示的简单触摸可能会使得人们表现得更为利他。注意抓住题干中的关键词act altruistically。F段提到了肢体接触对人们社交生活的影响。该段最后一句中指出，即使是一个简单的、与性无关的触摸也会使人们认为他人更有吸引力，结果他们更倾向于通过归还落在付费电话旁的零钱等多种方式来表现得更为利他。由此可知，题干是对原问的同义转述，故选F。

19、

题干意为，依据邓巴的观点，语言能力促使人类能够用闲聊替代互理毛发。注意抓住题干中的关键词the ability to speak和replace grooming with gossip。原文D段提到了人类语言与替换互理毛发相关的内容。该段最后一句中指出，在邓巴的《梳理毛发，闲聊和语言的进化》一书中。他提出语言能力使得我们人类用闲聊来取代梳理毛发。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选D。原文中faculty意为“做某事物的特殊才能”。

20、

题干意为，动物行为研究者长期以来都知道，肢体接触对适当的社会和情感发展极为重要。注意抓住题干中的关键词proper social and emotional development。原文H段提到了与适当的社会和情感发展相关的内容。该段第二句中指出，肢体接触对适当的社会和情感发展是至关重要的，这一点早已为动物行为研究者们所共知。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选H。

21、

题干意为，手机应用的突然增长可能会有助于儿童的学习。注意抓住题干中的关键词phone apps 和children's study。原文H段提到了与手机应用和儿童学习相关的内容，该段第五句中指出，手机应用程序的激增或许能帮助儿童学习。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选H。

22、

题干意为，短信的流行将大多数上了年纪的人排除在了年轻人的世界之外。注意抓住题干中的关键词popularity和excludes most of the old。原文F段提到了与上了年纪的人被排除在年轻人的世界之外相关的内容，该段第一句和第二句中指出，成年人没有机会从他们的经验出发，无法为年轻人制定出合理的约束规则。于是，无拘无束的年轻人自由地创造他们自己的世界，将大部分上了年纪的人都排除在外。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选F。

23、

题干意为，电话不仅是青少年联系朋友的工具，而且还定义了他们的社交圈。注意抓住题干中的关键词defines their social circle。原文D段提到了与定义青少年社交圈相关的内容，该段前两句中明确指出，电话不仅仅是青少年和朋友保持联系的工具，它也是一种定义其社交圈子的技术。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选D。

24、

题干意为，如果不允许发短信，很多年轻人会倾向于表现得焦躁和不安。注意抓住题干中的关键词anxious and nervous和not allowed to text。原文B段提到了不允许年轻人发短信时会发生的状况，该段最后一句中指出，如果不让年轻人发短信，他们中的很多人会变得焦虑和不安。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

25、

题干意为，13至17岁的孩子在他们醒着的时候，平均每小时发7条短信。注意抓住题干中关键的数字信息aged 13 to 17。原文A段中尼尔森的报告呈现了一组关于孩子使用短信的数据，该段第二句和第三句中指出，13至17岁的孩子平均每月发送3417条短信，这意味着“醒着的时候”每小时发7条短信。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选A。

26、

题干意为，作者担心短信的普遍流行可能会加快独立思考能力的衰退速度。注意抓住题干中的关键词The author worries和independent thought。原文I段提到了作者本人的观点，该段第二句中指出，我所担心的是，短信的普及可能会加速独立思考能力的衰退。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

27、

题干意为，短信起初是被服务商用来给其客户发送广告邮件的。注意抓住题干中的关键词service providers和advertising e-mails。原文E段提到了服务商发送广告邮件相关的内容，该段首句中指出，麻烦在于，短信是突然之间兴起的，而不是慢慢普及的：最初它是作为一种能接收服务提供商给其客户发送广告邮件的工具而内置入手机的。题干中的At first与原文中的Originally同义。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

28、

题干意为，一小部分不被允许发短信的青少年将不会寻求另外一种交流的方式。注意抓住题干中的关键词teens...deprived of texting和find another method of communication。原文C段提到了青少年不被允许发短信后的交流表现，该段第三句和第四句中指出，经济学家可能认为被剥夺了短信交流权利的青少年会采用另一种交流方式——比如交谈。结果却是，有不可忽视的一小部分人不会这么做。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

29、

题干意为，詹姆斯·E.凯茨的一项研究证明年轻人很难放弃手机。注意抓住题干中关键的人名信息James E.Katz。原文G段详细描述了凯茨的研究及其结果，该段第三句中指出，由罗格斯大学的詹

姆斯·E.凯茨于2006年做的一项研究发现，年轻人无法轻易放下手机，哪怕是很短的时间。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选G。

30、

题干意为，我们必须在赋闲的状态下思考才能真正地拥有自己的思想。注意抓住题干中的关键词reflect in idleness和think our own thoughts。原文I段提到了赋闲状态与我们自己的思想之间的关系，该段最后一句中指出，除非我们花时间进行思考——在赋闲的状态中——否则我们永远不能真正拥有自己的思想。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。

31、

题干意为，工薪阶层的中国移民传统上倾向于从唐人街寻求帮助和支持。注意抓住题干中的关键词Working-class Chinese immigrants和seek help and support。文中涉及工薪阶层移民与唐人街之间的重要联系的内容在G段，该段末尾提到，因为唐人街是中国工薪阶层移民寻求支持的传统去处，中国的崛起以及移民流的减缓几乎注定会使唐人街走向终结。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选G。

32、

题干意为，美国各种不同的移民法案极大地影响了唐人街的发展。注意抓住题干中的关键词immigration acts。文中涉及美国移民法案的内容出现在J段，该段首句提到，20世纪上半叶，各种排华法案限制了移民活动，唐人街一度几乎消失不见。而中间部分又提到，直到《1965年移民和国籍法》提高了移民配额后，中国人才又使全美范围内的唐人街焕发了勃勃生机。由此可以看出，美国不同时期的不同移民法案深深地影响着唐人街的兴衰。题干是对原文的同义转述，故选J。

33、

题干意为，在20世纪上半叶，只有不到一半的移民留在了美国。注意抓住题干中的关键词first half of the 20th century。文中涉及20世纪上半叶美国移民情况的内容出现在F段，该段提到了帕帕德米特里欧的陈述，他指出，历史上，20世纪上半叶来到美国的移民超过半数都离开了。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选F。

34、

题干意为，没有技术的劳动者也在返回中国，因为在那里他们可以获得更高的工资并在工作方面有更多的选择。注意抓住题干中的关键词Laborers without skills和higher wages and more options。原文中提及没有技术的劳动者的内容出现在E段，该段第一句和第二句中指出，不过，那些没有技能的体力劳动者也同样在选择回国。中国劳动力的短缺使得工资上涨，在工作地点方面也有了更多的选择。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

35、

题干意为，最近于温妮的客户正不断回到中国去追求中国梦。注意抓住题干中的关键词Chinese Dream。原文中只有B段中提到了“中国梦”，该段中指出，最近，于温妮却一直在目睹一个变化：她的客户们不再涌入唐人街，而是纷纷离开，去追逐一种或许可以被称作“中国梦”的理想去了。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选B。

36、

题干意为，住在旧金山和纽约唐人街的人口数量越来越少。注意抓住题干中的关键词are less and less和Chinatowns in San Francisco and New York。原文H段提到了目前旧金山和纽约唐人街的人口数量，该段第二句中指出，不过现在旧金山和纽约唐人街的人口也在不断减少，唐人街变得不再像居民区，倒更像是商业服务区了。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选H。

37、

题干意为，移民事实上从来就和美国人想象的不一样。注意抓住题干中的关键词Migration和never the same as what the American people think。原文E段中提到了美国人是怎么看待移民的，该段第四句和第五句中引用帕帕德米特里欧的话指出，我们认为在美国，移民就是人们来到这里，留下来，然后死在美国。现实情况却从来不是这样的。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选E。

38、

题干意为，在沈明发看来，现在生活在中国的人一定比那些生活在美国的人过得好。注意抓住题干中的关键词Shen Ming Fa和definitely better。原文C段提到了沈明发对于当今中国人生活的看法，该段第三句和第四句中直接引用沈明发的话指出：人们在中国生活得更舒服：住着大房子，有好

工作。那儿的生活必定要更好些。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选C。

39、

题干意为，大量工薪阶层移民搬离唐人街部分原因在于他们负担不起在那里的生活费用。注意抓住题干中的关键词moving away from the Chinatowns is partly because。原文I段提到了与当下唐人街人口大量迁出相关的内容，该段首句中指出，唐人街人口的大批离去，一部分原因是工薪阶层因价格太高正在被挤出这一传统社区，前往“少数族裔郊区”，发展趋势不断促使居民迁出这一

社区，进入其他二等地区，如纽约皇后区的法拉盛。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选I。40、

题干意为，中国政府通过一系列的鼓励措施吸引接受过海外教育的中国人才归国。注意抓住题干中的关键词The Chinese government和encouraging measures。文中D段提到了中国政府采取措施吸引海外学子归国的相关内容，该段首句中指出，近年来一直在上演中国“海龟”的故事，所谓“海龟”指的是那些在海外接受教育后回国的中国人。中国政府吸引“海龟”回国的激励手段包括财政资助、现金奖励、税收减免以及住房补贴。由此可知，题干是对原文的同义转述，故选D。

大学英语四级模拟试题四(附含答案解析)

大学英语四级模拟题四 Part One Reading Comprehension (2’×10 = 20’) Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Air pollution can spread from city to city. It even spreads from one country to another. Some northern European countries have had “black snow”from pollutants that have traveled through the air from other countries and have fallen with the snow. So air pollution is really a global problem. Air pollution can kill babies, older people, and those who have respiratory（呼吸的）diseases. As found in cities, air pollution increases the risks of certain lung diseases. Air pollution can cause both airplane and car accidents because it cuts down visibility （能见度）. There are other possible health dangers from air pollution that we don’t know much about. For example, scientists are trying to find out whether chemicals that reach us from the air may cause changes in our cells. These changes might cause babies to be born with serious birth defects. Scientists are trying to learn how all the many chemicals are apt（易于的）to take into our bodies from air, water, food, and even medicines act together to affect our health and the way our bodies work. That is another reason why it is so important to begin to control pollution now instead of waiting until we learn all the answers. Air pollution costs us a lot of money. It corrodes（腐蚀）our buildings. It damages farm crops and forests. It has a destructive effect on our works of art. The cost of all this damage to our government is great. It would be much more worthwhile, both for us and for the government, to spend our tax dollars on air pollution control. 1. Air pollution may lead to airplane accidents because . A. it may cause pilots to be ill B. engines may fail from the air-borne dirt C. visibility is reduced D. it brings a lot of black snow 2. Scientists are trying to find a link between pollution and . A. intelligence levels B. birth problems C. man’s behavior D. the nervous system 3. Scientists have not yet determined . A. all of the effects of pollution on the human body B. how pollution can be controlled successfully C. when the atmosphere first became polluted D. how some snow becomes black 4. The author suggests that before air pollution becomes more serious, . A. factories will be forced to stop operating B. buildings should be protected C. the earth will begin to grow colder D. more money should be spent to solve the problem 5. We can conclude that . A. civilization may be ruined if pollution is not controlled B. pollution is more serious in Europe than it is in America C. most people do not know that pollution is a serious problem D. we should learn all the answers before we begin to control pollution Passage Two Stiletto heels could be banned from the workplace because of health and safety reasons, according to British Trade Union bosses. The Trade Union Congress, predominantly male, has proposed a motion arguing that high heels are disrespectful to women while they also contribute to long term injuries. They propose instead that women wear “sensible shoes”with an inch heel limit in an attempt to avoid future foot and back pain as well as injuries. The motion is due to be debated at next month’s conference. The motion states: “Congress believes high heels may look glamorous on the Hollywood catwalks but are completely in appropriate for the day-to-day working environment. Feet bear the burden of daily life, and for many workers prolonged standing, badly fitted footwear, and in particular high heels can be a hazard. Around two million days a year are lost through sickness as a result of lower limb disorders. Wearing high heels can cause long-term foot problems and also serious foot, knee and back pain and damaged joints. Many employers in the retail sector force women workers to wear high heels as part of their dress code. More must be done to raise awareness of this problem so that women workers and their feet are protected.” Nadline Dorries, the Tory Member of Parliament, however criticized the motion and said the extra height heels give women can help them when in the workplace. “I’m 5ft 3in and need every inch of my Christian Louboutin heels to look my male colleagues in the eye,”she said. “If high heels were banned in Westminster, no one would be able to find me. The Trade Union leaders need to get real, stop using obvious sexist tactics by discussing women’s

大学英语四级考试专项练习题：完形填空(一)

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Calculate for a moment what could be done with even a part of those hours. Five thousand hours, I am told, are what a typical college undergraduate spends working on a bachelor's degree. In 10,000 hours you could have learned enough to become an astronomer or engineer. You could have learned several languages fluently. If it appealed to you, you could be reading Homer in the original Greek or Dostoyevsky in Russian. If it didn't, you could have walked around the world and written a book about it. The trouble with television is that it discourages concentration. Almost anything interesting and rewarding in life requires some constructive, consistently applied effort. The dullest, the least gifted of us can achieve things that seem miraculous to those who never concentrate on anything. But Television encourages us to apply no effort. It sells us instant gratification(满意). It diverts us only to divert, to make the time pass without pain. Television's variety becomes a narcotic(麻醉的), nor a stimulus. Its serial, kaleidoscopic (万花筒般的)exposures force us to follow its lead. The viewer is on a perpetual guided tour: 30 minutes at the museum, 30 at the cathedral, 30 for a drink, then back on the bus to the next attraction—except on television., typically, the spans allotted arc on the order of minutes or seconds, and the chosen delights are more often car crashes and people killing one another. In short, a lot of television usurps(篡夺;侵占) one of the most precious of all human gifts, the ability to focus your attention yourself, rather than just passively surrender it. Capturing your attention—and holding it—is the prime motive of most television programming and enhances its role as a profitable advertising vehicle. Programmers live in constant fear of losing anyone's attention—anyone's. The surest way to avoid doing so is to keep everything brief, not to strain the attention of anyone but instead to provide constant stimulation through variety, novelty, action and movement. Quite

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