中考人教版英语复习资料
中考英语语法总复习讲义
专题一名词
名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为：
Ⅰ.名词的定义
名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。
如：Yao Ming 姚明；China 中国；Christmas 圣诞节等。
Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。1．可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。
★注意：a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前；
an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。
如：a book/buk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ，an apple/’aepl/ ，a red apple , an hour/’aua/
2．不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。
(1)物质名词。如：water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)；sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如：a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。
(2)抽象名词。如：news; music; time(时间); information等。
(3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。
(4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。
如：fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。Ⅲ. 名词的数
2. 可数名词复数形式的的不规则变化
(1)元音或词尾发生变化
如：man→men; woman→women; Frenchman→Frenchmen; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; child→children
(2)单复数形式相同
如：sheep→sheep; fish→fish; Chinese→Chinese; Japanese→Japanese; yuan→yuan
(3)形式为单数意思为复数如：people，police（集合名词）
(4)形式为复数意思为单数如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。
(5)只用复数形式如：pants, shorts, clothes，glasses(眼镜)等。
3. 不可数名词的量的表示：（不能直接用数字；不能直接加a。an；无复数形式）
(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。
(2)表确定数量时，一般用“数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词。
如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water
Ⅳ.名词的所有格：
1. 有生命的名词所有格
(1) 单数名词后加’s 。如：my brother’s book
(2) 不以s 结尾的复数名词后加’s 。如：the children’s football
(3) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’ 。如：the boys’ game
(4) 以s 结尾的专有名词后直接加’ 。如：Dickens’ novels
(5)某物为两个名词共有时，在第二个名词后加’s : 如：Tom and David’s room.
(6) 表示两个名词各自拥有的东西，在两个名词后都加’s: 如：Tom’s and David’s rooms.
2. 无生命的事物的名词所有格(of 所有格)
(1)of＋名词。如：a photo of my family, the door of the classroom
注意：“of＋名词’s/名词性物主代词” 构成双重所有格如：a friend of mine, a friend of Jim’s。
(2) 表示时间或距离，国家，城市的方法。也可用’s来构成所有格
▲如：ten minutes’ drive十分钟车程；a month’s holiday一个月的假期。China’s capital
(3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。所有格后面的名词一般被省去。
如：at his brother’s; at the doctor’s; at the barker’s; at Mr Read’s
(4)用所有格表示节日的方法：如：Teachers’ Day; Children’s Day
. （除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。）如：Mother’s Day; Father’s Day.▲（5）.由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在else的后面。This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil .
四、名词作句子成分：
★1.名词作主语
1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Two hours _______(be) enough for us to get there .
2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +…”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。
A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk .
3).名词+介词（with、except 、along with ….）+名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。
The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill .
4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、not only…but also …”连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。
Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman .
★2.名词作定语
1).名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。变复数时，名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如：a banana tree→banana trees; a shoe factory→shoe factories There is a shoe factory near the school .
2).名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport )
The sports meeting will be held next week .
3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时，man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。
one man teacher two women teachers
专题二冠词
中考对冠词的考查主要为：
不定冠词a和an的用法，定冠词the的用法，零冠词的用法，习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。
Ⅰ.冠词的定义冠词是虚词。通常放在名词之前，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词分为不定冠词（a和an）和定冠词(the)两类。
Ⅱ.冠词的用法
1．不定冠词a, an的用法
(1)泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you.
(2) 不定冠词a 用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前；a useful book; a desk;不定冠词an 用在以元音音
素开头的单数可数名词前。如：an old man; an actor; an “m” 。
(3) 第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如：There is a book on the desk, but the book isn’t mine.
(4) 表示人或事物的某一类。如：An elephant is bigger than a tiger.
(5) 用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“ 每一” 的意思，相当every 如：three times a week.
(6) 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。I have a computer.
(7)用在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
(8)可视为一个整体的两个名词前eg: a knife and fork 一副刀叉
(9)用在某些固定词组中：如：have a good time; have a swim ,have a cold , half an hour ,a lot(of), after a while , in a hurry , for a long time, a few ,a little ,at a time ,
2．定冠词the的用法
(1)用来特指某人或某物，双方都知道的人或物的名词前如：Open the door, please.
(2) 用于上文提到的某人或某物。There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new.
(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如：the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky
(4) 用在序数词或形容词最高级前，如：March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his
class.
(5) 用在某些形容词前，表示一类人。如：the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。
(6) 用在西洋乐器名词前。如：play the violin
(7) 用在表示方位的名词前。如：in the east/north/west/south
(8) 用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前或用在由普通名词构成
的专有名词前。如：the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等
(9) 用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。eg：The Greens are watchingTV now
(10)用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the...the... ”的句式中,表示“越…越…”。如:The more, the better.
(11)用于固定搭配中。all the same仍然；all the time一直；at the moment此刻；at the same time同时；by the
way顺便说；do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上in the open air 在户外，在野外
3．零冠词的用法
(1)棋类活动,球类运动,一日三餐，学科名词前不用任何冠词play chess play football have supper
We all like English.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)
(2)称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。
如：I don’t feel well today, Mum./ This is Professor Li/ /Hello, Lily.
(3)在节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前，用零冠词.
如：Teachers’ Day; Mother’s Day; on Monday; in May; in summer
▲但若指某年的某月份或某年的某季节，需在月份或季节前加the, eg：The winter in 2008 was very cold.
(4)名词前已有物主代词(my，your，his，her等)、指示代词(this/these，that/those)、不定代词(some，any 等)及名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词my book(正)；my the book(误)
(5)有些专有名词, 如人名,地名,国家名，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。
如：China; Japanese; milk; love等。Jim lives in China.
(6)不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前用零冠词We can’t live without water./ Horses are good animals.
(7)用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名，路名，山名等名词前Hainan Island / Nanjing Road
(8) by与火车等交通工具连用，用零冠词
eg：by bus/ by train/by car/ by bike 注意：take a bus/ on the bike/ in a boat
(9)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词.
如:on foot; at home; at night; from morning till night, on time, in time, at first, at last等。
(10)用与不用冠词的差异
①in hospital住院/ in the hospital在医院里②in front of在(外部的)前面/ in the front of在(内部的)前面
③at table进餐/ at the table在桌子旁④by sea乘船/ by the sea在海边
⑤go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…) /go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
⑥two of us我们当中的两人/ the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
⑦a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
专题三：代词
中考对代词的考查主要为：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，疑问代词，不定代词，一．人称代词：
He teaches _____(we) Chinese . / I’m waiting for you.(介词的宾语) / It’s me.(宾格做表语)
2.三种人称代词并列充当主语时时,顺序为:
单数:（二,三,一）——（You, she and I ）复数:（一,二,三）——(we , you and they )
注：:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)
eg：She and I have been to Beijing .（一般情况）Who broke the window ? I and Mike .（承担责任）注：it 还有一些特别的用法。
1) 用在句型: “It seems that …”中.“看起来像。….”
2）用作形式主语,常用于“It’s +adj +to do sth”句型中.“做什么事情怎么样” .
3) 用在句型: “It’s one’s turn to do sth”中.“轮到某人做sth”
4) 用在句型: “It’s time to do sth / for sth”中.“到了该做sth的时候”5) 用在句型: “It’s +adj +that 从句”中.
6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式.
主语+make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth . I find it difficult to remember these wors.
1、 形容词性物主代词作定语修饰名词，一般不单独使用. eg: My name is Tom.( 形容词性物主代词)
2、名词性物主代词，后面不能加名词,名词性物主代词常与of 连用
He is a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) eg ：Our classroom is as big as ______(they) . / This is a
friend of ______(my).
注: 1) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+ 名词(上题中mine=my friends)
2)形容词性物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词.
My own house = a house of my own
三. 反身代词：“某某自己；亲自”
反身代词的常用搭配:
enjoy oneself 过得愉快 hurt oneself 受伤 teach oneself = learn..by oneslf 自学
help oneself to …随便吃/用 look after oneself leave sb by oneself 让某人独自留下
dress oneself 某人自己穿衣服 improve oneself 提高某人自己
四.指示代词
1、指示代词的用法： (1)this /these ①指较近的事和人: This is my pen. / These are my books.
②指下文提到的事eg ：Please remember this:No pains,no gains.
(2) that /those ①指较远的事和人: That is her sister. / Those are her sisters.
②指上面刚提到的事情eg ：He was ill.That’s why he didn’t go to school.
2. 注意 that / those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That 代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _____ in Qinghai .
The books in that shop are cheaper than ___in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those
3.在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方.
eg ：This is Tom speaking . 我是汤姆 Who is that ?你是谁？
五、疑问代词：(P93考点五)用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词，通常位于句首，引出特殊疑问句。 如：who 作主语，表语，宾语但不能放介词后Who wants to go with me?
whom who 的宾格形式，作宾语To whom are you talking?
whose who 的所有格形式，作定语Whose wallet is this? 这是谁的钱包？
what 可询问职业What’s your father? He is a teacher.
who 可询问身份和姓名Who is the boy in red? He is Jim.
what
指不定数目中的那一个。“什么，哪一些，”无范围What would you like?
which “ 哪一个”指在一定范围内特指的人或物Which bike is yours? 哪辆自行车是你的
六.不定代词的区别.
1.one 与it 的区别: One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it 代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ?
2.some 与any 的区别①一般情况下,some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定,疑问句, He asked me for some paper , but I didn’t have any .
②但在疑问句中，若要表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答或表示请求、建议时应用some 。此类句型常以could, would 开头或what about /how about 的句中。May I have some water ?( 希望得到肯定的回答)
3.many 与much 的区别
Many+可数名词的复数 ；Much+不可数名词，都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词
注:a lot of 常不用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much .
4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别
例题：His story is easy to read ，there are _____ new words in it . Hurry up ! There is _____ time left .
5.each / every 的区别 ★each 强调个体，表示两者或两者以上的人或物中
的每一个. every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.
There are trees and frowers on _____ side of the street . / ____ student has read a story .
★:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.
而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us _______(study )hard .
6. no one 与none 的区别
no one 指人，表示没有人, 不能与of 连用， 谓语常用单数。
none of +复数名词/ 代词，作主语时，既指人又可指物，谓语常用单数。.
The boys were all tired , but _____ of them stopped to have a rest . .
7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别
There are many trees on ____ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all
注意: 1). both 的否定词是neither , all 的否定词是none.
2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数； neither of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.
Neither of the answers ______(be) right . Both of my parents _______(be) workers.
3).词组 A) both …and …连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:
not only …but also … 反义词组: neither … nor …
Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= ____ you _____ she like watching TV .
B) either …or … 或者……或者…… , neither…nor… 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时,谓语
动词实行就近原则. Neither you nor he ______ (be ) right .
One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _____ Lily _____Lucy _____ going to the park.
C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也” He doesn’t like the book,either.
4) how many /how much 的回答:用none 回答.
Who 的回答:用no one 回答. ； What 的回答: 用nothing 回答.
How many students are there in the classroom ? __________.
Who can answer the question ? _______. A. None B.No one C.Nothing
8.other /the other /others /the others 的区别
注释: 1) one …the other …表示两者之间的一个…另一个…… 2) some… others… 表示一些…… 另一些…… 3) another 表示三者及三者以上的不确定数目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数.
★ another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more +复数名词
表示 “ 另外几个……”another ten teachers=ten more teachers
I have two brothers , one is a teacher , ______ is a worker .
Some are cleaning the classroom , ______ are sweeping the window
9.复合不定代词.
注: 1.复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. eg;Everything is ready.
2.形容词或else 修饰复合不定代词时，形容词或else 须放在复合不定代词后。： I want to give you something different to eat.. / something else （其它的东西）
3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后. Would you like something to eat?
4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,
1)指人的不定代词, everybody,nobody,anyone, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they . Everybody is here,aren’t they?
2)指物的不定代词, everything ,something,nothing 等 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .
Everything ______(begin ) to grow in spring , _______ _______ ?
5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何……/任何物/任何人”
6、
Every one of us has seen the film . Everyone should do their best .
专题四 数词
数词是中考必考的一个语法点，基数词，序数词，分数
一、 数词的分类 数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。
1. 基数词 表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下：
A ．从1——10： one ，two ，three ，four ，five ，six ，seven ，eight ，nine ，ten ．
B. 从11-19： eleven ，twelve ，thirteen ， fourteen ， fifteen ，sixteen ， seventeen ，eighteen ， nineteen ． 这里除 eleven ， twelve ， thirteen ， fifteen ， eighteen 为特殊形式外，fourteen ，sixteen ，seventeen ，nineteen 都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen 构成。
C．从21——99：整数几十中除twenty，thirty, forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety 都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符“-”
①21 twenty-one ② 76 seventy-six
D．百位数：1-9基数词形式加“hundred”，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and．
101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight
E．千位数以上：从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号“，”。从右开始，第一个“，”前的数字后添加thousand，第二个“，”前面的数字后添加million，第三个“，”前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。①2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight。②16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four。③5,237,166,234 five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand，two hundred and thirty-four
★★F．基数词在表示确切的数字时，要用百、千、百万、十亿的单数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，则以复数形式出现。
four hundred boys There are hundreds of people in the hall．
They went to the theatre in twos and threes．
注：several+ hundred/thousand/million /billion+复数名词eg：There are several hundred students.
G．表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的复数形式表示。
1)表年龄: in one’s + 整十的复数,表示在某人几十岁时
①He became a professor in his thirties．他三十多岁时成为了教授②在他四十岁时: ___
2)表示年代: in the + 年份的复数,在几世纪几十年代. It was in the 1960s．那是在二十世纪六十年代。H．基数词的句法功能
基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。
The two happily opened the box．（作主语）I need three altogether．(作宾语）
Four students are playing volleyball outside．（作定语）We are sixteen．（作表语）
They three tried to finish the task before sunset．（作同位语）
2. 序数词:表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式：
A．从第一至第十九：其中，one— first，two— second，three— third，five— fifth，eight—eighth，nine—ninth，twelve— twelfth为特殊形式，其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。例如：six— sixth、nineteen— nineteenth．
B．从第二十至第九十九：
整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i，再加“eth”构成。
twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth 第四十第五十
表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“－”和个位序数词形式一起表示。
thirty-first 第三十一fifty-sixth 第五十六seventy-third 第七十三ninety-ninth 第九十九
C．第一百以上的多位序数词：由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。
one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一；one thousand，three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十D.序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。
first——lst second——2nd third——3rd fourth——4th
sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd
注：lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。
E．序数词的句法功能：序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
The second is what I really need．（作主语）He choose the second．（作宾语）
We are to carry out the first plan.（作定语）She is the second in our class．（作表语）
★序数词前常要加定冠词the；但若序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再一”“又一”。
We’ve tried it three times．Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了还必须试一次（第四次）吗？▲表编号结构:名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词= the +序数词+名词
Lesson One = the first lesson the fifth page=Page 5（five）the twenty-first room=Room 21（twenty-one）
★二、时刻表示法
1.表示几点钟用基数词可以加o`clock,也可省略：5:00 读作five o`clock 或five
2.表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past，再加小时
eg: five past seven 七点过五分half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻
3. 表示几点差几分，在分钟后面加to，再加小时
ten to eight 差十分八点（七点五十分）a quarter to twelve 差一刻十二点（十一点四十五分）差二十分六点
4.在日常生活中，以小时、分种为单位分别读出数字：
读作ten twenty-six 14:03 读作fourteen o three 18:30 读作eighteen thirty 23:55 读作
注：时刻表上的时间大多采用24小时表示法，这样就不需要用a.m.表上午，p.m.表下午了。
三、年月表示法
1.世纪=定冠词+序数词+century表示，也可以用定冠词+百位进数+`s表示
the sixth/6th century=the 500’s 公元六世纪the 1900`s 二十世纪the 1600`s 十七世纪
2. 年代用定冠词+基数词+十位整数的所有格或复数形式构成
in the 1930`s/in the 1930s（in the thirties of the twentieth century或in the nineteen thirties）
在二十世纪三十年代；在十九世纪六十年代
3. 表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期，可以在定冠词后，年代前添加early，mid-，late
in the early 1920`s 在二十世纪二十年代早期in the mid-1950`s 在二十世纪五十年代中期
4. 年月日表示法
A．年份用基数词表示，一般为阿拉伯数字：
1949 读作nineteen hundred and forty-nine 或nineteen forty-nine
1800 读作eighteen hundred 1902 读作nineteen hundred and two或nineteen o two
★表示在哪一年，一般在年数前加介词in，eg: in 2012 在2012年
使用year时，year放在数词之前in the year two hundred fifty-three B.C. 在公元前253年
B. 月份，在哪个月，用介词in加第一个字母大写的月份词：例如：in May在五月；
月份常用缩写形式表示：缩写形式除May，June，July外，其它的月份都由其前三个字母表示，但September除外。January—Jan．February—Feb．March—Mar. April—Apr．August—Aug．September—Sept．October—Oct．November—Nov．December—Dec．
注：这里缩写形式后面加点不能省略
C．日期在具体哪一天要添加介词on。
National Day is on Oct. 1.（October first也可以表示为National Day is on the 1st of October．）
May 5（th）五月五日（读作May fifth）也可以表示为the fifth（5th）of May
Mar. 1（st）（读作March first或the first of March）
★★注：通常情况下morning，afternoon，evening等词前用介词in。但是，当这些词前后有一修饰限定的词作为定语，把它们限定为某一天早晨、下午或晚上时，介词应改为on。这里的修饰限定词可以是介词短语、名词、形容词、定语从句等。On a cold morning，the old man died lonely in his house．The accident happened on the afternoon of July 7．/ We are to have a small test on Monday morning．
★四、分数表示法.
1).结构: a).分子用基数词,分母用序数词 .b).当分子大于1时,分母加复数.
3/4 three fourths或three quarters 1/3 one third或a third
1/2 a half = one second 1 1/2 one and a half
2).注意:
a).当分数后面接可数名词时，如果分数表示的值大于1，名词用复数；<1，名词用单数。
1 1/
2 hours 一个半小时（读作one and a half hours）4/5 meter 五分之四米
2 3/4 mete rs 二又四分之三米（读作two and three-fourths meters）
★b).分数词作主语时, 谓语动词根据分数词后面的名词来确定.
Two fifths of the milk ______(be ) drunk by Tom . One third of the students _______(be )girls .
五、小数表示法
1. 小数用基数词来表示，小数点读作point，o读作zero或o［ou］，整数部分为零时，可以省略不读。
0.4 zero point four或point four 零点四10.23 ten point two three 十点二三
25.67 twenty-five point six seven 二十五点六七l.03 one point o three 一点零三
2. 当数字值大于1时，小数后面的名词用复数，数字值小于1时，小数后面的名词用单数。
1.03 meters 一点零三米0.49 ton 零点四九吨l.5 tons 一点五吨
六、百分数表示法: 百分数=基数＋percent表示这里的percent不用复数形式。
50％fifty percent 3％three percent 0.12％zero point one two percent
七、数量表示法
1. 表示长、宽、高、面积等：用基数词+单位词（meter，foot，inch，kilogram等）+ 形容词（long，wide，high等）表示，或者用基数词+单位词+ in + 名词（length，width，height，weight等）表示。two meters long或two meters in length 2米长three feet high或three feet in height 3英尺高
2.表示温度时，用below zero表示零下温度，温度=基数词+degree（s）+单位词（centigrade摄氏）表示。thirty-six degrees centigrade或36℃ four degrees below zero centigrade或-4℃摄氏零下4度
这里的单位词在人们都很清楚是什么度量制度时，可以省略。It’s seven degrees below zero．今天是零下七度。（摄氏）
★3. 表示时间、距离时，使用含数词的名词所有格形式作定语。
five minutes` walk 步行五分钟（的距离）one kilometer’s distance 一公里远。
★4.数词加名词单数构成的短语，短语中间要用连字符“-”来连接，作定语修饰名词
It’s a five-minute walk from the library to the playground．She’s a sixteen-year-old girl．
八、特殊用法
★1．数词作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Two months is quite a long time．
Four and two is six．What’s two and three？
2．一个半小时（一年半，一个半月可类推）one／an hour and a half ＝one and a half hours
专题五形容词与副词
中考试题对形容词的考查涉及形容词原级、比较级和最高级的各种句型，形容词作定语的位置，易混淆的形容词用法辨析等。从考查形式看，一般有单项选择、完形填空、词语运用等。
一. 形容词：形容词主要用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。形容词在句中可用作表语、定语、补语等。
1．作定语，放在名词前，something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词之后；形容词修饰疑问代词时，也须放在其后。如：It’s a cold and windy day. Would you like something hot to drink?
What else can you see? 你还能看见其它什么东西？
2．作表语，放在系动词之后。常见的系动词有be, become, get(变), turn(变), feel, look(看起来), seem, smell, sound, taste。如：He looks happy today. Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。Milk is able to turn bad easily in summer.
3．
★We are making our country strong.
4.形容词的排列顺序：
如：a big yellow Chinese wooden ship(一个黄色的大型中国木船)
★前置形容词（作定语）的顺序为：
限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠；
①“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词等。
②表观点的“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、interesting、great等。
③“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词big,small, ,short, tall
④表示“形状”的词如：round, square等。
⑤年龄，新旧，颜色的形容词young，old，new，white，red等
⑥ “国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。Chinese，rural（乡村的）
⑦ “材料”的词如：wooden, woolen, stone,silk等。
⑧“作用类别”的词如：medical, college，writing desk，police car等。
两个圆形的蓝色日本塑料盘
5、有关形容词的用法辨析：
⑴whole与all：记住两个词序：
①the whole + 名词；如：He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙)
②all (of) the + 名词。He can remember all the words he learns.
⑵tall与high, short与low：
①指人的个子（树、楼）时用tall与short；如：He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮)
Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.
②指其他事物（含价格price时）一般用high与low。 A few people live on high mountains.
⑶real与true：
①real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的” This is a real diamond and it’s very expensive.
②true指事情或消息的可靠性“真实的”--Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.
⑷ interested与interesting的区别：
①interesting指人或东西“有趣的
．．．．．．, 如：The man is very interesting and all the
．．．”,作定语或表语
children like him. / This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.
②interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的
．．．．．I am interested in science.
．．．．”,只能作表语
（excited/exciting; bored/boring等类似）
（5）nice与fine：的区别：nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等；
如：Let’s go and share the nice cake./ She is a nice girl.(漂亮的)
【good/well区别见资料】fine一般指身体或天气好What a fine day!(多好的天气！)/ I am fine.
我身体很好
（6）too much与much too：
①too much表示“太多的”,修饰不可数名词，表数量；如：I am full because I have had too much rice.
②much too表示“太”,修饰形容词或副词，表程度。That coat is much too dear.
（7）quick、fast与soon：quick与fast基本同义①quick常指反应速度快After a quick lunch, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.②fast往往指运动速度快, A train is much faster than a bus.
③soon则表示时间上很快即将发生（将来时）。His father will be back to China very soon.
（8）lonely与alone：
①lonely 有感情色彩的形容词,意思是：“孤独的,寂寞的；荒凉的”,作定语或表语
②alone adj.“独自的,单独的”,客观情况,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。
如：He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)He is a lonely person. （9）sick与ill区别：①sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语，如：He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now. Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.
②ill做定语意为“坏的”ill words坏话
二.副词
中考试题对副词的考查涉及常用副词的用法、副词等级的各种句型、易混淆的副词用法辨析等。1. 副词的分类
副词按词汇意义可分为：
方式副词：well，fast，slowly，carefully，quickly
程度副词：very，much，enough，almost，rather，quite
地点副词：here，there，out，somewhere，abroad，home
时间副词：today，early，soon，now，then，recently
频度副词：always，often，usually，sometimes，seldom，never
否定副词：no，not，neither，nor 疑问副词：where，how，why 其他：also，too，only
2. 副词的基本用法：
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句话，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。如：We should listen to our teachers carefully. (修饰动词) He is very happy today. (表时间)
“What happened?”I asked, r ather angrily. (修饰adv./In spring,I can see flowers everywhere. (表地点)
3.副词的位置
①时间副词：一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just 一般放在动词的前面。I will do it omorrow. ②疑问副词：how , when, where, why放在句子的开头。如Where did he go yesterday?
③关系副词,连接副词放在所连接从句的开头I should like to know when the new term will begin?
④频度副词通常都放在动词前面，但若句子里面有情态动词，助动词或动词be，就放在这类动词的后面。例如：He often does this. / You must always bear this in mind.
⑤副词排列顺序
a）时间，地点副词，小单位在前，大单位在后
b）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully. c）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。He worked very well here last week.
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能直接修饰动词。改错：I very like English.
★4. 常见副词用法辨析
(1)already,yet与still的区别
① already用于现在完成时态的肯定句句中，表示“已经”；He had already left when I called.
②yet用于现在完成时态的否定句句末，表示“还”，用于疑问句句末，表示“已经”。
Have you found your ruler yet？/ I haven’t finished my homework yet.
③still表事情还在进行He still works until late every night.
(2)so与such的区别
①so修饰形容词或副词；such 修饰名词。如：
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. / He is such a boy.他是一个这样的孩子。
②a)so修饰的结构是“so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数”。
b)such修饰的结构是“such ＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数”，
c)“such＋形容词＋可数名词复数/不可数名词”。如He is so clever a boy.＝He is such a clever boy.
(改错) It is so cold weather. They are so good students. ③如果可数名词复数前有many，few或不可数名词前有much，little修饰，用so不用such。如：
so many(如此多的)；so few(如此少的)可以加可数名词复数。
so much(如此多的)；so little(如此少的)可以加不可数名词。
So time so people A so many B so few C so much D such little
(3)also, too, as well与either 的区别also，as well，too，用于肯定句，also常用于be动词，情态动词，助动词之后，行为动词之前；as well，too用于句末；either用于否定句中，置于句末。如：
My father is a teacher. My mother is also a teacher. ＝My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher as well. ＝My father is a teacher. My mother is a teacher，too. I can’t speak French, Jenny can’t speak French，either.
(4)sometime, sometimes, some time与some times的区别
sometime 某一时间，某一时刻(可指将来时，也可指过去时) / sometimes 有时，不时的
some time 一段时间/ some times 几次，几倍
如：We’ll have a test sometime next month. 下个月的某一时间，我们要进行一次测试。
Sometimes we are busy and sometimes we are not. ( )
He stayed in Beijing for some time last year. ( )/ I have been to Beijing some times.( )
(5)ago与before的区别
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”，常与一般过去时连用，不可以单独使用。
before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。如：
I saw him ten minutes ago. / He told me that he had seen the film before.
(6)how 的几个短语：
①how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问；
②how soon“多久以后”,常用于将来时态，对in引导的一段时间提问；
③how long“多久”用于过去时、完成时或其他时态，常对于for或since引导的时间状语提问；
④how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问；
⑤how much“多少”,对程度进行提问,也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。
⑥how many”多少”对可数名词数量进行提问。⑦how far “多远”对距离进行提问
如：have you been like this?-For 2 days. / - does he wash his face? –Once a day.
Will be come back?-In five minutes. / - is it from your home to your school?
(7) hard与hardly的用法: ①hard作为副词意思是“努力地,猛烈地”, They study English very hard.
②hardly是否定词,意思是：“几乎不”,一般与情态动词can/could连用。
You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.
(8) now，just与just now的区别
①now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在”
②just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚……” ③just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才”
Where does he live______? / We have _______ seen the film.. / He was here______.
三．形容词，副词的比较级、最高级
1.规则变化
2. 不规则变化（1）（资料P98）不规则变化表更多资料QQ378459309制作：
（2）下列单、双音节词只能加more和most
★四. 形容词，副词等级的用法
1. 原级的用法
(1)有very，quite，so，too, enough等修饰的词，用原级如：He is too tired to walk on.
(2) 肯定句中A…+ as+(adj./adv.的原级)+as +B A和B一样
否定句中A…+not as(so) +(adj./adv.的原级)+as+B A 和B不一样
eg：Tom is as old as Kate./ Tom is twice as old as Kate.
This room is not as/so (big) as that one. 这个房间不如那个大。
2. 比较级的用法
(1) A...+比较级+ than+ B A比B…(用比较级) Tom is taller than Kate. 汤姆比凯特高。
(2) 可以修饰比较级的词：much, a lot, far; a little，a bit; even; still,表程度It is much colder today than
yesterday.
(3)选择疑问句中，二选一时Which is bigger，the earth or the moon？
(4)用比较级表示最高级的意思
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river in China.在中国长江比其它任何一条河都长。
(5)“比较级＋and＋比较级”表示“越来越……”
如：He is getting taller and taller./ The flowers are more and more beautiful.
(6)“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”表示“越……，就越……”
如：The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
(7)在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one，that，those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。
如：The weather here is warmer than that in Shanghai.
(8)表示倍数的比较：A...+倍数+than+B A是B的几倍。如：This room is three times bigger than that one.
3. 最高级的用法（用于三者及三者以上人或事物相比较）
(1)形容词最高级前一定要用the，副词最高级前可省略。
(2)有范围(in, of, among或从句等)修饰的常用最高级。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. /Winter is the coldest season of the year.
(3) one of the＋形容词最高级＋复数名词＋（in/of短语）”表“…是…最…之一”。
如：Beijing is one of the largest cities in China 北京是中国最大城市之一。
(4)选择疑问句中用于三者或三者以上的比较。如：Which country is the largest，China，Brazil or Canada？Which season do you like(the) best，spring，summer or autumn？
(5)表示“第几个最……”时，用“the＋序数词＋最高级＋名词单数”的结构。
如：The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
(6)形容词最高级前有物主代词，指示代词，名词所有格修饰时不能用定冠词。This is our best lesson today. 注意：注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词.
He is taller than _____ boy in his class. He is taller than _____boy in our class . A.any B.any other
专题六介词
一.表示时间的介词(部分见资料)
1. in, on, at在……(之时)
①in与年、季节、月、年代、世纪及一般(泛指)的早、中、晚等较长时间的词连用eg：in summer在
夏天；in January在1月；in 2012 在2012年；in the morning在早上in the 21st century
②on用于具体的某日或某特定日期的早、中、晚。
如：on August 8th在8月8日；on Monday在星期一；on New Year’s Day；
on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早晨；on Sunday afternoon在星期天下午。
③at表示某一时刻。
如：at 5∶10pm 在下午5∶10; at the beginning of在开始时；
at the end of...在……的末尾；at the age of...在……岁时；at noon在中午；at the same time在同时。
at night在晚上；
2. in, after 在……之后
“in ＋时间段”用于将来时之中；“after＋时间段”用于过去时态之中；“after＋时间点”既可用于将来时也可用于过去时。如：Jim will go to Beijing in five days. 吉姆五天后会去北京。Jim went to Beijing after five days. 五天后，吉姆去了北京。Jim will go to Beijing after five o’clock. 吉姆会在五点钟后去北京。
3. for, since
for可以指过去、现在或将来，着重说明“多久”，后面接时间段。since意为“自从……起”，多与完成时连用，后面接时间点或从句。since引导的从句通常为一般过去时。如：
He has lived here for 2 weeks. / He has lived here since 2 weeks ago. It’s five years since he left school.
4. after, behind 在……之后
after主要用于表示时间；behind主要用于表示位置。如：You should take a walk after dinner. /The picture is behind the door.
二.表示地理位置的介词
1. in, on, to
1).in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系) 2).on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)
3).to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)
Hubei is ___ the north of Hunan /Tanwan is ___ the southeast of China . /Japan is ___ the east of China .
2.at/in/on
1)at 接小地点或较具体的位置”。at home/ at the station 如：He arrived at school at 8 o’clock. 他8点
钟到学校
2)in 接在大地点in China; in the world ; He arrived in Wenzhou yesterday. （较大地点）
3)on 表在一个平面上on the farm
3. above, over, on 在……上
①above 指在……上方，表相对高度，不强调是否垂直，与below相对；
The bird is flying above my head. 鸟在我的头上飞。
②over指在……正上方，表垂直的高度，与under相对；There is a bridge over the river. 河上有一座桥。
③on表示某物体上面并与之接触。如：There is a book on the desk.
4. below, under 在……下面；under表示“在……正下方”；below表示“在……下，不一定在正下方”。
如：There is a dog under the desk./ Please write your name below the line.
5．in front of / in the front of
（1）.in the front of 表示在…….内部的前面；（2）.in front of 表示在……外面的前面
There is a desk in ____ front of our classroom . There is a big tree in _____ front of our classroom. Ⅲ.表运动方向和位置的介词
1. across / through / over / by 经过
①across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.②through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空
间内通过.
③over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. ④by/past 表示从某人/某物的旁边经
过. Can you swim ______ the river ? / The elephant is so bi g that it can’t go _____ the gate .
I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence. / I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .
2. between, among
① between指在两个人或两个事物之间；There is a bank between the post office and the police station.
② among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间eg:The teacher is standing among the students.
3 . in, into, out of
①in：在……里面，用于表示静止的位置。Her mother works in the hospital.
②into：进入，用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，经常与表示动作的动词连用如,come, go, run, rush等。
The child ran into his mother’s arms. 这小孩跑进了它妈妈的怀里
③out of：从……里出来，与into一样，也表示有一定的运动方向。如：
All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang.
四.表示方式的介词with / in / by 表示“用……”
1.with 表示“用…” 一般指有形的工具/ 手段/ 人体器官.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
2.in a)表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料..
Can you say it _____English ? / He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
b)以…方式in this way 用这种方法behave in a polite way
c)也可表交通方式travel in a car d)“穿着” in red穿红色的衣服
3.by a)表示乘坐交通工具, travel by bus
b)以……方式、方法或手段I study for a test _____ working with a group .
4. on a)通过study on the air/radio通过广播学习b)乘坐on a bus/ on a bike
注意: 1).by phone = on the phone 2).by car = in a car 3).in pen = with a pen = with pens
五．范围介词
In 在。。。。里边in our class between 在两者之间between us
among 在三者或三者以上的中间among students
besides 除了。。。之外还有（包括后面的宾语）Tom,Jim besides Lily.
except 除了。。。之外（不包括后面的宾语）Tom,Jim except Lily.
including包括All the students including me.
六．介词词组辨析
1. on the tree /in the tree
①on the tree 表示“树上本身长的东西”在树上.②in the tree 表示“外界的物体进入树中”人或物在树上.
There are some apples _____ the tree ./ There is a boy ____ the tree.
2．in the wall /on the wall
①in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” ②on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”
a picture the wall the window the wall
3. .except / besides / except for
1).except 除了…之外, 都… 不包括在范围之内，排除同类的. We all went swimming except Lucy .
注: nothing but …除了…之外,什么也没有. There is nothing but a letter in the box .
2).besides除了…之外,还有… 包括在范围之内. We study Japanese and French besides English
3) except for 句中的主语与except for后的宾语不同类：
Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper. 史密斯除了脾气不好外，是个好人
4. .with / without
1).with具有,带有反义词:without没有词组: with th e help of = with one’s help 反义词：without one’s help
2).without 的用法: A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物
B).without + doing sth . He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to us
C). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句. If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ____ ____ .
5.be made +介词的区别:（见九上笔记）
be made of 由…制成(看得见原材料)；be made from由…制成(看不见原材料)
be made in +地点由哪儿生产；be made by sb. 由某人制造
6. since / for 注: since / for 常用于现在完成时.
1).since : a).since +时间点；b). 现在完成时+ since +一般过去时；c).since +一段时间+ ago.
2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago
七．其他固定搭配
be full of充满；be filled with装满……；be born in出生于；be sure of确信；
be used to 习惯于…；be late for迟到；be strict with sb对某人要求严格；be excited about对…感到激动。介词与动词的固定搭配:
arrive in/at 到达大/小地方；agree with同意，赞同；ask for要求，请求。
catch up with 赶上，追上；come from 来自; do well in在……做得好；
decide on决定; fall behind 落后; get to 到达；go to school去上学；
get on with与某人相处；go on with sth.继续做某事；go to bed(sleep)去睡觉；
go to the cinema 去看电影; have nothing with 与……无关；hear of 听说;
hear from收到…来信; help...with...在(某方面)帮助; hand in 交上来。
九.不用介词的情况:
1.当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词. What are you going to do tonight ?
2.含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语. He went to Wuhan last week .
3.以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词. He has worked all day .
4.以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.
1、连词的含义：连词是一种虚词，不承担句子的任何成分，是一种连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词。
2、连词的分类：连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。
①、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见有：and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as well as(也), both...and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)等。
补充：(1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。(3)表转折关系的but, while等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。
②、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的有：
when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如…一样；由于), as …as…(和…一样), as far as(就…而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), in order that…(为了), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), now that…(现在既然), by the time…(到…时候), every time…(每当), as if…(好像),no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。
补充：(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。
(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, so…that, such…that等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than, a s…as等。(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。
［辨析］：
(1)Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train. (快点，否则你会错过火车) Hurry up, and you’ll catch the train. (快点，你会赶上火车的)
(2) not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either… or…(或…或…),neither… nor…(既不…也不…)，这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例: Either you or he is wrong. /Neither he nor his children like fish.不但他不喜欢而且他的孩子也不喜欢鱼。Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.不但老师而且学生想买这本书。
(3) because、as、since、for的用法：
①because(因为)，引导原因状语从句。表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句常放主
句后面；回答why的问句只能用because. eg：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.
②as(因为)，引导原因状语从句。表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,
它引导的从句放在句首，句尾都可以。As all of you have got here, now, let’s go to the zoo.
③since(既然)，引导原因状语从句表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。
I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.
④for(因为)是并列连词, 引导并列句。语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释，只能放在
主句后面。
We must be off now for the match starts at 7：00.
★(4)if、whether的区别：
相同点：表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句, I don’t know if/whether he will arrive on time. 不同点：①whether提出两种选择时要用whether，不用if. 如Let me know whether he can come or not.
②在不定式前或介词后只用whether. eg: Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.
I have not settled the question of whether I will go home.
③whether与or not连用时, if不可以
④whether引导主语从句或表语从句,
Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question. / The question is whether he will go.
⑤If “是否”意思不能放句首，whether可以. eg: Whether she is at home, I can not say.
⑥而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。
I will ring you up if he arrives on time.
(5)while、when、as的用法区别：
①while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的；
②when可表较短的动作也可表较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可同时发生也可先后发生；
③as与上两词同义,可替换while和when,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边…一
边……”，主句从句均为短动作时也常用as。
Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homewor k. / I’ll go home when I have finished my job.
They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.
As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.
(6)till/until与not…till/until的区别：
till/until (肯定)主句常是一个延续性的动作, not…till/until（否定）主句常是一个短暂性动作。(都是引导时间状语从句，符合主将从现的原则)
如：①I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.（我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来）(stay这个动作是一个延续性动作，一直进行到你return)
②I won’t go to bed until my father comes back.
（直到我父亲回来我才会去睡觉，go是一个短动作）
③I didn’t g o to bed until my father came back.（直到我父亲回来我才去睡觉，
从句动作应该在主句动作前发生
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，也就是先父亲先回来,我才去睡觉）
④He didn’t tell me anything_______ he left. (青岛试题)
A. until
B. before
C. after
D. Since
另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till.
如：Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.
Not until he had finished his work did he go home.（直到做完工作他才回家）（倒装句）(7)though与although的区别：
①两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与
He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.
②although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可换为though；
③though“虽然、尽管、即使”,可与even连用(even though= ),表示“即使、纵然”,
She won’t leave the TV set, even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.
④though还可作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。
It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.（这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心）
(8)prefer to…rather than…与prefer…to…的区别：
①prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿做某事，而不愿做某事情
I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese.
②prefer…to…都是用动名词或名词。
I prefer English to Japanese. / I prefer staying at home to going swimming.
9）so…that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such...that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.我很累，因此不想再走了。
It was such a hot day that he went swimming.如此热的天气，以至于他去游泳。
2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时，用so,不用such。例如：
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.他受到得教育很少以致于他找不到工作。
专题八动词的种类
动词的种类包括实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
(一) 实义动词
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其句法作用可分为及物动词和不及物动词。
1.及物动词：及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。
(1) 动词+ 宾语I like this book very much. 我非常喜欢这本书。
(2) 动词+ 宾语+ 宾补如：We call the bird Polly. 我们叫那只鸟Polly。
昨天我看见孩子们在公园玩。
make,let,have,see,watch,notice,hear等。
(3) 动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语如: Please pass me the salt. 请把盐递给我。
常见带双宾语的动词有：give,bring,buy,get,leave,lend,make,offer,pass,teach,tell,write,read,return等。2.不及物动词: 不及物动词自身意思完整,无需接宾语。如: Horses run fast. 马跑得快。
(1) 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
We study English. 我们学习英语。（及物动词）We study hard.我们努力学习（不及物动词）Birds can fly. 鸟会飞。（不及物动词）
(2)有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词,要注意积累。
①动词+ 介词如: Listen to the teacher carefully. 仔细听老师讲。
※此类动词后面的宾语无论是名词还是代词，都只能放在介词后面，不能放在动词和介词之间。
②动词+ 副词如:He turned off the light when he left. 当他离开时，他把灯关了。
He picked it up and gave it to me. 他把它捡起来，并给了我。
③动词+ 副词+ 介词如:Let’s go on with our work. 让我们继续我们的工作吧！
He gets along well with his classmates. 他与同学们相处得很好！
注意：其后的宾语只能放在介词的后面。
④动词+ 名词+ 介词
Please pay attention to the phrases in the article. 请注意文章中的短语。
We can make good use of air. 我们可以充分利用空气。
中考英语总复习资料
101 enjoy +doing 喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑 eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison 犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 Some gas is escaping from the pipe 有一些气体从管子里冒出 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 106 far from 离某地远eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样？eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词） 110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了forget doing 做了而又忘了eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to…从某某到某某eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做…… eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了） 114 get a part-time job = find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for 为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻烦 119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼go swimming 游泳 124 go on to do 去做下一件事go on doing 继续做这件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上学（用于专业的）go to the school 去学校（不一定是上学） 127 good way to 好方法 128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事hate doing 讨厌做过的事 129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告谈一谈 131 have been doing 现在完成进行时eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …(地方）……去过某过地方have gone to …（地方）去了某地还没回来 133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做 eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做
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2. 代词（pro.）： 代词用来代替名词或数词，如：we 我们，their 他们的，that 那个，several 几个；在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。例如： I know her sister. She is always ready to help others. 我认识 她妹妹，她乐于助人。 （I和she作主语；her作定语；others作宾语） The English teacher is not himself today. 英语老师今天不舒服。（作表语） 3.数词（num.） 数词表示数目和顺序，即基数词和序数词。如：one 一个，thousand 千，twelfth 第十二；在句子主要作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如： Three of us are from Beijing. 我们中有三个人是北京来的。（作主语） You are the second one to come to see me. 你是第二个来看 我的人。（作定语） We don’t need so many people. We need only five. 我们不需要这么多人，我们只需要五个。（作宾语）4. 形容词（adj.） 形容词表示人或事物的特征，如big 大的，white白色的；在句中主要作表语、定语、补足语等。
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