2018年云南省中考各科试题与答案汇总

2018年云南省中考各科试题与答案汇总

目录

英语--------------------------- 2 语文---------------------------14 数学---------------------------24 政治---------------------------36 地理---------------------------44 历史---------------------------53 物理---------------------------65 化学---------------------------74 生物---------------------------84

2018年云南省中考英语试题与答案

（试卷满分120分，考试时间120分钟）

第一部分听力(共四节,满分30分)

做题时,先将答案标在试题卷的相应位置,听力测试结束后,请将试题卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节听句子,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出与所听句子内容相关的图画。每个句子听两遍。(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)

第二节听句子,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出与所听句子内容相符的正确答语。每个句子听两遍。(共5小题:每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)

6. A. You are welcome. B. Here you are. C. Never mind

7. A. Sure. Go ahead. B. I disagree with you. C. Let’s do it together.

8. A. I can't stand it. B. That’s a good idea. C. Keep trying.

9. A. At 7: 00 p. m. B. Twice a month. C. 200 yuan.

10. A. Thank you. B. No. I'm not. C. No, it isn't.

第三节听对话,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出能回答问题的正确选项。每段对话听两遍。(共5小题:每小题2分,满分10分)

听第一段对话,回答第11~12小题。

11. When will the school have the art festival?

A. Next Friday.

B. Next Saturday.

C. Next Sunday.

12. What is Jack going to do at the festival?

A. Dance with his classmates.

B. Do Chinese kung fu.

C. Put on a play.

听第二段对话,回答第13~15小题。

13. Who did Cindy take a trip with?

A. Her parents.

B. John.

C. Her cousins.

14. How long did Cindy stay in Yunnan?

A. One week.

B. Two weeks.

C. Three weeks.

15. What did Cindy give John?

A. Some coffee.

B. Green tea.

C. Black tea.

第四节听短文,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出能完成下列信息表格的正确选项。短文听两遍。(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)

16. A. Australia B. England C. Canada

17. A. 28 B. 30 C. 32

18. A. Make faces B. Play short movies C. Dance and sing

19. A. classical B. country C. folk

20. A. piano B. guitar C. drums

第二部分英语知识运用(共两节,满分30分)

第一节单项填空(共15小题:每小题1分,满分15分)

从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上。

21. There is _______ umbrella behind the door.

A. a

B. an

C. the

D.不填

22. Mother's Day comes _______ the second Sunday of May.

A in

B on C. at D. for

23. -- I like the ______ named the English World very much.

-- Me, too. I have read it for many years.

A. gar

B. program

C. movie

D. magazine

24. Don't play games on the computer all day, It's ______ to your eyes.

A. harmful

B. useful

C. helpful

D. thankful

25. -- Would you like more dumplings, Harry?

-- ________. I'm full

A. Yes, please

B. No way

C. No, thanks

D. All right

26. -- I like the two dresses, but I can only afford ______ of them.

-- I suggest you take the white one.

A. al

B. both

C. neither

D. either

27. We can _______ some information about this city on the Internet.

A. look up

B. look like

C. look after

D. look forward to

28. -- _______ fast China is developing!

-- Yes, we are so lucky to live in such a great country.

A. What

B. What a

C. How

D. How a

29. -- Will you go camping with us, Bob?

-- I'd love to, but I ______ study for the test.

A. may

B. must

C. can

D. could

30. Jack ______ a shower when his mother rang him up.

A. takes

B. has taken

C. is taking

D. was taking

31. -- Thank you for showing me the way

-- _______.

A. No problem

B. It doesn't matter

C. It is my pleasure

D. It's kind of you

32. -- What do you think of your junior high school life?

-- I think it is one of ______ periods in my life.

A. wonderful C. much wonderful

B. more wonderful D. the most wonderful

33. Our parents won't allow us _____ in the river alone.

A. swim

B. to swim

C. swimming

D. swam

34. We don't know the love of our parents _______ we become parents ourselves one day.

A. until

B. after

C. when

D. since

35. -- I don't know _______ during the summer vacation. Any advice?

-- How about doing some part-time jobs?

A. what should I do

B. where should I go

C. what I should do

D. where I should go

第二节完形填空(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)

从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项,并将所选答案涂到答题卡

的相应位置上。

Once upon a time, there was a man called Zheng. 36 lived in a small town. One day he wanted to buy himself a new pair of shoes. He measured (测量) his 37 with a ruler and then 38 down his size on a piece of paper. After that he went shoe shopping。

When he arrived at the 39 , he reached into his pocket (口袋), 40 he found the paper was not there. So he said to the shop keeper, "I have left the paper at home and I don't know the size. I'll go back home to 41 it." With these words, he ran out of the shop。

He ran back home, found the paper and then ran to the shop again. But it took him 42 hours and the shop was 43 . He spent the afternoon on the way and did not buy his shoes at last. Someone asked him, "Did you want to buy the shoes 44 yourself?"

"Of course," he answered.

"Then why don't you 45 the shoes by yourself?"

"I trust the ruler more than my feet." he answered.

36. A. They B. I C. She D. He

37. A. hands B. feet C. arms D. legs

38. A. wrote B. sat C. cut D. fell

39. A. post office B. fruit shop C. shoe shop D. parking lot

40. A. and B. but C. or D. so

41. A. throw B. borrow C. get D. sell

42. A. few B. a few C. little D. a little

43. A. open B. opened C. close D. closed

44. A. for B. to C. by D. with

45. A. come on B. turn on C. try on D. get on

第三部分阅读理解(共三节,满分35分)

第一节根据短文内容,判断正误(正确“T”,错误“F”),并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上。(共5小题:每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)

On a farm lived a father and a son. The father always got up early and read books by the stove. One morning, the son came up to him and said, "Dad, I read books at night but forget most of them the next morning. What's the good of reading?"

The father didn’t reply to his question at once. He passed him a basket that was used to carry coal. He said, "Get some water from the river with the basket and then I'll tell you the answer."

A The son felt surprised but he did as his father said, He tried many times but every time the water leaked (漏掉) from the basket.

An hour later, the son came back with the empty basket and told his father it was impossible to hold water with the basket. The father said with a smile. "Yes, you are right, my son. The basket can t hold water. But did you notice the basket was different?" The son found the dirty basket had become clean. The father continued, "Reading is like holding water with the basket. Although we can't remember all we read, we have changed while reading."

46. The father was used to reading in the morning.

47. The son wondered if reading was good for him.

48. The father didn't answer his son's question because he thought it was stupid.

49. The basket had no difference after the son used it to get water from the river.

50. From the passage, we know that reading can make a difference to a person.

第二节根据短文内容,从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上。(共10小题;每小题2分,满分20分)

A

China covers large areas and has a great population. Different living habits have always been an interesting topic in the country. Recently, another difference between southern Chinese and northern Chinese became a hot one: the way people shop at markets.

People from southern China say that they always buy what they need for just one or two meals. It is normal for them to buy half of a Chinese cabbage, two potatoes and 0.25 kilograms of beef at a time.

However, one may be laughed at if he does this in the north. Instead, buying vegetables and meat enough for a week is usual. Also, you can buy a small amount (数量) of fruit, such as a single apple or pear, each time in the south. Shop owners even help you peel and cut them. But shop owners in the north hardly offer such service. And many fruits are sold in baskets and boxes.

The difference could be due to the different weather.

Food can be kept for a long time in the north, as it is usually cold and dry there. Many northern Chinese have the habit of storing food, especially for the long winter. But the hot and wet weather in the south makes southern Chinese buy just enough food for one meal or one day, or else the food may go bad.

51. In southern China, people usually buy _____ at a time.

A. a small amount of food

B. a large amount of food

C. enough food for a week

D. a lot of meat and vegetables

52. If you buy fruits in the south, the shop owners may _______.

A. peel and cut them for you

B. laugh at you

C. only sell them in boxes and baskets

D. only sell a single apple or pear

53. Many northern Chinese have the habit of keeping food because ________.

A. the weather is hot and wet

B. food goes bad quickly

C. the weather is cold and dry

D. they live far away from markets

54. The underlined words "due to" mean "_________" in Chinese.

A.所以

B.但是

C.然而

D.因为

55. Which is the best title for the passage?

A. Different Weather in China

B. Different Living Habits in China

C. Southern Chinese and Northern Chinese

D. Southern China and Northern China

B

Every school day, we use schoolbags to carry all of our things to school. They are a big part of our lives. But have you ever thought about the history of the schoolbag?

In the Han Dynasty (汉朝), students in old-style private schools used bamboo boxes to carry books to school. People consider the bamboo boxes to be the earliest schoolbags. They were usually two or three layers (层) in the box. Kids put different things like books, brushes, ink stones (砚) and paper in the boxes.

Hundreds of years later, people developed a new kind of schoolbag called the budai, or the "hip-pocket". The budai was lighter than the bamboo box. With the founding (成立) of the People's Republic of China, military rucksacks (军用帆布包) became popular. Many people carried them when they were in school. Ask your grandparents or parents about these bags. Maybe they can tell you about their experiences of carrying them when they were in school.

A new style of schoolbags has appeared in recent years. Many of them have colorful and fashionable designs (时尚的设计) on them, such as pictures of cartoons or pop stars. And they are more comfortable to use. Some students pull wheeled bags filled with heavy textbooks

and others carry backpacks.

Schoolbags are still changing. Can you imagine what future schoolbags will be like?

56. Schoolbags in the Han Dynasty were made of _______.

A. cloth

B. paper

C. plastic

D. bamboo

57. Which is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Military rucksacks were popular in the 1950s.

B. The budai was heavier than the bamboo box.

C. There are some pictures on the new style of schoolbags.

D. Schoolbags have changed a lot.

58. To carry heavy textbooks, students would like to use _______.

A. wheeled bags

B. military rucksacks

C. bamboo boxes

D. the budai

59. We can usually read the article in ________.

A. a letter B a guidebook C. a newspaper D. a notice

60. The purpose of the article is ______.

A. to tell us how to use schoolbags

B. to explain why we use schoolbags

C. to introduce the importance of schoolbags

D. to introduce the development of schoolbags

第三节根据短文内容,从短文后所给的选项中,选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项

为多余选项,并将所选答案涂到答题卡的相应位置上。(共5小题;每小题1.5

分,满分7.5分)

Making money isn't just for adults. Kids can do it, too. Making money gives you more than money. 61 By working to make your own money, you' ll learn how to succeed in the world. This includes dealing with money, understanding and getting along with other people.

62 .

Collect soft drink bottles. You can sell the collected bottles and use the money to buy a new basketball. 63

Make greeting cards. If you are good at drawing, try making special cards. You can sell your cards to make money

64 You may have some books that you have read but you don't want to keep. Then you can sell them to make money.

Win a scholarship (奖学金). If you get good grades at school, you can get some money as prize. 65

A. Sell old books.

B. Borrow old books.

C. It's also a learning process.

D. However, you are polluting the environment.

E. It's easy to make money if you try the following ways.

F. This encourages kids to work harder to get better grades.

G. At the same time, you are keeping the environment clean.

第四部分写作(共三节,满分25分)

第一节根据句意,用括号中所给词的适当形式填空,并将答案写在答题卡的相应位置上。(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)

66. Grace loves dancing. She wants to be a ______ when she grows up. (dance)

67. It's important for everyone to know how to ask for help ________. (polite)

68. The young should learn to make decisions by ________. (they)

69. 2018 Football World Cup is being held in Russia now. It is the ______ Football World Cup. (twenty-one)

70. _________ are those who make you smile, always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed. (friend)

第二节将下列句子中汉语部分译成英语,注意使用适当的形式,并将答案写在答题卡的相应位置上。(共5小题:每小题1分,满分5分)

71. Nowadays, many foreigners __________ learning Chinese. (对……感兴趣)

72. We will have a party in the classroom _______. (后天)

73. Whales are _________ because some people make their ocean home dirty and others kill them for meat. (处于危险之中)

74. ________ is a problem in all places around the world -- in developing and developed countries. (食品安全)

75. When you're learning a new language, you can't be afraid to _________，otherwise, you

won't get very far. (出错)

第三节书面表达(满分15分)

Doing Something Nice to...

提示:每个人都向往美好的生活,美好的生活需要我们真诚的付出和给予。请以“Doing Something Nice to...”为题,写一篇英语短文,谈谈你曾经或将要为他人、社会等做的一件美好的事情。

要求：1.请先将题目补全后再做答；

2.语言流畅、书写规范、卷面整洁,词数不少于60个；

3.文中不得使用真实姓名、校名,否则以零分计；

4.请将短文写在答题卡上,写在本试题卷上无效。

参考答案

第一部分听力(共四节,1~5每小题1分,6~10每小题1.5分,11~15每小题2分，16~20每小题1.5分,满分30分)

第一节 1~5 ACABB

第二节 6~10 CABCA

第三节 11~15 ACABC

第四节 16~20 ACBCB

第二部分英语知识运用(共二节,21~35每小题1分,36~45每小题1.5分,满分30分)

第一节 21~25 BBDAC 26~30 DACBD 31~35 CDBAC

第二节 36~40 DBACB 41~45 CBDAC

第三部分阅读理解(共三节,46~50每小题1.5分,51~60每小题2分,61~65每小题1.5分,满分35分)

第一节 46~50 TTFFT

第二节 51~55 AACDB 56~60 DBACD

第三节 61~65 CEGAF

第四部分写作(共三节,66~75每小题1分,书面表达15分,满分25分)

第一节词形填空

66. dancer 67. politely 68. themselves 69.

twenty-first/Twenty-first/21st

70. Friends

第二节词组翻译

71. are/get/become interested in; take/have an interest in/ show interest in

72. the day after tomorrow 73. in danger

74. Food safety 75. make mistakes/ make a mistake

第三节书面表达

One possible version:

Doing something nice to my friend

A true friend reaches for your hand and touches your heart!

Jerry is my good friend. He's very thin. Last winter, he got ill. He had to go to hospital

once a week. He took lots of medicine. I hoped he would be as strong as me. So every weekend, I asked him to practice playing basketball with me. I taught him how to play it. Now he is much stronger and healthier.

I feel very happy to have done something nice to my friend.

书面表达评分标准

一档:(12~15分):内容切题、层次清楚、语言流畅、基本无语言表达错误。

二档:(8~11分):内容切题、层次比较清楚、语言比较流畅、语言表达错误较少。

三档:(5~7分):内容基本切题、层次不够分明、语言表达错误较多。

四档:(1-4分):有一定内容、但语言表达错误很多。

(注意:书面表达语法错误全卷扣分不得超过2分;单词拼写错误全卷扣分不得超过2分;抄袭卷中阅读材料的,抄袭部分不给分。)

2018年云南省中考语文试题与答案

（试卷满分120分，考试时间120分钟）

一、语文知识积累（1－6题，每题2分，第7题8分，共20分）

1．下列词语中加点字的注音完全正确的一项是（）

A．殷．红（yān）压轴．（zhú）证券．（quàn）叱咤．风云（zhà）

B．菜畦．（qí）讪．笑（shàn）果脯．（fǔ）爱憎．分明（zēng）

C．姊．妹（zǐ）抖擞．（sǒu）嫉．妒（jì）提纲挈．领（qiè）

D．颓．唐（tuí）恬．静（tián）棱．角（líng）扣人心弦．（xián）

2．下列词语中没有错别別字的项是（）

A．决窍分歧一筹莫展在劫难逃

B．奔弛取缔锋芒毕露抑扬顿挫

C．阔绰亵渎因地治宜恪尽职守

D．妥帖荆棘进退维谷浮想联篇

3．下列句子中加点词语使用有误的项是（）

A．“五ー”表彰大会上，来自各行各业的劳动模范济济一堂

．．．．，共庆劳动者的节日。

B．面对大数据时代的新挑战，政府、企业和个人都应未雨绸缪

．．．．，积极拥抱变革。

C．我国社会保险覆盖范围进一步扩大，社会保障机制更加完善，老百姓对此拍手称快

．．．．。

D．我校新组建的篮球队，在全市中学生球赛上获得第三名，成绩差强人意

．．．．。

4.下列句子没有语病的项是（）

A．学校组织同学们到钢铁厂参观，老工人的一席话深深触动了小芳的心，久久不能平静下来。

B．“2018世界移动通信大会”2月26日在西班牙巴塞罗那举行，参观的人数超过10万左右。

C．在央视的文化栏目《国家宝藏》中，通过明星守护人的讲述，使观众看到了国宝的“前世今生”。

D．中国69岁的“无腿勇士”夏伯渝成功登项珠穆朗玛峰，成为世界上第一个依靠双腿假肢登上珠峰的人。

5．给下列句子接序，最恰当的项是（）

①雪峰的红光映射到这辽阔的牧场，形成一个金碧辉煌的世界

②你就可以看见无数点点的红火光，那是牧民们在烧起铜壶准备晚餐

③蒙古包牧群和牧女们，都披上了一色的玫瑰红

④特别诱人的是牧场的黄昏，周围的雪峰被溶日映红，像云霞那么灿烂

⑤自落日沉没，周围雪峰的红光逐渐消退，银灰色的暮霭笼罩草原的时候

A．①④②⑤① B．④①③⑤② C．④③①⑤② D．①③②④⑤

二、口请交际与语文综合运用（8－11题，共10分）

6.下列表述不正确的一项是（）

A．古人把山的北向、水的南岸叫作“明”，山的南面，水的北岸叫作“阳＂。如“阴阳割昏晓”的“阴”指泰山的北面。“本在冀州之南，河阳之北＂的“河阳”指黄河北岸。

B．古代文体中的“记”，以记叙、描写为主，如《桃花源己》《小石潭记》；“表”是臣下对君王上书陈情言事的文体，如《出师表》就是者葛亮对后主的上书。

C．巴金，原名李尧棠，现代文学家。代表作品有小说“激流三部曲”《家》《春》《秋》，和“爱情三部曲”《雾》《雨》《电》，杂文集《随想录》等。

D．安徙生是丹麦著名的童话作家，其作品人多以动物为主角，借动物嘲讽人性的缺点，影射社会现实，代表作有《丑小鸭》《农夫和蛇》《小美人》等。

7．根据提示填空。（每空1分。共8分。凡出现加字、漏字、错別字中的任何种情况。该空不得分）（1），出则无敌国外痣者，国恒亡，（孟子《生于忧患死于安乐》）（2）安得广厦干万间，。（杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》）

（3），到乡翻以柯人。（刘禹锡《酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠》）

（4）但愿人长久，。（苏轼《水调歌头》）

（5）《爱莲说》中表现君子行为刚正、通达事理，不攀附权贵的品格的句子是：，

。

（6）绿色，是富于生机的颜色，请你写山连续两句含有“録”字的古诗名句：，

。

二、口请交际与语文综合运用（8－11题，共10分）

（一）综合性学习（5分）

2018年5月1日起，我国正式实施《英雄烈士保护法》。人民日报新媒体中心联合多家网络媒体发起“崇尚英雄精忠报国”大型网络互动活动，部分中小学也同步开晨“崇尚英雄精忠报国”主题班会活动，请你根据下列材料，完成8－9题。

【材料一】某中学开展“祟尚英雄精忠报国”主题班会活动，对全校同学做了中学生了解英雄人物情况的问卷调查，以下是调查结果的据统计：

【材料二】《现代汉语词典》中“英雄”的解释如下：不怕困难，不顾自己，为人民利益而英勇斗争，令人钦佩的人。

【材料三】川航机长刘传健，在万米高空客机驾驶舱玻璃脱落的危急情况下，驾驶飞机奇迹返航。中国民航局表彰他具有“高超的技术水平和职业素养”。能够在生死一线之际成为英难，源于他日常工作中精益求精的专业精神和出类拔萃的专业能力。

8．请简要概括材料中图表的主要信息。（2分）

9.主题班会“论英雄”环节，同学们展开了自由讨论。请你结合所给材料，对同学们的讨论作总结发言：（3分）

小辉：古代的民族英雄如岳飞、戚继光等，勇武过人，谋略超群，实在值得钦佩。

小丹：那些动漫电影里的英雄，超人、钢铁侠才叫厉害，每次都能拯救地球。

小薇：那些为了民族独立和人民自由幸福而流血牺牲的人民英雄们，才是真英雄。

小波：现在是和平时期，基本不打仗，也没有外星人入侵，这些英雄再厉害都没用啦。

小梅：那我们今天还要不要英雄？

总结发言：

（二）名著阅读（3分）

晁盖心中欢喜，对六人说：“我等造下这弥天大罪，那里去安身！不是王头领如此错爱，我等皆己失所，此恩不可忘报！”他．只是冷笑。晁盖道：“先生何故只是冷笑？有事可以通知。”他道：“兄长性直，你道王伦肯收留我们？兄长不看他的心，只观他的颜色动静。晁盖道：“观那王头领颜色怎地？”他道：“兄长不看他早间席上与兄长说话，倒有交情。次后因兄长说出杀了许多官兵捕盗巡检、放了何涛，又见所氏三雄如此豪杰，他便有些颜色变了，虽是口中答应，心里好生不然。他若是有心收留我们，只就早上使议定了座位，杜迁、宋万这两个自是粗卤的人，待客之事如何省得。只有林冲那人，原是京师禁军教头，大郡的人，说事晓得，今不得已坐了第四位早同林冲看王伦答应兄

长模样，他自便有些顾的之心，只是不得已，小生略放言，教他本自相火并。”晁道：“全仗先生妙策良谋，可以容身。”自夜七人安歇了。

次早天明，只见人报道：“林教头相访。”他便对晁盖道：“此人来相探，中俺计了。”

10．选段中加点的他是谁？选段表现了他怎样的性格特征？

（三）汉字书写。（2分）

11．将下面语句用楷书正确、规范地抄写在田字格内

碧水剔透晶莹清澈

三、阅读（12－26题，共40分）

（一）阅读下面的诗歌，完成12－13题。（4分）

游山西村

陆游

莫笑农家腊酒浑，丰年留客足鸡豚。山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村。

策鼓追随春社近，衣冠简朴古风存。从今若许闲乘月，拄杖无时夜叩门。

12．本诗颔联和颈联是从哪两个方面描写山西村的？（2分）

13．请结合：“无时”一词，分析尾联中作者所表达的情感。（2分）

（二）阅读下面的文言文，完成14－17题。（12分）

至若春和景明，波澜不惊，上下天光，一碧万顷；沙鸥翔集，锦鳞游泳：岸芷汀兰，郁郁青青。而或长烟一空，皓月千里，浮光跃金，静影沉璧，渔歌互答，此乐何极！登斯楼也，则有心旷神怡，宠辱偕忘，把酒临风，其喜洋洋者矣。

嗟夫！予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲；居庙堂之高则忧其民；处江湖之远则忧其君。是进亦忧，退亦忧。然则何时而乐耶？其必曰“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”乎。

噫！微斯人，吾谁与归？

14．解释下列句子中加点的词语。（2分）

（1）百废具．兴具

（2）宠．辱偕忘宠：

15．把下列句子翻译成现代汉语。（4分）

（1）览物之情，得无异乎？

（2）岸连汀兰，郁郁青青。

16．请从修辞的角度对文中画波浪线的句子做简要分析。（3分）

街远山，吞长江，浩浩汤汤，横无际涯。

17．本文“后天下之乐”中的“乐”和《醉翁亭记》中欧阳修的“乐”，有何异同？请简要分析。（3分）

（三）阅读下面文章，完成18－21题。（10分）

港珠澳大桥的“科技密码”

①远眺，全长55公里双向六车道的港珠澳大桥宛若蛟龙，蜿蜒腾越于蔚蓝色的海面上，大桥将珠三角地区连成一片，珠海，澳门同香港间的车程由3小时缩短至半小时，形成港珠澳一小时经济生活圈。

②这是世界上最长的跨海桥梁工程，也是一座名副其实的科技大桥。根据规划，港珠澳大桥工程项目要穿越30万吨级巨轮通行的航道，同时毗邻香港国际机场，大桥要满足30万吨级巨轮通行的需求就得建高，要满足附近机场航班降落的限高需求又得建矮，经过综合考量大桥的最合理方案确定为“桥、岛、隧交通集群工程”，即在航道海域大桥沉入海底，搭建深埋深管同时在海道两端建起人工道连接桥生。

③外海人工建岛和海底沉管隧道，是港珠大桥建设的难中之难。

④从上空俯瞰港珠奥大桥，巨龙在离岸20多公里处倏忽隐没，再在6公里外腾空而起，隧道两端的小岛批似蚝贝，工作人员都亲切地称其为“贝壳岛”，这是在外海“无中生有”造出的两座面积10万平方米的小岛。科研人员设计了多个方案，最后探索出外海快速筑岛技术，即采用120个巨型钢圈筒直接固定在海床上插入海底，再在中间填上形成人工岛。“每个圆简直径有22米，大概和篮球场一般大；最高达51米，相当于18层楼高；重达550吨，与架A380‘空中客车’相当。”工程当年开工，当年成岛，创造了世界妃录。

⑤海底沉管隧道，同样也是庞然大物，5.6公里的沉管隧道由33个巨型混凝土管节组成，每个管节长180米、宽38米、高11.4米，重量达8万吨。要让3节巨型管节在水下近50米的海底软基环境下对接安放，难度堪比航天器交会对接，需要精准的遥控、测绘、超算等一系列技术支撑。面对世界首例深埋沉下管的岛隧工程，多个单位的科研人员合作攻关，创造性的运用“半刚性”沉管新结构技术，飞跃了这一国际技术禁区。

⑥这是世界最大的钢结构桥梁，能抗16级台风7级地震，设计使用寿命长达120年，大桥仅主梁钢板用量就高达42万吨，相当于10座鸟巢或50座埃菲尔铁塔的重量，这在我国桥梁史上是从未有过的大桥的钢桥面铺装面积达到50万平方米，也创造了世界纪录。

⑦施工现场紧邻航道，每天来往航船多达4000余艘。另外，这片海域是国家一级保护动物中华白海豚的自然保护区，也对建设者提出了严峻桃战。为了满足工程质量、工期和安全的需要，也为了更好地保护生态环境，这座大桥全部采用了“搭积木”的方式来建道。港珠澳大桥的所有构件，不论大小，都是在岸上工厂整件制造，然后运至海上，像“搭积木”一般拼装在一起，实现了精密制造、精安装，体现了我国的整体科研水平和装备实力。

⑧在施工过程中如何最大限度地减少对白海豚的干扰？工程团队与多家科研院所合作，300多次出海跟踪，拍摄30多万张照片，标识了海域内的白海豚数量，并摸清白海豚生活习性，在施工时采取了针对性保护措施。大桥主体工程完工后，白海豚的数量，由施工之初的约1400头，增加到了约1800头。

⑨港珠澳大桥工程项目，从可研阶段到开工建设，科技创新的理念贯穿始终，这个超级工程集结了我国在桥梁设计和施工、材料研发、工程装备乃至生态环保领域的上千名科技工作者，在关键技术、关键装备、关键材料领域取得全面突破，为我国交通建设行业的自主创新、技术进步起到引领作用。

18．港珠奥大桥的“科技密码”有哪些？请根据文章内容饰要概括（3分）

19．文章第②段画线句使用了什么说明方法？有何作用？（3分）

20．第⑧段中加点词语“全部”和“无论……都”之间有什么关系？请结合内容简要分析。（2分）21.港珠澳大桥是一项科技创新工程请你再简要介绍一项能体现我国科技创新实力的工程项目。（2分）

（四）阅读下面文章，完成22－26题，（14分）

刷子李

冯骥才

天津卫的人，全是硬碰硬。手艺人靠的是手，手上就必得有绝活。有绝活的，吃荤，亮堂，站在大街中央;没能耐的，吃素，发蔫，靠边呆着。这一套可不是谁家定的，它地地道道是码头上的一种活法。自来唱大戏的，都讲究闯天津码头。天津人迷戏也懂戏，眼刁耳尖，褒贬分明。戏唱得好，下边叫好捧场，像见到皇上，不少名角便打天津唱红唱紫、大红大紫;可要是稀松平常，要哪没哪，戏唱砸了，下边一准起哄喝倒彩，弄不好茶碗扔上去，茶叶沫子沾满戏袍和胡须上。天下看戏，哪

儿也没天津倒好叫得厉害。您别说不好，这一来也就练出不少能人来。各行各业，全有几个本领齐天的活神仙。刻砖刘、泥人张、风筝魏、机器王、刷子李等等。天津人好把这种人的姓，和他们拿手擅长的行当连在一起称呼。

刷子李是河北大街一家营造厂的师傅。专干粉刷一行，别的不干。他要是给您刷好一间屋子，屋里任嘛甭放，单坐着，就赛升天一般美。最叫人叫绝的是，他刷浆时必穿一身黑，干完活，身上绝没有一个白点。别不信!他还给自己立下一个规矩，只要身上有白点，白刷不要钱。倘若没这本事，他不早饿成干儿了?这等传说，你说神不神！

这一年的一天，刷子李收个徒弟叫曹小三。当徒弟的开头都是端茶、点烟、跟在屁股后边提东西。曹小三当然早就听说过师傅那手绝活，一直半信半疑，这回非要亲眼瞧瞧。

那天，头一次跟师傅出去干活，到英租界镇南道给李善人新造的洋房刷浆。到了那儿，刷子李跟管事的人一谈，才知道师傅派头十足。照他的规矩一天只刷一间屋子。这洋楼大小九间屋，得刷九天。

干活前，他把随身带的一个四四方方的小包袱打开，果然一身黑衣黑裤，一双黑布鞋。穿上这身黑，就赛跟地上一桶白浆较上了劲。

一间屋子，一个屋顶四面墙，先刷屋顶后刷墙。顶子尤其难刷，蘸了稀溜溜粉浆的板刷往上一举，谁能一滴不掉?一掉准掉在身上。可刷子李一举刷子，就赛没有蘸浆。但刷子划过屋顶，立时匀匀实实一道白，白得透亮，白得清爽。有人说这蘸浆的手法有高招，有人说这调浆的配料有秘方。曹小三哪里看得出来?只见师傅的手臂悠然摆来，悠然摆去，好赛伴着鼓点，和着琴音，每一摆刷，那长长的带浆的毛刷便在墙面“啪”地清脆一响，极是好听。啪啪声里，一道道浆，衔接得天衣无缝，刷过去的墙面，真好比平平整整打开一面雪白的屏障。可是曹小三最关心的还是刷子李身上到底有没有白点?

刷子李干活还有个规矩。每刷完一面墙，必得在凳子上坐一大会儿，抽一袋烟，喝一碗茶，再

刷子李的全身。每一面墙刷下一面墙。此刻，曹小三借着给师傅倒水点烟的机会，拿目光仔细搜索

．．

刷完，他搜索一遍。居然连一个芝麻大小的粉点也没发现。他真觉得这身黑色的衣服有种神圣不可侵犯的威严。

可是，当刷子李刷完最后一面墙，坐下来，曹小三给他点烟时，竟然瞧见刷子李裤子上出现一个白点，黄豆大小。黑中白，比白中黑更扎眼。完了!师傅露馅了，他不是神仙，往日传说中那如山般的形象轰然倒去。但他怕师父难堪，不敢说，也不敢看，可忍不住还要扫一眼

。

．．．这时候，刷子李忽然朝他说话:“小三，你瞧见我裤子上的白点了吧。你以为师傅的能耐有假，