四级一本通 语法篇
语法篇
一名词
1.有些名词形式上是复数但其意义为单数：
(1)疾病名称(2)学科名称(3)比赛名称(4)专有名词
例：measles(麻疹)，politics，mathematics，billiards(台球)，Athens，the United Nations △2.名词的转换：
(1)专有名词作普通名词用。
例：His wife is a Gordon．(=a member of the Gordon family)
(2)许多蔬菜、动物等名词，一般为可数，但用来表示餐桌上的食品时，转化为不可数名词。
例：They grow their own carrots.
Good stew(炖菜)must contain carrot.
(3)物质名词或抽象名词一般为不可数，但用来表示具体、个别事物时，往往为可数。
例：Rich men live in luxury(奢侈)．
A refrigerator is a luxury(奢侈品)here．
(4)当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示“某一种”或“某一方面”概念时，前面可加不定冠词。
例：Geography gives us a knowledge of other countries·
△3.抽象名词的惯用法：
(1)of+抽象名词=形容词
例：of use=useful
a thing of value=a valuable thing
(2)抽象名词+itself=all+抽象名词=very+形容词
例：She is kindness itself.
4.名词所有格：
(1)无生命名词的所有格一般不加’s，而用of表示。
例：the roof of the cottage
the bottom of the glass
但表时间、距离、长度、重量、价格的名词、拟人化名词、sake之前的名词以及其它惯用语的所有格常用’s表示。
例：a week’s holidays
ten miles’ walk
a stone’s throw(近在咫尺)
Forstune’s cruelty(悲惨的命运)
heaven’s will
the sun’s heat
for God’s sake(务必)
for godness’sake(务必)
at one’s wits’end(不知所措，智穷才竭)
two pounds’worth(价值两英镑)
a yard’s distance(近在咫尺)
注意：a three-day journey，a five-minute rest与three days’ journey, five minutes’ rest 意思相同，但表达形式不同。
(2)被所有格修饰的名词是house，shop，church，home，store，palace等词时，所有格后面名词常常省略。
例：I’m going to the barber’s (shop)．
5.名词修饰另一名词，通常为单数形式，但sports，arms(武器)，accounts(会计)，clothes，customs(海关)，sales修饰另一名词时，表示复数的s不能省略。
例：shoes repairer
sports car(赛车)
arms production
customs duties(关税)
6.有些有and连接的名词，其顺序是固定的，不能改变。
例：knife and fork
hands and knees(趴在地上)
men，women and children
bread and butter
fish and chips
7.单位名词，常用的有：a piece of，△a bit of，a bolt of(一阵)，an army of(一大群)，
a bunch of，a gang of(一帮)，a school of(一群)，a crew of(一帮)，a fleet of(一队)，a flash of(一闪、一亮)，a bouquet of(一束)，a pack of(一捆、一群)，a packet of(一盒)，a cake of(一块)，a bar of(一条)，a pile of(一堆)，a troop of(一队)，a set of(一套)，△a shower of(一阵)，△a company of(一团、一班、一队)，a lump of(一块)，a drop of(一滴)，△a grain of(一粒)，△a batch of(一批)，△a cluster of(一串、一组)，a multitude of(一大批、一大群)，a bundle of(一捆)，a slice of(一片)，a handful of(一小撮)，a heap of(一堆)，a herd of(一群)，a loaf of(一条)，a roll of(一卷)，a sheet of(一张、一块、一片)，a stick of(一条、一支)，a ray of(一线)，a flock of(一群)，△a mountain of(……如山)，△a sea of(大量)，a pair of，...head of(多少头……) 注意：(1)a fleet of用于
车、船、飞机；a pack of表示“一群”时用于猎犬、野兽、飞禽；a herd of用于牛、马、猪、象等；a flock of用于羊、鸟、鹅；a bolt of用于雷声；a sheet of表示“一块”、“一片”时常与glass，tin，iron等连用；...head of中head不管是单数，还是复数，均不加s。
(2)单位名词+另一名词结构中若有形容词时，测试中形容词应放在单位名词前。例：a good piece of advice
a good pair of shoes
Drill 1
1. I saw at the barber’s.
A. my sister’s boy friend C. my sister boy friend
B. boy friend of my sister D. a boy friend of my sister’s
2. “What on earth is that?” “Don’t you know? That’s a whale,.”
A. largest world’s mammal C. the world’s largest mammal
B. a largest mammal in the world D. largest mammal of the world
3. “Is he determined to drift through life?” “Maybe. By.”
A. cruelty Fortune C. cruelty of Fortune
B. cruelty’s Fortune D. Fortune’s cruelty
4. “Where’s my cup?” “It’s on the.”
A. kitchen counter C. counter of the
kitchen
B. kitchen’s c ounter D. counter of the
kitchen’s
5. I’m going to the.
A. book’s stores C. books store
B. book’s store D. book store
6. Her house is within from the police station.
A. a stone’s throw C. stone’s thr ow
B. a throw of a stone D. the stone’s throw
7. He works in an .
A. accounts department C. accounts’ department
B. account department D. account’s department
8. We saw police there.
A. many C. little
B. much D. the
9 . “What’s the trouble?” “The family never agree about shares of
the property.”
A. her C. their
B. its D. his
10. There they were greeted by a woman called Zenobia, .
A. being a beautiful woman of wealth and position
B. who is beautiful woman of wealth and position
C. a beautiful woman of wealth and position
D. and a beautiful woman of wealth and position
11. I heard thunder.
A. a bolt of C. one of
B. a flash D. a piece of
12. He was frightened by of lightning.
A. a bolt C. a flash
B. a piece D. great one
13. I need and some cheese.
A. only a French bread loaf
B. a French bread loaf only
C. only a loaf of French bread
D. a loaf of French bread only
14. I bought a loaf of bread and .
A. a quart milk C. some quart of milk
B. a quart of milk D. two quart of milk
15. I’ve bought three of land.
A. acres C. places
B. farmes D. bushels
二代词
1.动词-ing分词作主语或宾语时，其前的代词在测试中应用所有格，避免用宾格。例: I would appreciate your letting me know as soon as possible.
2.在“it’s…that”结构中，测试中避免用宾格代替主格。
例：It’s he whom the committee has named.
3.人称代词的顺序：
在连续使用两个以上人称代词时，通常单数you放在第一位，I放在最后，复数we 放在第一位，they放在最后。
单数复数
you／he and I we and you／they
you and he you and they
you, he and I we，you and they
4.不定代词one(s)前面可用this，that，these，those，which, either, neither，the first，the last，the next，the former，the latter，the other等修饰。它前面有形容词时，可用不定冠词。序数词后面不可用one代替前面所说过的名词。one不能代替不可数名词。that相当于the one，只能指物，它后面常有修饰语。those相当于the ones，指人、物均可，其后常有修饰语。
例：Neither one fits me，so they can’t be mine.
I asked for a short essay，and you’ve written a long one.
Since we have finished the first chapter，now we’ll read the second.
No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labour.
The results obtained agree approximately(大约)with those expected.
5.one，another，other，others等用法：
(1)one…,the other用于二者。
例：Here are two books．One is for Mary and the other is for Tom.
(2)one…,the others用于三者及三者以上。
例：There are four students．One is a boy，the others are girls.
(3)the one…,the other用于个别指定的二者。
例：I have two good friends，Tom and Joe．The one(指Tom)is fifteen.
The other(指Joe)is twenty．
(4)one…,another“一，又一”，用于未指定的二者。
例：To know is one thing，to do is another.
(5)one…another…the other用于三者，并作分别说明。
例：I have three brothers；one is Tom，another is Henry，the other is Oliver．
(6)one…another…the others用于四者及四者以上。
例：There are four books，one is red，another is green，the others are blue．
(7)some…the others指在全体中分成两部分，后部分指定。
例：Some of the students are absent，the others are present.
(8)some…others或some…some用于均未指定的情景。
例：Some people drive carefully，others／some don’t.
6.each用于两个或两个以上中的每一个，every用于三个以上。
7.everyone与every one区别：当后面有介词短语修饰时，用every one。
例：Every one in our class answered the question correctly.
8.注意other与数词连用的语序，另外another可与表时间、距离、金钱的复数名词连用。
例：Give me two other books.
Give me the two other／the other two books．
another ten miles
9.英语中the whole of不与people或night连用，也不说all hour，all century.
10.关系代词：
(1)介词后面whom，which不能用that代替(介词+which=关系副词)。
例：This is the house in which we live.
(2)the same+名词+as用于同类之物。
the same+名词+that用于同—物。
例：I want to buy the same watch as I lost.
This is the very same watch that I lost.
(3)such+noun+as(not who)结构。
例：Trust not such people as flatter you to your face(当着面).
△(4)but作关系代词意为that not，who not，which not。
例：There is no one but errs．(人不可能不犯错误。)
There is no one who does not err.
(5)that用法：
a.先行词中有最高级形容词时用that。
例：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived.
b.先行词前有the only，the same，the very，the first，the last，all，no,little，much，none，any，every时，常用that。
例：He was the only man that I knew in my neighborhood．
c.先行词有人亦有物时，用that。
例：Can you see a man and his horse that are across the bridge?
△d.前有who和which时，为避免who…who…，which…which，用that。例：Who that has read his great novels can forget his name?
e.有两个或两个以上先行词时，用that．
例：My father bought me some good records and some other things that I needed．
f.先行词中有that或those时，最好用who或which。
例：That kite which Tom made is very beautiful．
Heaven helps those who help themselves．
(6)of which是所有格，有时可用whose代替。
the cover of which
例：That’s a book of which the cover is blue．
whose cover
(7)(and)what is／was+比较级／最高级意为“而且，更有甚者”。
例：He is clever，and what is better，very brave．
(8)在非限制性形容词从句中，which可代替前面句子或句子一部分，而as只能代替前面的句子，等于which fact。as引导的非限制性形容词从句一般放在主句后，有时也可放在主句前，但which引导的从句则只能放在主句后面。
例：He was absent，as is often the case．
As was mentioned just now，everyone should handle these delicate instruments with care．
Drill 2
l. “The tenor(男高音歌手)in the opera last night was very good．”“Yes，he is a favorite
.”
A. to me C. of mine
B. to mine D. of me
2. “Why should I try Larry and Kevin’s p ickles(腌菜)?”Because
the best.”
A. his are C. theirs are
B．theirs is D. his is
3. As for your going along with us, .
A. my husband and myself certainly have no objection
B. certainly my husband and I have no objection
C. either I or my husband certainly have no objection
D. either my husband or I certainly have no objection
4. “Did Amy’s parents leave her any money?” “No,she has to support now.”
A. on her own C. by herself
B. all alone D. herself
5. There we were-all of us-Einstein, Feimi，and .
A. me C. my
B. mine D. myself
6. “Do you have my passport, Joe？”“Yes, I have right there.”
A. one C. it
B. one present D. this
7. “The United States is certainly an interesting country, isn’t it?”“Yes,
you can find just about there.”
A. something C. every thing
B. nothing D. anything
8. These won’t do. Show me some better.
A. ones C. one
B. those D. it
9. “Do the students in your class study hard？”“Some of them do.
just don’t care.”
A. The other C. Others
B. Another D:Some other
10. The party continued through .
A. the whole of the night C. almost all of the night
B. nearly whole of the night D. most of the night
11. “What do you think about these cakes？”“I’d like to have.”
A. some other C. the other
B. another D. other
12. the people in the city voted for Jones’ opponent (对手).
A. Almost all of C. Most of all
B. Most all of D. Almost the whole of
13. The farmer uses wood to build a house to store grains.
A. with which C. which
B. where D. in which
14. Great men are often unknown，or is more misknown.
A. that C. which
B. it D. what
15. The senator(参议员)depended on .
A. whomever was willing to assist him
B. whoever was willing to assist him
C. whoever he wanted to assist
D. whoever will assist him
16. Give this to you think can do the work well.
A. who C. whomever
B. whoever D. whatever
17. “What do you think about Jone?” “He has no sense.”
A. no matter what C. nevertheless
B. what D. whatsoever
18. “Is there any particular dessert you would like to have?” “you
select is all right with me.”
A. Whatever C. Why
B. One D. Whichever
19. After tonight, Michael would never be the same man he was
before.
A. what C. as
B. who D. but
20. I will employ the man they say is a fluent speaker of English.
A. who C. which
B. that D. whom
21. According to this account, he was a tender, home-loving father .
A. who likes to play with his children
B. whom loved to tell his children stories
C. who liked to be with his children
D. who enjoys being with his children
22. There are very few rules of grammar .
A. that are not with exceptions
B. that do not have exceptions
C. not having exception to them
D. not with exception to them
23. He was the only foreigner I saw at the party.
A. whom C. who
B. that D. which
24. Who has read his great novels can forget their fascination?
A. who C. which
B. that D. whoever
25. Collecting stamps was a hobby .
A. which he found real pleasing to him
B. pursuing which he got much pleasure
C. that gave him a lot of pleasure doing
D. that gave him a great deal of pleasing
三冠词
1.不可数名词如具有“特定”的含义，前面须加“the”，否则不加冠词。
例：Water is essential to life．
The water in this well is dirty．
2.不定代词+of之后的名词，须有the或其他限定词。常见的有some，most，all，many，much，several，none，any，one，each，every等。
例：Most of the stories are interesting．
3.单位名词前加the。
例：Gasoline is sold by the gallon(加仑)．
Meat is sold by the catty(斤)．
4.方向，方位，乐器前加the。
例：He plays the violin well．
5.姓氏的复数前加the指全家人。
例：The Chens will move to the country.
6.as，how／however，so，too与不定冠词连用时，形容词放在冠词之前。而若是such，形容词则要放在冠词之后。
例：He’s not so big a fo ol as you think．
How large an arm chair did he have?
This is too heavy a bag for me to carry．
It was such a lovely day that everybody was feeling happy and cheerful．
I am not such a fool as to believe that．
注意：(1)such之后若无形容词时，仍放在冠词前。
(2)若形容词后为不可数名词，可用such修饰，而不用so。
例：such fine weather
7.不定冠词与quite，rather连用时，名词前若无形容词时，不定冠词要放在quite，rather之后，若有形容词时，它放在quite，rather前或后均可。
例：quite an effort
rather a nuisance
quite a good film
a quite good film
8.冠词的省略：
(1)称呼语之前不加冠词。
例：Waiter，bring my bill，please.
(2)家庭称谓若大写时，不用冠词。
例：Father is out，but Mother is at home.
(3)表示一日三餐、运动、游戏、颜色、感官、头衔、身份的名词前不用冠词，但三餐之前有形容词或后有修饰语时，需加冠词，有头衔无人名时，需用the。
例：Come to dinner with me.
We had a good breakfast this morning.
Sight is one of the five senses.
ElizabethⅡ，Queen of England
(4)两个相对的名词并用时不加冠词。
例：arm in arm
day by day
young and old
(5)bed，church，college，court，hospital，market，prison，school，sea，work等名
词，冠词使用与否意义不相同。
例：go to church(作礼拜)
go to the church(去教堂)
go to market(下海经商)
go to the market(去集市)
(6)表“学科”名词之前不加冠词。
例：He studies engineering．
(7)radio和T.V．泛谈时不加the，但listen to the radio，on the radio中the不能省略。watch T．V．和on T．V．中不加the。
例：It’s easier to write for T.V than for radio．
(8)elect／make／name／appoint+sb.十职务这一结构中，职务之前无冠词。
例：He was elected President for the third time.
Drill 3
1．“Do you usually take a vacation?”“Yes，I like to go away ”
A．one time the year C. one time in a year
B．once a year D. once in a year
2．“What did Tom do?”“He turned on．”
A．television C．a television set
B．radio D．the television
3．These ties match my suit and I like ．
A. red ones C. red one
B. the red one D. a red one
4. Astronomy is of stars and planets.
A. a science C. the science
B. science D. scientific
5. She always looks her best in of that color.
A. dress C. that dress
B. a dress D. the dress
6. Our school is .
A. on the Fifth Avenue C. in fifth Avenue
B. on Fifth Avenue D. of fifth Avenue
7. This is such a thing.
A. my first time of seeing
B. my first time to see
C. the first time I have ever seen
D. my first time I have ever seen
8. The chance, to enter came and he took it.
A. to college C. for college
B. the college D. college
9. found four-leaf clover(四叶苜蓿) is considered a lucky sign.
A. It is rarely C. The rarely
B. Rarely D. Despite its being rarely
10. In the factory, the workers were paid .
A. by an hour C. by a hour
B. by the hour D. by hours
11. It’s that I’d like to take a walk.
A. such nice weather C. too nice weather
B. so nice weather D. nice weather so
12. It was that we had gone for a walk.
A. so beautiful day C. such a beautiful weather
B. such beautiful a night D. so beautiful a night
13. He was an honest man that everybody trusted him.
A. so C. very
B. such D. as
四数词
1.表示“大约”的用法：
(1)十位数+s，数词+odd或and odd表示“大约”。
例：He is in his forties.
There are 40-odd chairs in the classroom.
(2)…or more，…or less，…more or less，more or less…，…or so，a matter of…表示数字“上下”、“左右”。
例：a mile or more(一里多一点)
a week or so(一周左右)
(3)one or two，a…or two表示“一两……”。
例：one or two days(一两天)
a day or two(一两天)
2.当表示数量的dozen，score(二十)等词前面有具体数字或several修饰时，不加s。若不与数词或several连用，可以复数形式出现。
例：We need three dozen eggs.
He made dozens of tests(几十次试验)。
3.倍数增减表达法：
(1)倍数+形容词／副词比较级+than。表示“比……多／少”、“比……增加／减少”。例：The university is twice larger than that college.
(2)倍数+as+形容词／副词+as。表示“增加了n-1倍”、“增加到n倍”。
例：John’s luggage is three times as light as Mary’s.
(3)倍数+定冠词+名词+of。常见的名词有：size，length，breadth，width，level，value，velocity(速度)。表示“净增n-1倍”、“为……n倍”。
例：The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
(4)动词+百分比或倍数。表示“增加／减少……”。
例：The personal income last year rose 7％.
(5)动词+to+数词。表示“增加到／减少到”。
例：Last year profits rose to $300.
(6)动词+by+数词／百分比／倍数。表示“增加／减少……”。
例：Japan will increase its auto exports to the United States by 25％.
△(7)double／treble(增至三倍)／quadruple(增至四倍)+名词。
例：They plan to double their investment.
(8)an increase of n％，a n％increase，n％more than表示“净增n％”。
例：There is an increase of 50％of steel as compared with last year.
(9)动词+by a factor of+倍数。表示“增加……倍”。
例：Prices in the Soviet Union must be increased by a factor of almost three times．
注意：Our factory is much more productive now. This year’s production is five times what it was ten years ago．该句中what表示“as much as”，不能用as，that，than代替what。
4.a+序数词表示“再一……”、“又一……”，而the+序数词表示“第……”。
例：I’ll see the film a second time．(这部电影我要再看一次。)
△5.有些具有夸张含义的数词并不表示具体的数。a hundred and one和a thousand and one均表示“许多”。
例：The glass broke into a hundred pieces(摔得粉碎)．
There are a hundred and one factories in the area．
△6.by ones and twos意为“……两个……两个地”，by twos and threes意为“三三两两地”。
例：They left the meeting by twos and threes.
△7.as many和so many均等于the same number of，前有as，like时，只用so many。
例：These are not all the books I have．There are as many more upstairs.
They worked like so many ants.
△8.as much意为“the same amount of”表示同量和同一事情。
例：He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea．
I was not in the least surprised，for I had fully expected as much.
I would have paid twice as much for the car if the salesman has insisted
because I really wanted it.
注意：as few和as little表示“与……同样少”。分别用于可数或不可数名词。
9.plenty of，a lot of，lots of后既可接可数名词，也可接不可数名词。a great／good deal of，a large／small quantity／amount of后接不可数名词。a great／large／good ／considerable number of后接可数名词。
例：The room contained plenty of students／furniture.
The room contained a large amount of furniture.
10.kind of，sort of，type of：
三者都可接可数名词或不可数名词，其后的不定冠词可省略，它们前面可加a，the，some，any等。三者都可以放在所修饰的名词后面，即…of this／that kind/sort/type。例：What kind of (a) pencil did you buy?
l had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
I like this kind of flower／flowers．
I like flowers of this kind／these kinds.
I like these kind of flowers．(非正式用法)
11.few，little与only，very连用时，须为only a few／little，very few／little.
Drill 4
1. John said that he didn’t do paper work.
A．many C．a great deal of
B．lots D．much
2. I waited there for ten minutes；that seemed hours to me.
A．many C．as many
B．very much D．so many
3. I have done travelling.
A．few C．small
B．1ittle D．leas
4. The boss seldom reads the newspaper because he has time.
A．so little C．a 1ittle
B．not little D．the little
5． A lot of people participated in the project because the cost of its production is .
A．fewer C．very little
B．a little D．very less
6．people still think there is life on Mars.
A．A great deal C．A great many
B．Much D．Many a
7．“Have you ever gone on picnics?”“Oh, yes, .”
A．a dozen of time C．dozens of times
B．dozens of time D．a dozen times
8．They cut it.
A．double of C. half of
B．all both D．two-thirds
9. I got a bill.
A. five dollars C.fives-dollarx
B．five-dollars D. five-dollar
10. “Rex told me you moved.”“Yes, into a huge”。
A. two-story house
B.house of two story
C. two-stories house
D.house two storied
五一致
1.as well as，accompanied by，together with，along with, coupled with △no less than，△more than，△rather than连接主语时，动词与第一主语的数一致。
例：He no 1ess than you is my friend．(你与他都是我朋友。）
I rather than he am to blame．(不怪他，得怪我。)
2.表示“距离、度量、重量、价值”的复数名词，作整体看时，动词取单数，反之，动词取复数。
例：Five months has passed.
3.the+形容词／形容词最高级／过去分词，动词取复数。
例：The unemployed are losing hope.
△4.kind／sort／type+of，动词与kind等词一致。of this／that kind／sort ／type动词与of前名词一致。
例：The kind of mistakes is impossible to avoid.
Questions of that kind are difficult.
5.more than one+单数名词，many a…，one in／out of／of，one and a half…,the number of，a great deal of，a large amount of，△a series of, △a list of，△a succession of，
△a box of，△a basket of，动词取单数。
例：More than one person was suspected.
Many a girl has been cheated by him.
One and a half apples was eaten by the cat.
The check-ups on these 5，000 cars disclosed that one of four was defective．
6.主语为从句时，动词一般取单数。
例：Whoever says so is wrong.
△7.bags of+名词，动词取决于of后的名词。
例：There’s bags of food.
8.注意It’s me who is to blame. It’s I who am to blame.
△9.如果先行词肯定形式与否定形式同时存在，动词则与肯定先行词一致。
例：It’s you，not I，who are to blame.
It’s not he，but I，who am on duty.
10.主语为介词短语、不定式或动词-ing分词，动词取单数。即使用and连接两个以上的，动词仍用单数。
例：After the exams is the time to relax.
Where to go and when to go is still not known to us.
11.none of+复数名词在测试中动词取复数。
例：None of the students were involved.
12.half of，分数或百分数+of，portion of，part of，the rest of，动词与of后的名词保持一致。
例：Half of the equipment is new.
13.在every／each+名词+and(every／each)+名词结构中，动词取单数形式。
例：Every house and every building has to be searched.
14.one of those+复数名词后的形容词从句中的动词在测试中取复数，但当one前有the only或the时，只能用单数形式。
例：She is the (only) one of those girls who is going shopping.
15.由and或both…and连接两个主语时，谓语动词通常取复数，但当并列主语作为整体考虑，或在意义上指同一个人、同一事物时，谓语动词取单数。两个单数词前都有冠词时，动词常取复数。
例：Both John and Ann are ready.
The editor and publisher of the magazine is very able.
The editor and the publisher of the magazine are very able.
16.并列主语由形容词+and+形容词+名词构成，指两类不同的人或物时，动词取复
数。
例：Social and political freedom are limited there.
17.由or，either…or，neither…nor连接两个单数主语时，动词取单数，当or，either…or，neither…nor，not only…but(also)连接一个单数主语和一个复数主语时，动词取决于最接近它的名词或代词的数。
例：Neither criticism nor praise affects Jane.
Neither the prices nor the quality has changed.
18.or或nor连接单数名词时，代词用单数，连接两个复数名词时，代词用复数，连接的名词一个为单数，一个为复数，或一个为阳性，一个为阴性，代词与邻近的名词一致。
例：Neither the package nor the letters had reached their destination.
Did Andrew or Lynne lose her self-confidence?
19. the rest, the following的谓语动词视后面的名词的数而定。
Drill 5
1. The committee has met and ．
A．they have reached a decision
B. it has formulated(阐述) themselves some opinions
C. its decision was reached at
D. it has reached a decision
2. There the last piece of cake and last spoonful of ice cream.
A. we go C. go
B. goes D. are losing
3. Where to find him and how to find him to us.
A. is not known C. not known
B. are not known D. has not known
4. That’s a message of importance for every man and woman who .
A. votes C. voting
B. vote D. are vote
5. The subject of these lectures by the lecture committee.
A. announces C. announced
B. have been announced D. has been announced
6. Three of us are here, and the rest of them in Beijing.
A. is C. will
B. are D. am
7. None of the men arrested.
A. was C. would be
B. has been D. were
8. Whether he is right or not difference.
A. does take C. does not take
B. does not make D. does not make many
9. Skirts of that sort what I want.
A. are C. has
B. is D. have
10. Ten pounds its maximum weight.
A. are C. refers
B. is D. refer
11. The entire office staff gathered to hear the manager speak.
A. is C. be
B. are D. was
六动词的时和体
1.将来时间：
(1)用现在进行体表示根据计划、安排将要发生的事情，一般来讲，只要是人能控制的动态动词都可以这样用，状态动词或人不能控制的动态动词不能这样用。另外，这种用法的主语必须是人，而且常常有表示将来时间的状语。
例：We’re inviting several people to a party tomorrow.
(2)一般现在时可表示将来，即表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事态。例：The term starts at the beginning of September.
(3)be+不定式，be on the point／verge of+动词-ing分词可表示将来。
例：He was on the point of leaving the country when the telegram arrived.
(4)it will be+时间+before…意为“多久后才……”。
例：It will be five years before we meet again.
△2.进行体：
(1)形容词用于进行体，表示“暂时”、“故意假装”。但形容词必须含有动作的意义，若表示状态或其他情况时，不能用于进行体。我们不说He’s being tall。
例：I’m not being afraid.
He is being difficult to us.（他故意为难我的。）
(2)forget，doubt，feel，mind，want，hear，stop，understand，realize通常不用于进行体，但在下列情况下可用于进行体。
(a)表示感情色彩(赞扬、愤怒、厌恶)常与always，forever，constantly等词连用。例：He is always doubting my word.
(b)表示“渐渐”的含义，主要是瞬间动词。
例：I’m just realizing how hard it is to speak another language.
(c)强调目前这一阶段时间或此时此刻动作的进行或持续。
例：Now I’m feeling all right.
(3)将来进行体常表示预计要发生或势必要发生的动作。
例：— Could you give these books to Smith?
—Certainly．I’ll be seeing him about something else in any case. So it won’t be any bother.
3.完成体：
(1)现在完成体，可与for，since连用，for后接一段时间，since后接时间点。
例：We have lived in Paris for ten years.
Mary has been here since five o’clock.
(2)past或last与表示时间的复数名词连用，谓语通常取现在完成体或现在完成进行体。
例：A group of scientists have been working with a monkey named Lana in the past few years.
In the last five months，he has been working．
Over the last half century．it has changed many times in form，style and timpo(拍子)。
注意：a.若用over，during时，可与表示时间的复数名词连用。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a61182047.html,st与week／month／year／century等表示时间的单数名词连用时
不与完成体连用。
c.this past week=last week，与过去时连用，若将this改the，则需加in
或during。
(3)expect，hope，intend，mean(打算)，suppose，think，want等用过去完成体，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。
例：They had wanted to help but couldn’t get in time.
(4)现在完成进行体可表示现在以前这段时期反复发生的事情。
例：We’ve been seeing quite a lot each other recently.
(5)和将来完成体连用的时间状语有．by five o’clock，by that time，by now,by 2000以及由by the time，when等引导的副词从句。
例：They will have arrived home by now.
Be quick，or the train will have left by the time we get to the station. (6)it is the first／second time that…结构中，that从句谓语动词取现在完成体，若是it was，从句谓语动词取过去完成体。
例：Is it your first time that you have been here?
Drill 6
1. “My father will be here tomorrow．”“Oh，I thought that he
today.”
A．wag coming C. will come
B．is coming D. comes
2. “Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in Mexico last
summer?” “No，it
for four days when we arrived，so the roads were very muddy．”
A．Was raining B. would be raining
C. had been raining
D. have rained
3. I shall go to Las Vegas before you back next month.
A. will come C. would come
B. came D. come
4. “How long will Arnold’s trip to California take?” “I don’t know, but he
said he’d let us know as soon as.”
A. he finds out C. he should find out
B. he’ll find o ut D. he’d find out
5. He will go to America next month, if he ready then.
A. is C. shall be
B. will be D. is going to be
6. “When will they leave?” “They very soon.”
A. do leave C. have left
B. are leaving D. leave
7. “Was he studying for an examination?” “Yes, he’s it next week.”
A. doing C. making
B. to take D. to give
8. By 2000, they will have to produce at least 20 million barrels (桶) of oil
a day if the West .
A. is to avoid a crippling energy crisis
B. avoids a crippling energy crisis
C. avoids a crippled energy crisis
D. were to avoid a crippled energy crisis
9. There another test three months from now.
A. will have been C. is
B. will be D. was
10. Henry will not be able to attend the meeting tonight because .
A. he must to teach a class
B. he will be teaching a class
英语四级必看英语语法(全)
all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又
aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少at last 终于 at length 最终,终于at most 至多,不超过
at no time 从不,决不by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任...处理at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的beyond question 毫无疑问by air 通过航空途径by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早by chance 偶然,碰巧
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大学英语四六级语法精讲课程讲义
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现代大学英语四级写作资料(1)
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英语四级语法全
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 2．被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have t o be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
英语四级考试必备基础语法知识
英语四级考试必备基础语法知识 动词时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some tim e when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 动词语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
2020年6月四级专项精讲语法讲义(学生版)何威威
四级语法应用法讲义 一、什么是长难句&划分长难句的方法： 1.长难句定义： 2.长难句划分方法：连动切割法（摘自《考研英语语法真经》第九章） ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础，断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句： 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词： A．识别介词短语： B．识别非谓语动词： 二、总结复习句子的主要成分 1、主语 （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当主语： 2、谓语 （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当谓语：
（2）位置： （3）什么可以充当宾语： 4、表语 （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当表语： 5、定语 （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当定语： 6、状语 （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当状语： 7、补足语 （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当补足语： 8、同位语： （1）定义： （2）位置： （3）什么可以充当同位语： 二、真题实战 1.选词填空 I①Just because they can’t sing opera or ride a bicycle doesn’t mean that animals don’t have culture. ②There’s no better example of this than killer whales. ③As one of the most __26__ predators（食肉动物），killer whales may not fit the __27__ of a cultured creature. ④However, these beasts of the sea do display a vast range of highly __28__ behaviors that appear to be driving their genetic development. II①The word “culture” comes from the Latin “colere,” which __29__ means “to cultivate.” ②In other words, it refers to anything that is __30__ or learnt, rather than instinctive or natural. ③Among human populations, culture not only affects the way we live, but also writes itself into our genes, affecting
大学英语四级基础复习讲义.pdf
plete 指完成一件指派或预定的任务,或完 善、完整未完成的部分 gain 指需要做出比 obtain 更大的努力,往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西obtain 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间儿得到所需要的东西end 指一个动作或一件事情的结束或终止 finish 指把一件事或一个动作做完,强调 事情的了结、终止 7、4 、 accurate , correct , delicate , exact,precise 都含有一定的"正确,精确" 之意 acknowledge,admit,concede,confess,rec ognize 都含有一定的"承认"之意acknowledge 着重”公开承认”,常用来指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事accurate 准确的,精确的,指某人或某事 不仅不出错,而且与事实无出入,强调准 确性 admit 是指在压力下不得不承认已经证实或难以否认的事实,招供(事实,错误等)concede(不情愿地)承认,(在结果确定前)承认失败correct 正确的,指某人或某事合乎事实或 公认的标准或规则,没有错误 delicate 精美、精细的、雅致的 exact 确切的、精确的,语气较 accurate 强, 指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或 标准,而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差 precise 精密的,指具有高度的精确性和准 确性,强调范围界限的鲜明性或细节的精密, 有时略带"吹毛求疵"的贬义 confess 着重承认自己的过错或罪恶recognize 指正式承认主权、权利等8、affirm,assert,allege,claim 都含有一定的"宣称,断言"之意affirm 断言,肯定,指根据事实坚定不移地宣称,有无可争辩之意assert 宣称,坚持,指不管事实如何,主观自信地宣称5、accuse,charge,indict 都含有一定的 "指控,控告"之意 allege 宣称,断定,指在无真实根据情况下宣称,硬说accuseaccusesb.ofdoingsth. 为 … 指 责 某 人,控告某人 claim 声称,主张,往往表示说话者反对或不同意某一观点chargechargesb.withdoingsth. 指 控 某 人… 英语四级温习资料 2(2006-12-1116:02:10)分类：大学英语四六级温习资料征服大学英语四级考试（阅读篇）（一）存在问题6、achieve,acquire,attain,gain,obtain 都含有一定的"获得,达到"之意 achieve 强调由于极大的努力,克服困难后 达到目标 第一,读不懂acquire 指经过不懈努力才获得的技术,知 识等抽象的东西,也指养成习惯等 attain 正式用语,指经过艰苦努力才使人达 到完美境地所谓读不懂,就是考生拿过文章,满头雾水,即使硬着头皮读文章,也是一知半解。然后匆忙做体,仅凭感觉去蒙,因此做体准确率必然不高。
英语四级语法全
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚 拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
大学英语四级语法考点透析
第一章动词的时与体(Tense & Aspect) 时（tense）是个语法范畴，它是表示时间区别的动词形式。英语动词只有“现在时”和“过去时”，而没有“将来时”（在英语中，表示“将来”手段多种多样，但没有一种独特的、能与“现在时”和“过去时”平起平坐的专一表示“将来”的动词形式----“将来时”）。 体（aspect）也是一个语法范畴，它表示动作或过程在一定时间内处于何种状态的动词形式。英语有进行体(progressive aspect)和完成体(perfective aspect)。进行体是由助动词be的一定形式加主动词的-ing 分词构成；完成体由助动词have的一定形式加主动词的-ed分词构成。 现在时和过去时既可以单独使用，也可以和进行体或完成体结合使用，也可以同时与完成体和进行体结合使用。这样，英语的限定动词词组便有8种时、体形式。它们分别是：一般现在时(simple present)、一般过去时(simple past)、现在进行体(present progressive)、过去进行体(past progressive)、现在完成体(present perfective)、过去完成体(past perfective)、现在完成进行体(present perfective progressive)、过去完成进行体(past perfective progressive)。在这一章中，我们单独挑出完成体来加以详述。 1．1 必须使用完成体的结构 1）It (This, This evening, yesterday...) is (was, will be) first (second, third...) time (day, month…)…结构中的分句，要求用完成体。 Is this the first time you've been to Beijing? This was the first time he had been to Beijing. This is the eighth month that I have been out of work.. This was the eighth month that I had been out of work. This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition. This was the second time that the goods produced by our factory had been shown in the International Exhibition. 2）在no sooner…than, hardly/barely/scarcely…when,等的句型中，主句要用过去完成体。 He had no sooner seen me than he left the room. No sooner had he seen me than he left the room. The helicopter had hardly landed when the waiting crowd ran toward it. Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder. 3）将来完成体用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的分句连用。 I will have finished all the work by the time you are back this evening. I am sure he will have left Paris by this time tomorrow. I hope we will have got all the information before you come tomorrow. By the time you get to New York, I _______for London. （2002年1月） A) would be leaving B) am leaving C) have already left D) shall have left 本题时间状语为by+将来时间，考察将来完成体用法，应选择D)。 By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ________here for two days.（2001年6月） A) have been staying B) have stayed C) shall stay D) will have stayed 将来完成体用来可以表示在将来某一时间以前一直持续的动作，本句话的意思是：我们将在这里呆两天，因此谓语动词用将来完成体，答案为D)。 1．2 现在完成体与现在完成进行体 现在完成进行体兼有现在完成体和现在进行体二者基本特点。由于它有现在完成体的特点，所以它
英语四级语法大全
语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||
2014年大学英语四级基础语法讲义档
2014年大学英语四级基础语法讲义8 My shoes are worn out. My shoes are worn out.我的鞋穿破了。 Be worn out 表示“穿破了”，这个词组看起来是被动形式，但并不强调被动，强调的是状态或者情况，可以理解为形容词短语。例如： My clothes are worn out and I have to mend them. 我的衣服穿破了，我得补一下。 You see,this glass is broken. 你瞧，这个杯子破了。 ★You'd better buy a new pair. You'd better buy a new pair.你最好买一双新的。 A pair of…表示“一对”，“一双”，指一起使用的两个相同的东西。例如： Have you bought a pair of shoes? 你买了一双鞋吗？ This pair of glasses is very good for me. . . . .
这副眼镜我戴很好。 ★That's a bit expensive. That's a bit expensive.价钱有点贵。 A bit 表示“一点儿”，“有些”，在句中作定语或者状语，相当形容词或者副词。与a little 是同义词。例如： It's a bit cold today;you'd better put on more clothes. 今天有点冷，你最好多些穿衣服。 If you study a bit hard,you can pass the exam. 如果你多一点努力学习，你就能考试及格。 Please give me a little water. 请给我一点儿水。 ★The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before. The shop was quite new,for it had opened only the week before.因上周才开的，所以商店很新。 For 表示“因为”，相当于because 和as.表明原因，三个词中，because语气最强，for 语气最弱。For 表明的原因要写在后面。例如： I want to go to bed,for I feel tired. 我想去睡觉，因为我感到累了。 . . . .
大学英语四级常考语法总结
大学英语四级常考语法总结 一、虚拟语气。应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。 二、独立主格题。一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 三、时态。英语中共有16个时态。四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。 四、名词性从句。形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 五、主谓一致。这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。
六、倒装结构。分为全部倒装和部分倒装。那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。 七、非谓语动词。①根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系，确定使用主动语态或被动语态，然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式或过去分词;②非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式，同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式;③表状态多用分词，表目的多用不定式。
英语四级语法总结
四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生
2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to l earn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do
英语四级语法总结
四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 ? CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 ? 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 2) 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于 虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义
2019年12月大学英语四六级语法讲义 一、识别句子成分必须记住的原理 1.衡量是否是一个句子的标准：是否有动词，有动词就是句子，反之不是句子。 2.英语构句原则规定：一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词。 3.长难句的构成：主句、从句、介词短语、非谓语动词。 （1）主句的辨识：谓语动词 （2）从句的辨识：连词+与之匹配的谓语动词 （3）介词短语：（4）非谓语动词：4.衡量长难句划分是否正确的标准：整个句子中谓语动词的个数比连词多一个5.长难句划分方法：连动切割法 ·连动切割法：将句子中的所有连词和动词（连词、动词的排列不分先后）作为切割长难句的基础， 断开主句和从句。 ·长难句划分的具体步骤： 【第一步】断开主句和从句 通读整个句子找出所有的连词或动词，并将连词和动词匹配起来（主要是针对从句而 言，主句不存在连词，从句连词和动词的匹配遵守就近原则），然后再给动词匹配主 语（主句的主语在谓语之前找；从句的主语在连词和与之匹配的谓语动词中间找，如 果它们中间没有任何词语，那么连词本身就是这个从句的主语。） 【第二步】断开介词短语和非谓语动词 A.从介词开始到其后跟的名词结束 B.从介词开始到动名词结束 C.从介词开始到动名词的宾语结束动名词（doing ） 动词不定式（to do ） 现在分词（doing ） 过去分词（done ） 在进行第一步的时候注意以下5种情况： 1如果动词前没有任何（落单的）连词，那么该动词应该是主句的谓语。 2如果动词前有两个或两个以上的连词，那么动词和连词的匹配遵守就近原则。 3如果动词比连词多两个或两个以上，说明有连词省略了或者把过去分词错当 成谓语动词。 4切割嵌套的从句：从句往往从连词开始到从句中的第二个谓语动词出现之前 结束。 5有些词既可以是连词，也可以具有别的词性 例如：that ：既可以是连词，也可以是代词或者限定词； than 、before 、after 、until 等既可以是连词也可以是介词