Code of Practice for Technical management of sprinkler and micro irrigation
中华人民共和国行业标准之一
喷灌与微灌工程技术
管理规程
Code of Practice for Technical
Management of
Sprinkler and Micro
Irrigation Project
SL236—1999
Translated by Mr. Cheng Xingguang in Department of Irrigation of MAMI of Zimbabwe
2010-5-30 email:chengxn2002@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ae764850.html,
Only for my birthday memory
to my Zimbabwe Friends.
CONTENTS
1 General
2 Project Management
2.1 Water Resources
2.2 Capital of the Project
2.3Channel project
2.4 Fixed pressure pipeline
2.5 Machine-way
3 Equipment Operation and Management 3.1 General provisions
3.2 power machine
3.3 Pump
3.4 Surge tank
3.5 fertilizer plant
3.6 Filters
3.7 Mobile Pipeline
3.8 Sprinklers
3.9 micro-irrigation emitter
4, Maintenance equipment and maintenance 4.1 General provisions
4.2 power machine
4.3 Pump
4.4 Surge tank
4.5 fertilizer plant
4.6 Filters
4.7 Mobile Pipeline
4.8 Sprinklers
4.9 micro-irrigation emitter
4.10 low-voltage electrical equipment
5 Sprinkler, micro irrigation and machine equipment management
5.1 General provisions
5.2 Central pivot and lateral move (side roll, wheel line) irrigation machines
5.3 Travelling irrigation machines
5.4 roller moving irrigation machines
5.5 Drip irrigation, micro-sprinkler and other micro irrigation machine 6, water management and field test
6.1 water management
6.2 Field Test
7, after technical and economic evaluation
7.1 General provisions
7.2 costs
7.3 benefit calculation
7.4 Economic Analysis
7.5 Financial Analysis
7.6 Management Evaluation System Appendix
The order of words and terms Help Provision in the code
1 General Provisions
1.0.1 T o improve irrigation and micro irrigation engineering management, water conservation, reduce energy consumption and ensure safe operation, give full play to projec t benefits, formulated rules.
1.0.2 The rules apply to sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation works project management, equipment operation and maintenance, water management and field testing, and after technical and economic evaluation.
1.0.3 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project management organization must be established. Organizational management and financial management in accordance with the relevant provisions of force in the country.
1.0.4 Cough irrigation and micro irrigation project managers must be trained and assessment.
1.0.5 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation engineering technical files must be established, including: design, construction and acceptance of documents, equipment, technical data, water planning and operations records, equipment, engineering maintenance situation, a major cause of the accident analysis and processing results, the main technical and economic index of information.
1.0.6 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation works should be carried out comprehensive utilization, improve facilities utilization.
1.0.7 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project technical management, in addition shall comply with the order; the state still should be consistent with existing relevant standards.
1.0.8 All departments may formulate implementing rules according to the rules.
2 Project Management
2.1 water projects
2.1.1 Water Project to plan and annual operating plan for the water supply quantity and time of securing water supply.
2.1.2 Water quality should meet GB5084-92 "irrigation water" provision; irrigation project water quality should meet the SLl03-95 "irrigation project technical specifications" requirement. Necessary, should water quality testing.
2.1.3 Rivers, channels, reservoirs, ponds, motor-pumped well water source projects such as water management, should be the standard provisions.
2.2 first project
2.2.1 Pressurized sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation pump station construction project management, should conform to SD204-86 "pump technical specifications (technical management volumes)" requirements.
2.2.2 Since the first pool of water pressure works and control facilities, the dredging should be the design requirements in a timely manner, clean-up and maintenance.
2.3 channel project
2.3.1 Before the irrigation season, should open channels, culverts (pipes) and building a comprehensive examination, and clear the sludge and weeds, repair damaged parts.
2.3.2 Irrigation, drainage channels should carry out regular inspections inspection found serious water leakage, burst water and control gate (logging) failure, etc., should be t imely repairs.
2.3.3 After the irrigation season, water should be immediately removed the underground pipe,
sealing inlet and outlet; respond well and check the valve shaft seal, opening and closing body oiled; in cold areas should take necessary measures to prevent frost damage .
2.4 Fixed pressure pipeline
2.4.1 before the irrigation season, should pipe inspection, test the water, and should meet the following requirements:
1 channel patency, not leaking.
2 control valve opening and closing a flexible, reliable security equipment action.
3 buried pipeline valve wells without water, the exposed part of the pipeline intact.
4 measuring meter panel clearly shows that normal.
2.4.2 Irrigation, if found leaking pipes, control valves or safety protection equipment failure, should be timely maintenance without water; if inaccurate measurement instrument display, should be promptly corrected or replaced.
2.4.3 irrigation season, the deal pipeline for repairs and maintenance, including: Rinse sediment, discharge over water; maintenance of security equipment and measurement instrumentation; valve, opening and closing body oiled, sealed valve well ; geographic removable pipe and the ground segment interfaces stamped or properly covered, the ground surface of metal pipe corrosion treatment on a regular basis. Cold areas, should also valve well, Main and branch pipe joints and the ground heat exchanger piping interfaces with the ground freezing measures taken.
2.5 Machine-way street
2.5.1 Drainage-way street, and drag the side of machine with a machine-way street to keep the road hard, smooth, smooth.
2.5.2 Sprinkler and micro irrigation machine operating field should be level with the passage of Road and smooth.
3 Equipment Operation and Management
3.1 General provisions
3.1.1 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project must be provided for each device in accordance with product specifications and design conditions are prepared to run the correct operating procedures and requirements.
3.1.2 Design of sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation works should be the work of pressure to run.
3.1.3 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation works should be operating within the design wind speed.
3.14 Should do a good job running records, including: equipment run time, system pressure and flow, energy consumption, troubleshooting, charges, duty officers and other conditions. 3.2 power machine
3.2.1 The motor should be checked before starting, and should meet the following requirements:
1 An electrical wiring is correct, instrument display anteroposterior.
2 Rotor rotation flexibility, without friction noise and other noise.
3 Supply voltages normal.
3.2.2 The motor should be no load (or light load) to start, when the value of current that began to be eased back into operation.
3.2.3 Motor current work should not exceed the rated current; case of motor temperature surging or other irregularities, should immediately stop troubleshooting.
3.2.4 Motor housing should be well grounded. Switchboard wiring and interior line should be well insulated. Wire cables shall not be exposed.
3.2.5 Motor Operation shall meet the provisions of this order, there should be implementation of the DL499-92 "Rural Low Voltage" T echnical Specification of the requirements.
3.2.6 Should be checked before engine start, and should meet the following requirements:
1 Parts complete, link fastening.
2 Oil level is moderate, sufficient cooling water and diesel fuel, water, oil circuit flow.
3,Diesel engine started with the auxiliary, auxiliary work reliably.
3.2.7 Diesel fuel shall meet the requirements, do not use unfiltered oil and diesel.
3.2.8 After repeated operation of diesel engine can not start or starts working properly, then OK to start troubleshooting.
3.2.9 For water-cooled diesel engine, to be idle after warm start, and then slowly increase the speed of the cooling water temperature should reach more than 60 ℃, oil temperature reaches 45 ℃, full load operation.
3.2.10 Engine operation, the meter display should be stable within the specified range, no noise, no black smoke.
3.2.11 Remove the engine air filter is strictly prohibited 3.2.11 up and running, is strictly prohibited in the long run under overload conditions.
3.2.12 Diesel engine emergency stop, in addition to cause of the accident should be identified and troubleshooting things, there should be a comprehensive inspection of all components and wiring conditions, to be sure no damage, tighten connection, the party may start the steps to re-start the engine.
3.2.13 Normal diesel engine stop, the load should be removed first, and gradually reduce the speed. For water-cooled diesel engine, should the water temperature dropped to below 70 ℃parking. When the ambient temperature is below 5 ℃, after stopping when the temperature dropped to 30-40 ℃before they put a net cooling water.
3.2.14 Engine governor should be checked regularly. In case of vehicles, can release the decompression lever or high-pressure oil pipe joint, or blocked air filters, forced stop.
3.3 Water Pump
3.3.1 The pump should be checked before starting, and should meet the following requirements:
1 Pump without loosening the fastener.
2 Shaft rotation flexibility, no noise.
3 Packing gland or mechanical seal tightness of the spring fit.
4 with oil lubrication pumps, oil cleaner, oil level is moderate.
5, Vacuum pump filling with water pumps, vacuum tubes Road to the gate in the open position.
6 Pump water inlet and the long axis deep well pump, submersible pump deep water section of the submerged and suspended high meets the requirements.
3.3.2 Non-submersible pumps lifting cable into the water.
3.3.3 Self-priming centrifugal pumps for the first time before the start of the body should be injected into circulating water pump, water level should be maintained at above the impeller axis. If the start 3min no water, must be down to check.
3.3.4 Before the start of the long axis deep well pump should inject an appropriate amount of pre-Run water, static water level for more than 50m on the long axis deep well pump, water should be continuously injected into pre-Run-up to the normal deep well water. The time interval between two start not less than 5min.
3.3.5 centrifugal pump should start off valve until the engine speed rating and stable, then slowly open the valve. Should first slow down off valve.
3.3.6 Pumps in operation, various meter readings should be within the specified scope. The drip should adjust the padding in the 10 to 30 drops per minute. Bearing parts of the temperature should in 20 ~ 40 ℃, the maximum shall not exceed 75 ℃. A larger operation such as vibration or abnormal, must be down to check.
.4 Surge tank
3.4.1 Surge tanks shall be tested prior to run, and should meet the following requirements:
1 A sensor, electrical contacts and other automation equipment in good condition, normal line pressure preset values are correct.
2 C ontrol valve opening and closing a flexible, safety valve, exhaust valve reliable action.
3 I nflatable device intact.
3.4.2 The operation of various parts of the tank must always be observed, not a frustrating, leaking.
3.5 Fertilizer plant
3.5.1 Operational fertilization should be checked before and should meet the following requirements:
1 A solid connection of all parts, parts of seal pressure.
2 Sensitive pressure gauge, valves open and close and flexible interface, the correct position.
3.5.2 Investment and fertilizer requirements should be, according to instructions for fertilizer operations.
3.5.3 Fertilization and must be within the system with water rinse liquid fertilizer.
3.6 Filters
3.6.1 Before running the filter should be inspected and should meet the following requirements: 1 Complete all components, fastening, instrument sensitive, flexible and open and close the valve.
2 Open the back of net air pump, check the filter if water leakage should be a timely manner.
3.6.2 For the whirling sand separator, during operation of sewage to be washed at regular intervals.
3.6.3 For the screen, sand, laminated filter, pressure gauge after the current value close to the maximum allowed, you must flush the sewage.
3.6.4 The screen mesh and laminated filters, such as washing, pressure is still close to the maximum allowed value, remove the filter element should be cleaned manually.
3.6.5 For the sand filter, sand filter backwash should be avoided out of cans, the need to filter sand should be added in time.
3.7 Mobile Pipeline
3.7.1 before use, section by section pipe inspection, pipe and fittings shall be complete, clean, good condition; sealing rubber ring should be clean and flexible.
3.7.2 Pipelines should be carried out step by step starting intake. Pipe joint deflection angle
should not exceed the specified value. Upright standpipe should be stable.
3.7.3 Should not be running in the pipeline leak.
3.7.4 Branch shall Rotation order of the shift. In the former group (or groups) branch pipe run should be installed in the latter group (or groups) branch. Rotation, the paper tube off the valve should open later.
3.7.5 Pipeline before the move, should let go of pipe water, split into a single. Move, the non-drag, rolling and throwing. Hoses should be coiled move.
3.7.6 In the dismantling, removal of metal pipes, non-touch transmission lines.
3.8 spray head
3.8.1 Sprinklers should be inspected before installation, and should meet the following requirements:
1 Part complete, connected firmly, correct nozzle size.
2 Smooth flow, rotation and flexible, reliable commutation.
3.8.2 Sprinklers running in the tour should be monitored and found to be timely processing of the following circumstances:
1 import leaking joints and sealing parts.
2 do not change or speed too fast, too slow.
3 for the failure.
4 nozzle blockage or loss.
5 supports skew or dumping.
3.8.3 jet fired water transmission line is strictly prohibited.
3.9 micro-irrigation emitter
3.9.1 Irrigation and joins the former should emitter inspection and replacement.
3.9.2 Irrigation should be serious view of emitter plugging and damage should be replaced when necessary, timely processing and open capillary end of the wash water distribution.
4, Equipment maintenance and maintenance
4.1 General provisions
4.1.1 Equipment Manual shall be provided for routine maintenance, periodic maintenance.
4.1.2 Equipment out of storage, you must apply for transfer procedures.
4.1.3 Custody before storage, response equipment inspection and maintenance. Removal equipment surface dust, dirt and rust; replacement of damaged or affect the performance of components; on serious or irreparable damage to equipment should be scrapped.
4.1.4 Equipment should be based on species; models, specifications were kept, and should be clearly marked.
4.1.5 Equipment should be stored in clean, dry, well ventilated and away from heat sources. Stored in on the ground, should avoid direct contact with the ground.
4.1.6 Plastic pipe, micro-irrigation emitter and cable lines should be to prevent rats and ants harm.
4.1.7 Motors, low voltage electrical maintenance and repair shall meet the requirements the provisions of this order, there should be implementation of the DL499-92 "Rural Low Voltage" T echnical Specification of the requirements.
4.2 Power machine
4.2.1 Diesel should be required to conduct technical maintenance cycle.
4.2.2 long-term storage of diesel should put a net diesel oil; water-cooled diesel engine should put a net cooling water, clear water tank scale; air-cooled diesel engine air duct should be removed and the heat sink in the dirt; should clean or replace the air filter and crude oil, fine filter core; should be 10 ~ 15g cylinder barrel into new oil, air filter also should be blocking ports, exhaust port and tank port, and cover the body.
4.2.3 Long-term storage of the motor should be kept dry and clean.
4.2.4 Of the regular operation of motors, should be complete in accordance with the terminal box cover, no loose screw press line and no burn, good earth, etc., to conduct a security check each month.
4.2.5 After the irrigation season, should conduct a motor repair. Of the insulation resistance value is less than 0.5ΜΩ the motor, should be dried before the next irrigation season for the retest.
4.3 Water Pump
4.3.1 use of calcium-based grease for lubricating oil pumps, bearings should be a year before running, bearing body wash, an oil change. The new pump with oil lubrication, running after 100h bearing the body cavity should be cleaned, replace the oil; put into normal operation, each work should be replaced once the oil 500h.
4.3.2 Pump Run 1500 ~ 2000h after the inspection of all components should be demolished, cleaning rust, maintenance.
4.3.3 Submersible deep well pump and the long axis once every use of appropriate repair and maintenance for one year. If the smooth operation, low power consumption (oil) normal, the main performance index rating of not less than nameplate marked, repair and maintenance period may be extended.
4.3.4 After the irrigation season, should put a net accumulation of water inside the pump. After each use during the winter irrigation should be timely Drainage. Long-term storage, the pump casing and impeller and other parts should be oiled over current rust. Submersible pumps should be stored indoors.
4.4 Surge tank
4.4.1 winter irrigation, the open-air setting surge tank should be emptying.
4.4.2 Irrigation season, the response regulator-controlled tank apparatus, control valve, the control lines, inflatable devices to conduct a comprehensive inspection and maintenance.
4.4.3 Should be regular internal and external surge tank surface rust treatment.
4.5 fertilizer plant
4.5.1 After each fertilization, fertilizer application equipment should be maintained, and check the inlet and outlet connections and seals joints.
4.5.2 Irrigation season, the fertilizer plant should overhaul the parts, cleaning dirt, replacement of damaged and corroded parts, and easy to eclipse parts and parts for processing.
4.6 Filter
4.6.1Irrigation season, the deal with whirling sand separator maintenance and maintenance to remove sand, on the import and export and storage of sand, etc. can check, repair damaged parts.
4.6.2 Use the screen filter, after each irrigation filter elements should be removed to clean, and replace the damaged parts. Irrigation season, remove the filter element should be timely to conduct a thorough cleaning, and full maintenance of all components.
4.6.3 After the irrigation season, should be clean laminated filter, filter elements, and other components for maintenance, replacement of damaged parts.
4.6.4 Use of sand filters, they shall check whether the connected loose parts, sealing ability is good, found the problem should be ready to deal with. Irrigation season, should conduct a comprehensive inspection, if the filter sand or dirt caking more sand filter should be cleaned, if necessary, to add the new sand.
4.7 Mobile Pipeline
4.7.1 After each irrigation, pipes and fittings should carry out inspection, repair or replacement.
4.7.2 Mobile control should be of different materials, specifications, code stockpiling on flat ground, pile and the pile should be left between the channels. Ends with a hard pipe or tube should be layered between layers crisscross around the staggered deposit addit ional skids; one end of the tube with a hard-tube should be staggered around the storage layer; plastic pipe layer shall install skids; soft Plastics pipe and not more than 50mm in diameter semi-soft plastic tube to be dried in the air, bundled storage reel. Metal pipe pile height should not exceed 1.5m; plastic pipe pile height should not exceed 1.0m.
4.7.3 Plastic pipes should not be kept open from the heat source not less than 1.5m.
4.7.4 Pipe fittings, measuring instruments and sealing rubber ring should be different specifications, models classified listings, placed in racks, no pressure.
4.8 spray head
4.8.1 End of each operation should be cleaned nozzles, timely replacement of defective parts.
4.8.2 Sprinkler irrigation season, should be maintained, should include the following:
1 D emolition of the parts in order to check the wear, wear seriously affect the normal use of replacement parts.
2 Parts water, wipe the tracks, remove stains and rust, grease the moving parts, in order to re-assemble.
4.8.3 Sprinklers application wrap well, classified listings storage.
4.9 Micro-irrigation emitter
4.9.1 Irrigation seasons, the response to micro sprinklers, drippers and Irrigation Tube (with) such as inspection, repair or replacement of damaged and has been blocked emitter.
4.9.2 After the irrigation season, should open the Irrigation Tube (with) the end to wash and, if necessary
Should be acid. Mobile Irrigation Tube (with) should reel back room storage.
4.10 low-voltage electrical equipment
4.10.1 permanent circuit overhead power lines should be inspected once a month. Geographic cable should be checked every six months, insulation resistance should be tested once a year.
4.10.2 indoor or outdoor low-voltage lines overhead low voltage lines do not use non-bare, broken insulation or corrosion of the wire must be promptly replaced, joints and other joints shall not be loose, and should have good insulation.
4.10.3 All kinds of switch contact burns, severe corrosion, should be replaced; outer cover should be kept intact.
4.10.4 Three-phase contact, if not also contact the same time separation should be repaired or replaced.
4.10.5 Regular checks of open-air installation of various switches, such as the rain damaged equipment must be repaired in time.
4.10.6 Distribution panel and the starter should be kept clean, the connection point must be a good contact. Damaged parts and instrument should be repaired in time. Electric shock test the security device should be checked once a week, action must be sensitive. Melt blown, it must identify the causes, troubleshooting, free to change the melt material is strictly prohibited or specifications.
4.10.7 The equipment required to be grounded, grounding must be good.
5 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation machine management
5.1 General provisions
5.1.1 Manual machines should be provided to install, use, maintenance and repair. New or overhauled the irrigation and micro irrigation machine should make a trial run before use.
5.1.2, Check before running. Should meet the following requirements:
1 A structural component without distortion, deflection, bolt fastening, riveting, and welding parts firm.
2, solid wiring of electrical components, security, good ground, melt specifications meet the requirements, instrument display anteroposterior, wire, cable is not damaged.
3 moving parts operate freely, handle bar and the button operation is reliable and flexible.
4 lubricating oil filling positions as required.
5 power machine and pump to keep in good technical condition.
6 Emitter is installed correctly and firmly.
7, pipeline flow.
8 braking and protective devices safe and reliable.
9 tire pressure to meet the requirements.
10 test run with water, the pipe joints sealed and reliable.
11 Field no effect on the operation of obstacles.
5.1.3 Water and suspended, should be slow to open and close the valve or hydrant.
5.1.4 Must constantly monitor the operation of working conditions, and should meet the following requirements:
1 A first side pressure pipeline design range.
2 instrument instructions correctly.
3 moving parts running smoothly with no abnormal sounds.
4, no loose fasteners.
5 seals leak.
6 emitter working.
5.1.5 Find and remove faults should be strictly prohibited forced to run.
5.1.6 Application of liquid fertilizer, chemical agents, the deal pipeline cleaning.
5.1.7 Operation is completed, should be ruled out over the water pipe to be cut off electricity for the power supply.
5.1.8 Long stop, in addition should be required to be maintained, repaired, it should also meet the following requirements:
1 A flush pipe, valves, remove sediment, dirt.
2 pump and drain the water inside the pipe.
3 cleared to walk parts of the earth, weeds.
4 Corrosion of the sites were easy to deal with rust.
5.2 Center pivot and lateral move (side roll, wheel line) irrigation machines
5.2.1 Except for the rules to run before the first implementation of the provisions of Article 5.1.2, we must also meet the following requirements:
1 The tower parts synchronous sensing device is sensitive, flexible joint connecting solid and reliable.
2 percentage timer and over-water protection relay as planned irrigation quota adjustment.
3 tower manual switches is closed, the AC contactor control box and the micro switch contacts without serious burns on contact.
4 Car drive motor on each tower the same direction.
5 tower firmly attached propeller shaft, and a protective device.
6 Centre for irrigation supporting shaft of Synchronous Machine Moving right angle adjustment, Sliding contact rod driven irrigation machines and micro switch is sensitive and reliable, oriented cable taut, strong, planted in the parking pile edge of a farm intact.
7 parking control device or automatic return of the irrigated area by a predetermined adjustment.
5.2.2 Except for the running order of the provisions of article 5.1.4, each tower remained in the car to move forward on a straight line.
5.2.3 Runtime Truss vent valve must be sealed and reliable, should be able to automatically stop the discharge operation. Vent valve should open and close the end of a flexible cantilever.
5.2.4 Start preceded spraying operation, after the walk; operating end of the cough should stop the water and move 10 ~ 20m.
5.2.5 Drag the hand should have the command of irrigation machine shall be parked on the drag route, walking round should be adjusted to drag the state. Traction rope must be provided if requested, to adjust and tighten. Drag speeds exceeding 3km / h.
5.2.6 During the winter or long-term parking should be inflated to the tire; on the nozzle, the main electrical equipment components and maintenance. Remove part of the storage should be kept classified.
5.2.7 temperature is less than 4 ℃, non-spray irrigation operation.
5.3 Rolling move irrigation machines
5.3.1 before running car under frame winch should be adjusted to the level of state and tight with the anchors, winch into position by the drag work location should be fixed.
5.3.2 Use the car should be left nozzle passage Road, single-nozzle Rolling move irrigation machines should be fan-shaped spray.
5.3.3 When laying pipes, the pipe remaining in the winch shall not be less than a lap. Sprinklers should be straight drag car, its speed must not exceed 3km / h.
5.3.4 Automatic winch drive system must be safe and reliable.
5.3.5 shall not run except on the irrigation machine other than the speed of adjustment of adjustment and maintenance. Sprinkler irrigation scheme car fixed walking speed should be adjusted.
5.3.6 Drag machine, the winch cars and trucks must be adjusted to the required nozzle fixed position, locking; in his fields and drag on the speed of the road were no more than 5km / h and 10km / h.
5.3.7 Irrigation system should keep storage and axle support, the tire mat off the ground.
5.4 roll move irrigation machines
5.4.1 spraying, the spray tube (hollow shaft) should be perpendicular to the water supply pipe; nozzle should be facing up, sprinkler risers should be kept vertical.
5.4.2 running clutch spring preload should be adjusted properly.
5.4.3 Operating point spraying is completed, should be torn off before connecting hose, drain the remaining water sprinkler pipe.
5.4.4 When the sprinkling machine moving 4 to 8 axes of a serious bent position when the nozzles should be manually adjust the wheel position to the basic axis of a straight line.
5.4.5 When the crop height of more than wheel radius is not appropriate to adopt this model.
5.5 light, small irrigation and micro irrigation machine
5.5.1 Pump and power machine with drive coupling, the axis must be in a straight line; coupling between the pump and power machine should be no less than the sum of axial run out of space, not more than 300mm diameter pump, its value of options is 2 ~ 4mm. With triangular belt, the two belt slots deal is; belt should be consistent with the specifications and the using conditions, elastic should be appropriate, and shall not reduce the number of roots.
5.5.2 When using belt drive, not in its transmission equipment with no security cover to run the case.
5.5.3 Each assignment is completed, the components should be maintained, check the link fastening situations. Micro-irrigation machine should also pay attention to check whether the filter and emitter clogging.
5.5.4 Storage unit, it should remove the drive belt, arranged in neat rows, smooth placement. Tire or chassis should be off the ground.
5.5.5 the same unit of the parts should be stored together. Can not be stored together, should be placed after the number.
6 water management and field test
6.1 Water Management
6.1.1 should be fixed according to the design irrigation and irrigation cycle, over the years operating experience, current crop conditions and weather forecasts and water supply, etc., the preparation of water-year plan.
6.1.2 Before each irrigation under the plan in light of the actual situation, prepare and adjust operational plans. Diving operations should be planned, and well recorded. Record shall include the following:
1 A project name, address.
2 water resource type.
3, wind speed, air temperature and relative humidity.
4 crop species and planting area.
5 irrigation dates and crop growth Lang.
6 Rotation group number and run the branch number.
7 meter reading.
8 Times.
9 Blocking and washing conditions.
10 fertilizer type, fertilizer and fertilizer per unit area total.
11 scale irrigation schemes and the actual irrigation unit area.
12 accident situation and the outcome.
13 signatures on duty.
14 other cases.
6.1.3 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project should be measured according to the law and collect water.
6.1.4 When the wind speed exceeds the design wind speed, sprinkler and micro irrigation works should stop operating.
6.2 Field Test
6.2.1 have a certain size and condition of irrigation works and irrigation project, irrigation should be strength, irrigation uniformity coefficient, water use efficiency indicators such as single test or operating conditions of the integrated system test.
6.2.2 Select the field test area should be under natural conditions, crop type and the type of sprinkler or irrigation project and the scale is representative.
6.2.3 Sprinkler and micro-irrigation field trials conducted, in addition shall comply with the provisions of this order, there should be consistent with SLl3-90 "Irrigation Standards" requirements.
7, after technical and economic evaluation
7.1 General provisions
7.1.1 sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects after technical and economic evaluation must attach importance to research, adhere to the scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts. The basic information should be accurate with. Evaluation should include the calculation of costs, benefits calculation, economic analysis and financial analysis, and management evaluation indicators. Calculation of 20 years should be adopted.
7.1.2 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation methods with other technical and economic comparison should be comparable and should be consistent accuracy.
7.2 costs
7.2.1 investment in sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project, which completed the project will require one or sub-sub-input all the construction funds, should include construction costs, equipment and installation costs, temporary works fees, other costs and reserve fund and so on.
7.2.2 By the state and the collective, the masses of joint venture construction projects, total investment should be divided into national investment and the collective, public investment in two parts, separately.
7.2.3 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects with other departments or units share a water source projects, the common part of the investment should be a reasonable assessment.
7.2.4 Economic analysis should be included in the annual cost of conversion of investment and annual running costs of two parts, the financial analysis should be included in the annual cost of depreciation, amortization costs and annual running costs.
7.2.5 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects and facilities of depreciation should be calculated separately. Depreciation period by the standard form should the provisions of 7.2.5 value. Economic analysis of the social discount rate should be SL72-94 "standard economic evaluation of water projects" requirement, respectively 12% and 7% of the social discount rate to account for. Financial Analysis of the discount rate should be the financial benchmark rate of return or funding sources to calculate the interest rate.
7.2.6 annual operating costs should include sprinkler and micro irrigation project operation and
management of the need to pay each year recurrent costs, should include the following:
1 Power costs: including power machine to run in the consumption of oil, electricity and lighting and vacuum pump, ventilation, automatic control and other auxiliary equipment used in power costs. Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation of Pump price areas selected according to state regulations.
2 maintenance fee: engineering facilities in the regular overhaul, repair and routine maintenance year-old maintenance fees.
3 Management fees: include sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation management and operations staff salaries and administrative expenses, as well as daily observation and scientific experiments fees.
4 water charge.
5 other recurrent expenses.
7.2.7 Power costs can be based on the actual operation of similar projects or reference price of energy consumption indicators and multi-year average.
7.2.8 Shared with other units or departments to use the project facilities, the cost should be reasonably assessed.
7.3 benefit calculation
7.3.1 The effectiveness of sprinkler i rrigation and micro irrigation projects should include projects to increase after the construction of the product value, and save labor, land, water, the increase in provincial revenue.
7.3.2 The value of sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects by the year shall be the actual increase has taken place value calculation. Year calculation period should not occur, including wet, flat water and low water years the average increase for many years, including value calculation. Agricultural technology measures are the same, the increased output is equal to or without irrigation or micro irrigation increased compared to the output value should be calculated as follows:
(7.3.2)
A i - I of kind crop acreage, mu;
Y i - have sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation for the first i kind of crops multi-year average crop yield per unit area, kg / (mu ? year);
Y i ‘- no sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation for the first i kind of crops for multi-year average crop yield per unit area, kg / (mu ?year);
D i - i-crops products price per unit, RMB / kg;
N - plant species number.
Not accompanied by measures of agricultural technology, irrigation and micro irrigation shall be calculated by the formula output (7.3.2) multiplied by the sprinkler and irrigation project in the benefit-sharing coefficient, its value may refer to similar areas of experimental results or survey data to determine. No data, ε = 0.2 ~ 0.6 can be estimated.
7.3.3 Effective price calculation: economic analysis should be used shadow prices or international prices, the financial analysis should be the local market price.
7.3.4 Saving benefits of sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project to save the water should be used to expand the irrigated area or for other services, the benefits obtained by calculation. Province to benefit should be saving sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects to increase land area of the product benefit calculation.
7.4 Economic Analysis
7.4.1 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects carried out economic impact analysis of dynamic method is preferred, a simple estimate can be used when the static analysis.
7.4.2 Dynamic method, the base year should normally be fundamental for the completion of sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects, started the first year of benefit, and to the beginning of the benchmark. Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects should be invested each year into the beginning of time, then interest-bearing calculation. Operating costs each year and benefits should be the end of a settlement, then non-interest bearing.
7.4.3 Dynamic analysis using the dynamic repayment of principal economic effect of age can
use and benefit cost ratio and internal rate of return that such indicators.
1 dynamic repayment of principal period T, should be calculated as follows:
（7.4.3-1）
In the formula:
K0 - project total investment is converted to a base year value or (points) of the total investment, Yuan;
i-annual interest rate.
When the dynamic repayment of principal is less than or equal to 8 years of age when considered feasible.
2 benefit cost ratio R, that conversion to the base year (point) of the total benefit and total cost ratios, or the conversion efficiency and converted in the ratio of annual expenses, shall be calculated as follows:
R=B0/K0+C0(7.4.3-2)
Or
R=B/K+C (7.4.3-3)
In the formula:
B0, K0, C0 -, respectively, converted to the base year (point) of the total benefits, total investment, total annual operating expenses;
B, K, C -, respectively, project efficiency, investment, annual operation cost of the discounted annual value (that is, for many years average).
When the cost-effectiveness ratio of not less than 1.0, considered feasible.
3 internal rate of return I, refers to the cost-effectiveness ratio of R = 1.0 or the present value of net benefits for each year when the discount rate equal to zero, press-type spreadsheet:
(7.4.3-4)
In the formula:
t-calculated each year on the serial number, serial number of the reference point of 0;
n-calculation of.
When the internal rate of return equal to or greater than the social discount rate, considered feasible.
7.4.4 Static method, the effectiveness of sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project investment period T, said the static principal payments should be calculated as follows:
(7.4.4)
In the formula:
K'-static total investment of the project, Yuan.
When the static principal payments less than or equal to 8 years of age when considered feasible.
7.5 Financial Analysis
7.5.1 sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation projects should include a total investment of financial expenditures, annual operating expenses and interest expenses. Financial income increased man-made irrigation and micro irrigation project's financial benefits. Financial year have occurred in the actual income and expenditure should be calculated, should not happen year forecast value.
7.5.2 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project's financial costs and benefits of local market price shall be calculated or actual income and expenditure.
7.5.3 Sprinkler and micro irrigation works and other departments or units in common use part of the project, should be included in apportionment of costs and financial income for financial analysis.
7.5.4 Sprinkler irrigation and micro irrigation project finance repayment of principal can be used years of financial evaluation, financial benefits than costs, the financial internal rate of return and other indicators that loan repayment period.
A financial principal repayment period: application of financial income and expenditure targets, according to the rules section 7.4.3 and 7.4.4 the provisions of paragraph l calculated and evaluated.
Financial benefits than costs 2: The financial income and expenditure targets, according to the rules 7.4.3, paragraph 2, calculated and evaluated.
3 Financial internal rate of return: The financial income and expenditure targets, according to the rules 7.4.3 paragraph 3, calculated and evaluated. When the financial internal rate of return is greater than or equal to the lending interest rate that is financially feasible.
4 Loan repayment period: The calendar year financial statements and the actual revenue and expenditure forecasts, according to the rules 7.4.3, paragraph 1, calculated in the formula should be the interest rate per annum. When the loan repayment period is less than the time period required by the lender that feasible.
7.6 Management Evaluation System
7.6.1 unit area power (oil) production targets, should be calculated as follows:
E m=E z/A （7.6.1）
In the formula:
E m-unit area power (oil) capacity, kW ? h / (year ? mu) [kg / year ? mu)];
Ez-engineering of total electricity consumption (oil) capacity, kW ? h / year (kg / year);
A-total irrigated area, mu.
7.6.2 operation unit area of emp loyment indicators, should be calculated as follows:
G zm=G z/A (7.6.2)
的、地、得的用法和区别
“的、地、得”的用法和区别 导入（进入美妙的世界啦~） “的、地、得”口诀儿歌 的地得，不一样，用法分别记心上， 左边白，右边勺，名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸，青青的草儿弯下腰， 清清的河水向东流，蓝蓝的天上白云飘， 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹，绿绿的树叶把头摇， 小小的鱼儿水中游，红红的太阳当空照， 左边土，右边也，地字站在动词前， 认真地做操不马虎，专心地上课不大意， 大声地朗读不害羞，从容地走路不着急， 痛快地玩耍来放松，用心地思考解难题， 勤奋地学习要积极，辛勤地劳动花力气， 左边两人双人得，形容词前要用得， 兔子兔子跑得快，乌龟乌龟爬得慢， 青青竹子长得快，参天大树长得慢， 清晨锻炼起得早，加班加点睡得晚， 欢乐时光过得快，考试题目出得难。 知识典例（注意咯，下面可是黄金部分！） 的、地、得 “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识，但在使用中也最容易发生混淆，再加上一段时间里，中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”，因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。
一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多，负担过重，而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用。 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作“的”，在状语后面写作“地”，在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： ⑤他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。
常用介词的用法
分考点1 表示时间的介词 Point 1 at, in, on 的用法 （1）at 的用法 At 表示时间点，用于具体的时刻（几点，正午，午夜，黎明，拂晓，日出，日落等），或把某一时间看作某一时刻的词之前以及某些节假日的词之前。 at 6：00 在6点钟 At noon 在中午 At daybreak 在拂晓 At down 在黎明 At Christmas 在圣诞节 【特别注意】在以下的时间短语中，at 表示时间段。 At dinner time 在（吃）晚饭时 At weekends/ the weekend 在周末 （2）in 的用法 ①表示时间段，与表示较长一段时间的词搭配，如年份，月份，季节，世纪，朝代，还可以用于泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等时间段的词前。 In 2009 在2009年 In April 在四月 In the 1990s 在20世纪90年代 In Tang Dynasty 在唐朝 In the morning在上午 ②后接时间段，用于将来时，表示“在一段时间之后”。 The film will begin in an hour. 电影将于一个小时之后开始。 【特别注意】当时间名词前有this，that，last，next，every，each，some等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。 This morning 今天上午last year 去年 （3）on 的用法 ①表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些日子。 On September the first 在9月1号 On National Day 在国庆节 We left the dock on a beautiful afternoon. 我们在一个明媚的下午离开了码头。 ②表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上（常有前置定语或后置定语修饰）。 On Sunday morning 在星期日的早上 On the night of October 1 在10月1号的晚上 【特别注意】“on +名词或动名词”表示“一...就...”. On my arrival home/ arriving home, I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 Point 2 in，after 的用法 In 和after都可以接时间段，表示“在...之后”，但in 常与将来时连用，after 常与过去时连用。 We will meet again in two weeks.
英语介词用法大全
英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】
介词（The Preposition）又叫做前置词，通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词，不需要重读，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时，往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误，因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词，按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类： (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如： at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如： Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如： In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点（包括动向）的介词。如： About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如： About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如： beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如： As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如： againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如： for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如： to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如： by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如： of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如：
The way常见用法
The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because
“的、地、得”的用法和区别
的、地、得的用法和区别 的、地、得的用法和区别老班教育 一、的、地、得的基本概念 1、的、地、得的相同之处。 的、地、得是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声de，没有语音上的区别。 2、的、地、得的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为的兼职过多，负担过重，而力主的、地、得严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，的与地、得的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将的与地、得分用。 的、地、得在普通话里都读轻声de，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作的，在状语后面写作地，在补语前写作得。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、的、地、得的用法 （一）、用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。的前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制的后面的事物，说明的后面的事物怎么样。 结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： 颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。地前面的词语一般用来形容地后面的动作，说明地后面的动作怎么样。 结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： 她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。得后面的词语一般用来补充说明得前面的动作怎么样。 结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： 他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 她红(形容词，谓语)得发紫(补语)。 （二）、例说 的，一般用在名词和形容词的后面，用在描述或限制人物、事物时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间，表示一种描述的结果。如：漂亮的衣服、辽阔的土地、高大的山脉。结构一般为名词（代词或形容词）+的+名词。如，我的书、你的衣服、他的孩子，美丽的景色、动听的歌曲、灿烂的笑容。 地，用法简单些，用在描述或限制一种运动性质、状态时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间。结构通常是形容词+地+动词。前面的词语一般用来形容后面的动作。一般地的后面只跟动词。比如高兴地跳、兴奋地叫喊、温和地说、飞快地跑；匆匆地离开；慢慢地移动......... 得，用在说明动作的情况或结果的程度时，说明的词语与被说明的词语之间，后面的词语一般用来补充和说明前面的情况。比如。跑得飞快、跳得很高、显得高雅、显得很壮、馋得直流口水、跑得快、飞得高、走得慢、红得很……得通常用在动词和形容词（动词之间）。
英语介词用法详解
英语常用介词用法与辨析 ■表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如： Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如： Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如： Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ■表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如： It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。如： He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。如： They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ■表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如： This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如： Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如： Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from 。 注意：in指用材料，不用冠词；而with指用工具，要用冠词。请比较：draw in penc il/draw with a pencil。 ■表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by用某种方式，多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车，by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。
with的用法大全
with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例：
1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.(with+名词+副词，作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard， she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
The way的用法及其含义(二)
The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中
的地得的用法和区分
《“的、地、得”的用法》语文微课教案 一、教学背景 在语言文字规范化大背景下，帮助学生解决应用“的地得”的疑惑与困难。 二、设计思路 针对学生对于“的地得”的误用与忽视展开教学，规范结构助词“的地得”的使用。按照“问题的提出、问题的分析、问题的解决”的思路展开教学，总结归纳优化的方式方法。 三、教学目标 1、知道“怎么样的什么、怎么样地干什么、干得怎么样”三种固定搭配。 2、掌握“的、地、得”的区别与联系。 3、运用小儿歌“动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来”的口诀帮助正确使用“的、地、得”。 四、教学重难点 1、知道“的、地、得”的区别。 2、在实际情境中正确运用“的、地、得”。 五、教学时间 8分钟微课堂 六、教学适用对象 义务教育九年制内的学生 七、教学准备
多媒体课件、录屏软件 八、教学设计与过程 开场白： 同学们好！今天我们一起来学习“的、地、得”的正确用法。首先我们来了解一下它们的区别。 1、相同之处：原来它们都是念轻声“de”，都是结构助词，起连接作用。 2、不同之处：在书面语中要写成三个不同的字，而且它们的搭配及用法也各不相同。 （1）怎么样的什么 （2）怎样样地干什么 （3）干得怎么样 下面我们就来学习一下它们的正确用法。 白勺“的”的结构是用“形容词或名词或代词+的+名词”来表示，而我们最常见，用得最多的还是“形容词+的+名词”的结构。 而土也“地”的用法可以用“形容词+地+动词”的结构来表示。 双人“得”是用“动词+得+形容词”的结构来表示 3、练习巩固 （1）形近区分 静静（的）河面静静（地）写字欢乐（的）山谷
欢乐（地）歌唱满意（地）点头满意（的）作品 （2）类别区分 1）跑（得）飞快飞快（地）跑 2）愉快（的）旅行旅行（得）愉快 3）强烈（的）渴望强烈（地）渴望 （3）综合杂糅 小雏鹰飞到大树的上方，高兴地喊起来：“我真的会飞啦！而且飞（得）很高呢！” 小结：能填对这个句子的你肯定就已经学会它们的用法了！ 4、特殊情况 质疑：假如遇到特殊情况怎么办呢？ 我从书包里拿出书交给她们，她们高兴得．围着我跳起舞来。（出自二年级上册《日记两则》） （1）质疑：为什么这里要使用“得”呢？ （2）释疑：原来这里强调的是心情，动词在后，形容词在前，相当于后置，“得”修饰“跳舞”而非“围”。现在你明白了吧？ 5、小结归纳： 怎么样，你们学会了吗？为了让同学们能够更快的记住它们的用法，老师送给大家一首口诀来帮助你们熟记三个“的”的正确使用方法：动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来。
高中英语45个介词的基本用法
——45个基本介词的用法 1、about 【原始含义】 a-b-out “A在B外面” 【引申含义】 [prep] （1）在…到处，在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. （2）在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. （3）关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] （1）大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. （2）到处，各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. （3）在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) （1）arrange (about sth) 安排关于某事（2）argue (about sth) 讨论某事 （3）ask (about sth) 询问关于某事（4）boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... （5）care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣（6）chat(about sth) 谈论某事（7）complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨… （8）dream (about sb/sth) 梦见某人/某物（9）go (about sth) 着手做...；从事...
with用法归纳
with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
(完整版)the的用法
定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...
介词with的用法大全
介词with的用法大全 With是个介词，基本的意思是“用”，但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型，在句子中起两种作用；副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用： 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”，如： (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语＋介词短语”，如： (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语＋副词虚词”，如： (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能，相当普遍，尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能，有下列五种： 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”，如： (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”，如： (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.
“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法
“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法
不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.
的地得的用法教案
“的、地、得”的用法教案 教学目标： 1.能通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 2.能在小组合作中正确掌握“的、地、得”的用法。 3.能正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学重点：通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 教学难点：正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学过程： 一、导入（板书课题：“的、地、得”的用法“的、地、得”） 这三个字认识吧！虽然它们都有一个相同的读音de，但用法却不一样，可不能把他们用错了。究竟他们的用法有什么不同，我们来听听他们的故事吧！ 二、看微视频，学习“的、地、得”的用法区别。 三、小结： 1.孩子们，刚才看了视频知道他们是谁吗？（白勺的，土也地，双人得。） （1）白勺的是个杂货铺老板，她的店里都有什么？（彩色的毛巾美味的汉堡结实的帐篷舒适的儿童车捕捉风的网会唱歌的小树开个没完的花朵优美动听的歌曲飘来飘去的云……）还可能有什么？ 你们一定会发现，白勺的的用法有什么特点？（后面是名词。）板书：名词 （2）土也地是个运动男孩，他喜欢？（悠闲地散步欢快地跳舞兴奋地跳跃开心地捕蝴蝶看图书踢球骑自行洗澡吃冰淇淋……）他还可能喜欢干什么呢？你发现了吗？土也地的用法特点？（后面是动词。）板书：动词 （3）双人得呢？她是个总喜欢评价别人的小妹妹。（球踢得真棒舞跳得精彩长得好高呀……） 她可能还怎么评价别人？（歌唱得动听饭吃得很饱人长得漂亮）你们会发现，双人得的前面通常都是——动词。板书：动词 2.小结：所以，他们的用法也很简单，区别就在这里。 （白勺的用在名词前面；土也地用在动词前面；双人得用在动词后面。）你明白了吗？ 四、我来考考你们，看哪一组完成得又对又快！ 1.菜鸟级练习 2.老鸟级练习 3.大虾级练习 五、总结
介词at的基本用法
介词at的基本用法： 一、at引导的时间短语通常可表示： 1.在几点几分，例如：at one o’clock(在一点钟) I usually make the bed at one o’clock.. 2.在用餐时间，例如：at lunchtime（在午餐时间） 3.在某个节日，例如：at Christmas 在圣诞节的时候 4.在某个年龄的时候，例如：at the age of 12。在12岁的时候 5.一天中的某段较短的时间，例如：at noon在中午at night在夜里 二、at也可引导地点短语，常用于小地点之前，例如： at the bus stop在汽车站at the butcher’s 在肉店里at school在学校里at home在家里 介词on的基本用法： 一、on可引导地点短语，表示“在…上面”，例如：on the table在桌子上 二、on也可引导时间短语，通常有以下用法： 1.用于“星期”和“月份”中的任何一天之前，例如：On Monday在星期一on April 1st. 2.用于某个“星期几”当天的某段时间，例如：on Monday morning在星期一上午 3.用于具体某一天之前，例如：on that day在那一天On my birthday在我的生日那天 On Christmas day在圣诞节那天 介词in的基本用法： 一、in可引导地点短语，常表示“在…里面”，例如：in the bag在袋子里 二、in引导的时间短于通常有以下用法： 1.在某个世纪，例如：in the 21st century在21世纪 2.在某一年，例如：in 1995在1995年 3.在某一个季节，例如：in spring在春季 4.在某一个月份，例如：in March在三月里 5.在某段时期，例如：in the holidays在假期里 6.在某个持续几天的节日里，例如：in Easter Week在复活周 7.在一天中的某段时间，例如：in the morning在上午（早晨）
初中 英语 介词“with”的用法
介词“with”的用法 1、同, 与, 和, 跟 talk with a friend 与朋友谈话 learn farming with an old peasant 跟老农学习种田 fight [quarrel, argue] with sb. 跟某人打架 [争吵, 辩论] [说明表示动作的词, 表示伴随]随着, 和...同时 change with the temperature 随着温度而变化 increase with years 逐年增加 be up with the dawn 黎明即起 W-these words he left the room. 他说完这些话便离开了房间。2 2、表示使用的工具, 手段 defend the motherland with one s life 用生命保卫祖国 dig with a pick 用镐挖掘 cut meat with a knife 用刀割肉3
3、说明名词, 表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有; 带有; 加上; 包括...在内 tea with sugar 加糖的茶水 a country with a long history 历史悠久的国家4 4、表示一致]在...一边, 与...一致; 拥护, 有利于 vote with sb. 投票赞成某人 with的复合结构作独立主格,表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构： with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用
way 用法
表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法