高中英语必修四Unit4知识归纳

Unit4知识归纳

词汇

1．represent vt.代表；表现；描绘；象征；声称；说明

归纳拓展

(1)represent sth./sb.象征某物/代表某人

represent...as...把……描绘成……

represent oneself as/to be自称是，声称

represent sth.to sb.向某人说明某事，向某人描绘某事

(2)representation n. 表现，描述，描绘；表现形式

make representations to...与……进行交涉；向……提出抗议

(3)representative n．代表；代理人adj.典型的；代理的

be representative of 是……的代表，是……中典型的

2．curious adj.有好奇心的；有求知欲的；感兴趣的

归纳拓展

(1)be curious about sth.对某事感到好奇

be curious to do sth.极想做某事

It's curious that...……很奇怪

(2)curiously adv.好奇地；奇异地，奇怪地

curiosity n．好奇心；好奇；珍品，奇事

in/with curiosity＝curiously好奇地

from/out of curiosity 出于好奇

meet/satisfy one's curiosity 满足某人的好奇心

3．approach n．接近，逼近，走近；方法，步骤，途径，道路

vt.接近，建议；要求，找……商量vi.靠近

归纳拓展

(1)at the approach of...在快到……的时候

make an approach to...对……进行探讨；向……提出要求/建议

an/the approach to sth.(待人接物或思考问题的)方法、方式、态度

(2)approach sb.on/about sth.与某人接洽/商量某事

approach to...接近，近似；约等于；做某事的方法/途径

同类辨析

approach，way，method与means

(1)approach，way，method，means 都有“方式，方法，途径”之意，但approach 侧重指待人接物或思考问题的方式；way 为一般用语；means 指可以得到结果的手段、方法；method 指有规律的、有条理的做法，如教学方法teaching method。

(2)表示“做……的方法”时各自的搭配分别是：

the approach to (doing) sth.

the means of (doing) sth.

the method of (doing) sth.

the way to do/of (doing) sth.

(3)分别与不同两介词搭配：with this method/in this method/in this way/by this means

4．defend vt.保护；保卫

归纳拓展

(1)defend sb./sth.from/against sb./sth.保护某人(某物)免受伤害；保卫某人(某物)

defend oneself against sth.为自己辩护

defence n．保卫；保护；辩护；答辩

(2)in defence (of...)为了保卫(……)

in sb.'s/sth.'s defence为……辩护；在……的防备下

同类辨析

defend，guard与protect

三者都含有“保护”之意。

(1)defend指“保卫”、“防御”，指抵御或击退外来威胁或攻击，应用范围很广，对象可以是具体的，也可以是抽象的。

(2)guard指“保卫”、“守卫”，指注意观察、戒备，以免受可能的攻击或伤害。

(3)protect指“保护”，以免遭受危险或伤害等。

Troops have been sent to defend the borders.

已派出部队去守卫边疆。

The dog was guarding its owner's luggage.

那只狗守护着主人的行李。

They huddled together to protect themselves from the wind.他们挤在一起，免受风吹。

5．likely adj.预期的，可能的adv.可能地

归纳拓展

sb./sth.be likely to do很可能做……；有希望做……

It's likely＋thatclause做……是可能的

not likely(表示坚决不同意)绝不可能，绝对不会

Are you likely to be in London this year?

今年你可能去伦敦吗？

It's very likely that he will go abroad.

＝He is likely to go abroad.

他很可能要出国。

同类辨析

likely，probable 与possible

(1)likely 是从外表、迹象上进行判断有可能发生的事，与probable意思接近。它作表语时，主语既可以是人，也可以是物，常用句型：It is likely that...或sb./sth.be likely to...。

(2)probable 表示的可能性比possible要大，意为“很可能”，指有实际依据或逻辑上合情合理的猜测。它作表语时，不能用人作主语，表示“某人有可能做某事”要用It is probable that...句型。

(3)possible 指客观上潜在的可能性，但往往含有希望很小的意味。它作表语时，也不能用人作主语，表示“某人干某事是可能的”，常用It's possible for sb.to do sth.或It's possible that...句型。另外possible还用于固定结构中，如as...as possible，if possible等。

It's probable that he will come here today.

他很有可能今天来这里。

It's possible for him to cover the book in an hour.

在一小时内读完这本书对他来说是可能的。

短语与句型

1．at ease 舒适，快活，自由自在

归纳拓展

be/feel at ease 感到放松，自在

look at ease看上去心情放松

ill at ease 不自在，不自然

set/put...at one's ease 使……放心、放松

with ease 容易地，不费劲地

take one's ease休息；轻松一下

2．lose face丢脸

归纳拓展

(1)lose face为固定短语，face前不加任何冠词、物主代词等。

(2)lose one's face失去面子

save one's face 挽回面子

face to face 面对面(作状语)

facetoface面对面的(作定语)

in (the) face of面对，在……面前

make a face/faces at向……扮鬼脸

(3)face the enemy毅然面对敌人

face danger/difficulties面临危险/困难

be faced with面临，面对

He doesn't want to back down and risk losing face.

他不想打退堂鼓，怕会丢脸。

Rather than admit failure，Frank made a face in order to save face.

弗兰克为了保全面子，没有承认失败，而是做了个鬼脸。

I've never met her face to face.We've only talked on the phone.我从没有当面见过她。我们只在电话中交谈过。

She is faced with a difficult decision.

她面临艰难的选择。

3．Not all cultures greet each other the same way，nor are they comfortable in the same way with touching or distance between people.

各种文化背景下人们互相问候的方式不尽相同，身体接触和相互间距离的程度也不一样。

(1)not/neither...nor..[正式](用于否定句之后)既不……又不……

I wasn't very impressed by his replies，nor his reasons.我对他的回答印象不太深刻，对他的理由也是一样。

(2)nor/neither表示“也不”，放到句首引导分句时要用倒装语序。

归纳拓展

常用倒装句式归纳：

①表示否定的词或短语置于句首时，句子要部分倒装，如no，not，never，seldom，little，hardly，at no time，in no way等。

归纳拓展

②not only...but also，hardly/scarcely...when，no sooner...than中如果将not only/hardly/scarcely/no sooner提到句首，该分句倒装。

③so，neither，nor表示“也(不)”，放到句首时引起部分倒装。

④only修饰状语或状语从句置于句首时，句子倒装。

⑤as引导让步状语从句，需将表语和状语提前。

⑥here，there，now，then等副词和表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，句子完全倒装，但主语是人称代词时不能倒装。

⑦虚拟语气条件从句中谓语动词有were，had，should等词，可将if省略，把were，had，should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

语法

动词的ing形式作状语

动词的ing形式及其短语可在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，用来表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

1．动词的ing形式或其短语作状语往往修饰谓语动词表示的动作，相当于相应的状语从句或并列句。

(1)表示时间，作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。(有时可以在动词的ing形式前加一个表时间的连词，如when，while等)

Look out for cars when crossing the street.

过街时注意车辆。

(2)表示原因，作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。

Not knowing how to get there(＝As I did not know how to get there)，I had to ask the way.

因为不知道如何去那里，我只得问路。

(3)表示条件，作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句。

Driving too fast(＝If you drive too fast)，you will damage the car.如果你开车太快，你会把汽车弄坏的。

(4)表示伴随状况或行为方式，相当于并列复合句。

They went into the hall，talking and laughing.

(＝They went into the hall and were talking and laughing.)他们又说又笑地走进大厅。

(5)表示结果，作结果状语，相当于结果状语从句。

European football is played in 80 countries，making it the most popular sport in the world.(＝European football is played in 80 countries；as a result，it becomes the most popular sport in the world.)

欧式足球运动在80个国家开展，这使它成为世界上最受欢迎的体育运动。

注意：①当动词的ing形式作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果动词的ing形式的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，即为错句。

②有时动词的ing形式或动词的ing形式短语有自己独立的主语，称之为独立主格结构。Time permitting，we will go on a trip.

时间许可的话，我们就去旅行。

2．动词的ing形式作状语与谓语动词的关系

(1)动词的ing形式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，分词用一般形式。

Standing on the top of the mountain，I found the houses below looked like tiny toys.

而不可以说：

Standing on the top of the mountain，the houses below looked like tiny toys.

当我站在山顶上时，我发现下面的房子就像小玩具一样。

②有时动词的ing形式或动词的ing形式短语有自己独立的主语，称之为独立主格结构。Time permitting，we will go on a trip.

时间许可的话，我们就去旅行。

有些动词的ing短语可以作句子的独立成分，对全句进行解释或修饰，表明说话者的态度、观点等。此时，不存在其逻辑主语和句子主语一致的问题。

例如：generally/frankly speaking一般/坦白说来；judging by/from...从……判断；taking everything into consideration总的说来。

Frankly speaking，I don’t enjoy the performance.

坦白地说，我不喜欢这场演出。

2．动词的ing形式作状语与谓语动词的关系

(1)动词的ing形式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，分词用一般形式。

He ran up to her，breathing heavily.

他气喘吁吁地跑到她面前。

(2)动词的ing形式表示的动作先于谓语表示的动作(或状态)，现在分词需用完成时形式having done。

Having already seen the film twice，she didn’t want to go to the cinema.

这部电影她已看过两遍，她不想去看了。

(3)动词的ing形式的否定形式为not doing与not having done。

Not knowing his address，I didn’t go to visit him.

由于不知道他的地址，我没去看他。

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