研究生学位英语试卷及答案

EST 1

Part I Listening Comprehension

Section 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)

Section 2, Passages (10 minutes, 10 points)

Part II: Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)

Scientists who study the Earth's climate are convinced that volcano eruptions have a significant effect on general weather patterns. In fact, one of the many (36) which attempt to explain how an ice age begins holds that the (37) is a dramatic increase in volcanic eruptions. The volcanic explosions, besides causing local thunderstorms and lightning, inject great amounts of gas and (38)_into the stratosphere (同温层). At this (39)，the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth. This volcanic material (40) a certain amount of sunlight and (41) some back into space. The net result is to (42) the planet's surface. For instance, 43 was perhaps the largest eruption occurred in 1883 when the Indonesia volcano Krakatoa exploded. The following year was (44) in Europe as the "year without summer" because the (45) was so cool and rainy.

While there is (46) scientific agreement that volcanic eruption can lead to cooling, (47) of how this happens are not clear. As a result, scientists cannot (48) whether the volcanic activity which (49) past ice ages would result (50) sufficient cooling to cause a glacial period. Similarly, it is not possible for scientists to predict the climate effect of a future volcanic eruption with any confidence.

36. A. theories B. inventions C. judgments D. discoveries

37. A. cause B. course C. means D. case

38. A. petroleum B. ash C. flame D. garbage

39. A. relation B. instance C. moment D. altitude

40. A. scatters B. releases C. constitutes D. absorbs

41. A. carries B. converts C. reflects D. gathers

42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat

43. A. such B. what C. there D. that

44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified

45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather

46. A. committed B. optimistic C. general D. absolute

47. A. indexes B. predictions C. details D. decisions

48. A. analyze B. determine C. assure D. assume

49. A. confronted B. promoted C. proceed D. preceded

50. A. in B. from C. to D. with

Part I Reading

Passage One

We use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings. We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we want them to do; and, of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.

We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighed up by our powers of reasoning.

We should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us? What do they want us to do? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.

An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions exist and they are part of our personality. On some occasions people appeal to our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is Churchill's wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as national leader in those dark days --- their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.

It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group --- to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made.

1. The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are to - .

A. extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purpose

B. advertise and produce the wanted social effects

C. show one's feelings and appeal to those of others

D. make others believe in us and respond to our feelings

2. It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that we - .

A should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasion of various kinds

B need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or bad

C. have to carefully use our emotive language

D. should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others

3. The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is - .

A. the mass media

B. the educational institutions

C. the religious circles

D. the advertising business

4. Churchill is mentioned in the passage as -'

A. an example of how people weighed up persuasion with reasoning

B. a national leader who brought out people's best feelings

C. a positive example of appealing to people's motion

D. a politician who has been known as a good speaker

5. What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage?

A. Social context

B. Personal experience

C. The personality of national leaders

D. Religious belief

6. It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must .

A. find out what group his audience is attached to

B. vary his speech patterns from time to time

C. know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audience

D. be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or not

Passage Two

As goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expenses. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs ( and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car ( or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle) made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many fields things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further progress is very limited and very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs have been spent on relatively small improvements. If we scrap these vast costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times, but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70mph limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually irrelevant; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly; and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed. Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars --- or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets --- which are made to last, and not to be replaced. Significant progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to model-change is not.

7. The author obviously is challenging the social norm that - .

A. it is. important to improve goods and services

B. development of technology makes our life more comfortable

C. it is reasonable that prices are going up all the time

D. slightly modified new products are worth buying

8. According to this passage, air fares may rise because -'

A people tend to travel by new airplanes

B. the airplane has been improved

C. the change is found to be reasonable

D. the service on the airplane is better than before

9. According to the author, passengers would be happier if they -'

A. could fly in the latest model of reputable planes

B. could get tickets at much lower prices

C. see the airlines make vital changes in their services

D. could spend less time flying in the air

10. When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, then

it would be_. .

A. justified for them to cut the price

B. unnecessary for them to make any new changes

C. difficult and costly to further better them

D. insignificant for them to cut down the research costs

11. In the case of cars, the author urges that we - .

A. cancel the speed limit

B. further improve the performance

C. improve the durability

D. change models every two years

12. The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that - .

A. we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life today

B. many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferior

C. inflation is becoming a big problem in the world today

D. people are wasting their money on trivial technological progress

Passage Three

Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupations --- service and clerical --- that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.

Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-bearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's.

13.According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, -'

A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near future

B. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near future

C. women's pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near future

D. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future

14. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they - .

A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twenties

B. are inclined to rank family second to work

C. tend to have more quarrels with their employers

D. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves

15. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certain

occupations?

A. Social division of labor.

B. Social prejudice against them

C. Employment laws.

D. Physiological weakness.

16. The word" forgo" in Paragraph 2 could be best replaced by - .

A. give up

B. drop out

C. throwaway

D. cut out

17. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that - .

A. men's jobs are subject to change

B. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jo b

C. men' chances of promotion are minimal

D. women used to be employed all the year round

18. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Women's market skills have improved greatly.

B. Child care is still chiefly women's work

C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.

D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.

Passage Four

It seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into anyone subject --- he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and "getting up" a subject, but a week later he is on to the next subject, and a week later still he is on to the subject after that. He seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation anyone thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.

Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does --- there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings. He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever. I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say

something like: " Well, that's all those days/weeks/months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace." As a way of life it comes to seem like blowing bubbles --- entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.

Third, the pace of life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life, one does not even have time to give proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with --not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough time to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets an altogether unfamiliar sense of solidarity and well-being.

Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off there on the next plane. Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings --- the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not decide for himself what he would like to do, where he would like to go, what he would like to work on. He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.

19.A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject because -'

A. he usually gets one side of the picture

B. the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to another

C. he does not know how to develop it to its full scale

D. that is the life that suits him

20. A. it is implied but not stated that many people - .

A. know nothing about the work of a TV repor1er

B. think the life of a TV reporter dull and boring

C. have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporter

D. tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter

21 TV reporting, according to this passage, is something_______.

A. profitable for a person to take up

B. interesting to do but quick to fade out

C. causing a person to forget his previous work

D. producing a lasting effect

22.A TV reporter is in most need of - .

A. being a master of his time

B. proper consideration of his profession

C. a comfortable life of his own

D. disengaging himself from work

23. The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to - .

A. his motivation

B. his working style

C. current affairs

D. reflex to pressures

24. The title of this passage would best be given as - .

A. What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot Accomplish

B. The Sorrows of TV Professionals

C. The Confession of a TV Reporter

D. The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV Reporter

Paper Two

Part IV Reading and Answering Questions (25 minutes, 10 points)

The conflict between what in its present mood the public expects science to achieve in satisfaction of popular hopes and what is really in its power is a serious matter because. even if the true scientists should all recognize the limitations of what they can do in the field of human affairs, so long as the public expects more there will always be some who will pretend, and perhaps honestly believe, that they can do more to meet popular demands than is really in their power. It is often difficult enough for the expert, and ce11ainly in many instances impossible for the layman, to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate claims advanced in the name of science. The enormous publicity recently given by the media to a report pronouncing in the name of science of The Limits to Growth, and the silence of the same media about the devastating criticism this report has received from the competent experts, must make one feel somewhat apprehensive about the use to which the prestige of science can be put. But it is by no means only in the field of economics that far-reaching claims are made on behalf of a more scientific direction of all human activities and the desirability of replacing spontaneous processes by "conscious human control".

If I am not mistaken, psychology, psychiatry and some branches of sociology, not to speak about the so-called philosophy of history, are even more affected by what I have called the scientistic prejudice, and by specious claims of what science can achieve.

Questions :

What is the main thought of the passage? What should be our correct attitude towards science?

回答该项问题一般要注意，第一问主要是结合文章回答问题，可以或多或少的引用文中内容回答，第二问主要是考察我们研究生对某个现象的认识。所以在此就不提供答案了

Part IV. Translation E-C:

Language was the principal means used by human beings to communicate with one another. Although it was primarily spoken, it could be transferred to other media, such as writing. The immense merit of language was that it made possible the transmission of experience. What had been learned in one generation could be passed on whole to the next. Instruction could in large measure replace personal experience. Writing, even more than speech, made possible the creation of a storehouse of knowledge, and the supplementation of memory by means of records. It was this facility of preserving what individuals had found out that, more than anything else, made human progress possible.

Key to it

参考答案：语言是人类彼此交流的主要手段。尽管语言主要通过说话来表达，它也可以转换成其他方式

进行，如文字表达。语言比较大的优点就是它能够使经验得到传播。一代人所学得东西可以完整无缺地传给下一代。教学在很大程度上可以替代个人经验。文字甚至比话语更有助于人类建设知识宝库，它还能通过记录的手段辅助记忆。在这一代人所学的东西可以完整的传递给下一代。教学在很大程度上可以传递个人的经历。正是有了这种积累个人经验的便利条件，才使人类的进步成为可能。

Part V. Translation C-E

．从心理上以及实际上说，地球上已没有边远地方了。当朋友去了曾被认为是遥远的国家时，我们不可能再有父辈那种生离死别的感觉。由于全球通讯网络，要见到远在地球另一侧的朋友就同与本城那一头的朋友讲话般地容易。

Key to it

Psychologically as well as physically, there are no more remote places on earth. When a friend leaves for what was a far country, we cannot feel the same feeling of irrevocable separation that saddened our forefathers. Thanks to globally communication network, we will be able to see friends on the far side of earth as easily as we talk to them on the other side of the town.

Part VI Writing

For this part, you are required to write a composition entitled

“Competition and Challenge” in no less 200 words.

TEST 2

Part I Listening Comprehension

Section 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)

Part II Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)

The religions of the world have produced great books, with great lessons to teach. If we followed

36 is written in the books, the world would certainly be a better place. 37_, most people, even so-called "religious" people, do not 38_ follow the paths of goodness and righteousness so beautifully described

by their religion.

To many people, the house of 39 (church, for example) is more a place to 40_ than anything else.

They come to see and to talk to their friends, to show 41_ their fine clothes. They come because "people

would talk" 42_ they didn't come. They come to be entertained by the 43_ or rabbi, who tells interesting

stories and reads beautiful words, or to hear the beautiful songs of the 44_. They come to eat, drink, and

be 45_. They do not come to learn how to live a better life.

Sometimes going to church can 46_ one's feelings of pride. People are told of the great history of

their group, of how their group suffered hardship in the past, 47_ eventually prevailed over the enemy.

They are 48 _ on the good they have done and on the good their church has done. They contribute

money to feed one 49 _ family in Africa or to pay for a scholarship so that one poor child can go to the

country for a summer, and they feel reassured that they have done 50 that they should to make the world

a better place.

36. A. which B. what C. how D. that

37. Unfortunately B. Undoubtedly C. Roughly D. Obviously

38. A. passively B. truly C. eventually D. inevitably

39. A. worship B. assembly C. ceremony D. convention

40. A. confess B. socialize C. exchange D. converse

41) A. around B. up C. off D. over

42 A. when B. if C. unless D. for

43 A. layman B. minister C. churchgoer D. convert

44 A. auditorium B. symphony C. orchestra D. chorus

45 A. merry B. gloomy C. merciful D. sober

46. A. confirm B. obscure C. conceal D. suppress

47. A. but B. therefore C. and D. thus

48. A. illustrated B. congratulated C. evaluated D. excluded

49. A. minority B. hungry C. disabled D. illegal

.50 A. such B. so C. all D. that

Part III Reading

Passage One

The urge to explore is innate in Man. Wherever his imagination wanders, Man seeks also to go.

A large part of history is concerned with the exploration of the world in which we live. Time and again men have

set out with amazing courage and resolution to probe into unknown regions and lands. They crossed the seas in flimsy boats, traversed continents, scaled mountains, fought their way through jungles and swamps, endured untold hardships --- all to explore, to see what had not yet been seen, to make known the unknown. Nor did Man confine his movements to the surface of land and sea. With kites, balloons and aircraft he left the ground to range through the lower atmosphere. Now outer space receives his attention.

The hard way to answer the question --- why should Man bother about conquering space --- is to attempt to list the specific practical benefits that will result. One knows, from past experience in other areas, that Man will surely see and discover new things in space, that will increase our store of scientific knowledge, and this new knowledge will find its way into valuable practical uses. What we learn about Man himself, from his experience in space, and from the effects of space and the space flight environment on him, will be invaluable. The new techniques developed to carry out the exploration of space, and to keep men alive in space, will inevitably find their way into valuable practical uses in everyday living. The areas that will benefit are manifold. They include communications, generation of power, transportation and travel, food production, conservation of resources, navigation, human comfort and welfare, biology and medicine, materials, fuels and many others. But to state specifically just what the practical outcomes will be is virtually impossible.

1. Exploration of the unknown - .

A. often results in Man's power of imagination

B. is not common throughout human history

C. is generally sought after by men with courage and strength

D. is deeply rooted in the instinct of Man

2. Which of the following best sketches the process of Man's probe into the unknown world?

A. . Surface of the earth, the air and space.

B. Water, mountains and forests, swamps.

C. Communications, transportation and conservation.

D. Urge, imagination and courage.

3. The benefits of space exploration are basically something - .

A. well-specified

B. hypothetical

C. practical

D. inevitable

4. According to this passage, the value of exploring the outer space will ultimately lie in - .

A. its testimony of Man's courage and resolution

B. the knowledge it may help us to gain about our earth

C. the results it may bring about in the interests of Man

D. Man's mastery of techniques to fly and stay alive in space

5. From this passage we can conclude that Man should have confidence in exploring space because - .

A. we have directed our attention to the right object of study

B. we have accumulated experience from previous successes in other fields

C. we have found the correct answer to the question of why Man should bother about conquering space

D. we have already made it possible for people to benefit from this endeavor

6. The ideas expressed in this passage can well be used in an argument - .

A. in favor of criticisms on space exploration

B. against spending millions of money on space projects

C. supportive of paralleling man's conquest of nature with that of space

D. to justify space exploration with its far-reaching significa.t1ce in man's life

Passage Two

The signs of the degeneration of American society and of Western civilization are all too plain: declining educational standards, rising crime, disintegrating families and record rate of suicide among the young.

Able-bodied beggars have become a common sight in cities from San Francisco to Washington, as well as in London and Paris. .

Murders involving guns in New York City are now more than 30 times what they were half a century ago. Racial polarization has become far more common on college campuses than it was 20 years ago, and separate living arrangements have been created by college administrators who nevertheless proclaim their devotion to " diversity".

Official irresponsibility in Washington is symbolized by the soaring national debt --- during a decade when government revenues doubled. And the new tax increases will not reduce this debt by one penny because spending has not been cut but simply renamed" investment".

Worst of all, much of the degeneracy of our times is not merely tolerated but celebrated. The crude words of "rap" music (块半歌) have been sanctified in editorial columns and by Ph.D.s at respected universities. Multiple murderers are mourned at their executions. An accused child molester (骚扰儿童者_) on Stanford University faculty has a medal struck in his honor after he commits suicide when confronted with the charges.

Despite a long history of struggle by blacks for better education, it has now become common in ghetto schools for those black youngsters who excel academically to be denounced for" acting white" --- and to face social exclusion, or even physical violence, from their classmates.

7. According to the author, college administrators - .

A. should not be blamed for racial discrimination

B. have successfully implemented satisfactory living arrangements for the students

C. approve of the various living styles among the students

D. have contributed to racial discrimination against their promise

8. The author believes that the national debt is soaring because -'

A. government revenues have doubled

B. the officials in the government are not responsible

C. the government has invested heavily in the defense fields

D. people have failed to pay their taxes

9. It can be inferred from the passage that the most serious social degeneration of American society is the fact that -'

A. people's moral values are confused

B. people are generally irresponsible

C. young people are no longer ambitious

D. legal system is too lenient for criminals

10. The word" sanctified" in the fourth paragraph most likely means - .

A. forbidden

B. criticized

C. accompanied

D. approved

11. From the fifth paragraph we can see that - .

A. black children now receive better education

B. black children do better academically than whiter children

C. black children who do well at school are persecuted

D. black children pay more attention to education than ever before

Passage Three

About four-fifths of the world is covered by oceans. They form the largest as well as the earliest realm inhabited by living things. In ancient seas, countless years ago, animals began making meaningful noises and detecting them.

The existence of this animal communication by sound in the" silent world" of the oceans has been realized widely by scientists only since the 1940s. Underwater sounds went undetected for 50 long chiefly because of the barrier caused by the surface film. Vibrations in air are about 99.9 percent reflected or absorbed as they strike a water surface. Vibrations within the water are imprisoned in the same way. Rarely can a skin-diver hear

underwater sounds past the air remaining in his ears.

Though scientific study of underwater noises did not begin before our century, their existence has long been known. Leonardo da Vinci, the famous artist-inventor of the fifteenth century, is credited with recommending that

a person listen to the handle of an oar dipped vertically into the water. Primitive fishermen in the South Seas and

West Africa actually use this method, having invented it for themselves. Vibrations begin as underwater sounds are transmitted by the wood with enough energy for a human ear to notice if it is pressed against the handle. Fishermen who use the method rely upon the fact that fish are, as is now clear from scientific research, " incredibly garrulous.

"

More than two thousand years ago, the first great writer on natural science, the Greek Aristotle, suggested possible origins for some underwater sounds. One of his observations was that some fish shifted their internal organs in ways that seemed to produce vibrations in the swim bladder --- a gas-filled bag lying in the body just below the backbone and the kidneys. Modem research has shown that many fish have muscles that contract to throw the swim bladder vibration, producing sounds transmitted to the surrounding water. Older and larger fishes pitch the note far below younger and smaller ones of the same kind, showing that their voices change as they grow.

Learning to identify and make use of underwater sounds is a new scientific game. It relies upon the same ability man has shown in recognizing birds and other land creatures by their calls. The challenge, however, is far greater.

The inhabitants of the seas are greatly varied and mysterious; most of them cannot be followed by any method yet devised. Their voices, coming from the shallows and deeps, fairly cry for attention. Yet we still have too little knowledge to identify many of the callers.

12. Most people used to think - .

A. sea animals could make meaningful sounds

B. oceans were the largest realm of living things

C. seas and oceans were silent worlds

D. man was unable to hear underwater sounds

13. The reason why man used to think that way is that - .

A. sea animals have had a longer history than humans

B. water surface forms a barrier to sound waves

C. scientists have neglected this fields of study

D. skin-divers rarely report what they hear underwater

14. According to the author, Leonardo da Vinci was among the earliest who - .

A. found a new way of fishing

B. detected the noises of sea animals

C. used an oar to prove a scientific discovery

D. started scientific study of sea animals

15. Ancient fishermen found that fish were II garrulous", which means -.

A. talkative

B. intelligent

C. stupid

D. responsive

16. Which of the following is true?

A. L. da Vinci recommended the oar method to African fishermen.

B. Scientists found that as fish grow older, their voices become lower.

C. Skin-divers can hear most of the sounds fish make in the ocean.

D. Aristotle found that fish could make sound by contracting their muscles_

17. The study of underwater sounds is made difficult by all the following EXCEPT that -' A. there are too many kinds

of sea animals for us to study

B. the subject is still fairly new to the researchers of the world

C. our technology is not yet advanced enough to study sea animals

D. we are not yet able to identify land creatures by their sounds

_Passage Four

There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had

a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units ( state and statistics come from the

same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses --- all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based directly on theories of probability.

Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level --variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum --- or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.

Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school headmaster wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the headmaster would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.

18. With what is the passage mainly concerned?

A. The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics.

B. Application of inferential statistics.

C. The development and use of statistics.

D. How to use descriptive statistics.

19. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking are associated with

A. inferential statistics.

B. descriptive statistics.

C. unknown variables.

D. qualitative changes.

20. Why does the author mention the" mother" and " father" in the first paragraph?

A. To point out the parents can teach their children statistics.

B. To introduce inferential statistics.

C. To explain that there are different kinds of variables.

D. To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way.

21. The word" they" in the second paragraph refers to

A. data.8. variables. C. properties. D. levels.

22. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?

A. It reduces large amounts of data to a more comprehensible form.

B. It is based on probability.

C. It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.

D. It measures only qualitative differences.

23. The word "unwieldy" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

A. understandable

B. unpredictable

C. unmanageable

D. unreliable

24. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?

A. To compare different groups.

B. To predict characteristics of the entire population.

C. To detect differences not observable in the whole population.

D. To compile more accurate data.

Paper Two

Part IV Reading and Answering Questions (25 minutes, 10 points)

lt is not true that liberty has developed among civilized men when anyone is free to set up a soapbox, is free to hire

a hall where he may expound his opinions to those who are willing to listen. On the contrary, freedom of speech is

established to achieve its essential purpose only when different opinions are expounded in the same hall to the same audience.

For, while the right to speak may be the beginning of freedom, the necessity of listening is what makes the right important. What matters is not the utterance of opinions, what matters is .the confrontation of opinions in debate. No man can care profoundly that every fool should say what he likes. Nothing has been accomplished if the wisest man proclaims his wisdom in the middle of the Sahara Desert. This is the shadow. We have the substance of liberty when the fool is compelled to listen to the wise man and learn; when the wise man is compelled to take account of the fool, and to instruct him; when the wise man can increase his wisdom by hearing the judgment of his peers. That is why civilized men must cherish liberty-as a means of promoting the discovery of truth.

Questions:

What is the writer's understanding of true liberty,? What illustrations or examples dose he use to explain its concept? Do you agree or disagree with him? Why or why not?

Translation

E-C:

Most debates about curriculum in American educational institutions swing back and forth for years without moving very far. They just witness the never-ending fight between supporters and opponents of phonics ( the study of sounds of speech ) in reading. But the same cannot be said about math. The news that the state of Virginia will spend $ 20 million making sure that every student in advanced algebra classes will have the use of a $ 95 machine called a graphing calculator is a fairly clear sign that the debate over whether math instruction should include calculators is basically ended. Rightly or wrongly, the question is now not whether, but how , the machines should be integrated into the curriculum and how they should figure in the tests that drive that curriculum.

Key to it

多年来，大多数有关美国学校课程设置的争论此起彼伏，莫衷一是。人们围绕着阅读课是否应当包含语音学而争论不息，但是数学课的情况却不同。有新闻报道弗吉尼亚州将设资两千万美元，保证每个上高级几何课的学生都能用上价值95美元一台的图表计算器。显然，数学教学是否应该使用计算器的辩论已基本告一段落。对也罢，错也罢，目前的问题不是机器是否应该同课程结合起来，而是机器如何同课程相结合，以及如何在测试中计分以便推动课程发展。

C--E

中国面临的另一大长期任务是缩小沿海地区与中西部地区的经济差距。尽管政府制定了地区发展战略以减轻日趋严重的经济不平等现象，需要正视的关键性的协调问题还应包括地区之间的合作、资源从较富裕转向较贫穷省份的重新分配。

Key to it

Another long-term challenge for China is the narrowing of economic disparities between the coastal regions and

the central and western provinces. Despite the regional development strategy of the government, aimed at reducing growing economic inequality across the country, key coordination issues that need to be addressed include interregional cooperation, redistribution of resources from richer to poorer provinces.

Part VI Writing

For this part, you are required to write a composition entitled How to preserve our planet in no less than 200 words

TEST 3

Part I Listening Comprehension

Section 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)

Part II . Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)

Nobody likes insects. They are 36 and sometimes dangerous. Some of them bite us and give us diseases; others bite us and give us big red 37 . Some do not bite, but they just fly round our heads or

crawl round our houses and gardens. And we do not like any of them---except those 38 butterflies.39_

insects are interesting. First, they are very 40_ animals. Three hundred and twenty million years ago

there were no men or other 42_ in the world but there were insects. Today, 42_ every square mile of

land there are millions of them flying and crawling about. Second, insects are very43 to their habitat, to

their food and to the weather. Now there are about a million different 44 in the world.45_ do people use insecticides? Not many insects 46_ us. In many cases we do not see the insects and we do not think

much about them. The 47is that insects eat so much of man' s food, and there are so many billions of

them. We must use insecticides to get rid of them.

An insecticide is simply a special chemical 48with some poisonous elements. Farmers 49 their

crops very often and the insects die quickly. Of course some poisonous chemicals may 50_ on the crops

or in the soil, and that is also dangerous.

36. A. wicked B. disgusted C. appalling D. annoying

37. A. places B. points 7 spots D. tips

38. A. living B. lovely C. livening D. loving

39.A. But B. So C. And D. Therefore

40. A. old B. young C. small D. weak

41. A' mammals B. creatures C. habitants D. inhabitants

42. A. over B. with C. throughout D. in

43. A. suitable B. adaptable C. agreeable D. variable

44. A. species B. samples C. models D. specimens

45. A. How B. Why C. When D. Where

46. A. pierce B. wound C. hurt D. injure

47. A. fact B. condition C. situation D. reason

48. A. medicine B. component C. compound D. material

49. -A.. spray B. cover C. disinfect D. splash

50. A. drop B. stay C. evaporate D. leave

Passage One

The objective of the migrant health program of the United States government is to provide grants for the development and enhancement of high quality health care services in rural areas for migrant and seasonal farm workers and their families so as to raise the status of health care for these people to that of the general population. This improvement can be achieved by providing comprehensive health services, which are made accessible to people who move frequently, and by improving the physical environment so as to assure healthful living and working conditions wherever workers are located.

Grants are available to state and local health departments and other nonprofit agencies, organizations, and

institutions. These funds can be used for the following purposes: to establish and operate general family health service facilities and clinics, to provide health education, training, and sanitation services to update health conditions, and to initiate preventive health service. Preventive care in the form of immunization programs is the oldest aspect of the program.

The program further attempts to promote flexibility in locating health services where they will be accessible at times and places convenient to migrant workers and their families. The family health care clinic, with additional outreach service by field nurses and aides who visit migrant families in camps and at their homes for counseling and follow-up, constitute the newest and most significant innovation. However, despite the introduction of innovative approaches, health care services for migrant workers are still limited and highly inadequate.

Although the migrant health program has no fixed matching ratio, a grantee is required to pay part of the cost, which varies from project to project. Many rural counties do not have enough money to cover matching payments, nor do many states consider migrant workers' health a budget priority. The cost-sharing requirement limits the potential effectiveness of the program, and literally hundreds of communities with a yearly inflow of migrant workers still lack organized local programs to provide the needed services.

A major problem for local or state health agencies is their inability to develop case histories and ongoing

communication with migrant workers. Lack of knowledge regarding migrant workers' health needs is another reason for the deficiency of services. There has been little communication about health problems among communities, health professionals, and migrant workers themselves. Ignorance of a group's special needs often leads to exclusion and rejection of that group and its problems. This is often the case with migrant workers, as evidenced by the enforcement of state residency requirement. It is, of course, impossible for most migrant workers to meet these requirements and become eligible for existing state and local health and welfare aid.

1. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to - .

A. project the outcome of proposed programs

B. defend new policy statement

C. explain present plans and problems

D. denounce former inadequacies

2. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following have contributed to the shortage of health care services

for migrant workers EXCEPT - .

A. unwillingness of medical personnel to participate in federal health programs

B. ignorance of their needs on the part of decision makers

C. budget priorities of state governments

D. cost-sharing requirements of federal projects .

3. According to the passage, the first aspect of the migrant worker he{lth program to be effectively set up was the - .

A. health education programs

B. sanitation services

C. immunization programs

D. ecology programs .

4. Which of the following would the author propose as most effective means to rapidly expand the provision of health

care services to migrant workers?

A. Extending the current program to include all agricultural workers and their families.

B. Sponsoring studies of the effectiveness of present health care facilities for migrants.

C. Training special medical workers for the health care services.

D. Undertaking total financing of some projects of the health care services.

5. The author is LEAST specific in the discussion of which of the following aspects of the migrant health problem?

A. Plans for improving working conditions for migrant workers..

B. Means by which health care services are made accessible to migrant workers.

C. Regulations that have hindered widespread implementation of the health program.

D. Basic objectives of the health program for migrant workers.

6. The author's attitude toward cost-sharing requirements is best described as being -'

A. indifferent

B. agreeable

C. optimistic

D. critical

7. Which of the following conclusions related to migrant workers is most directly supported by evidence cited in the

passage?

A. Nonprofit agencies can be expected to significantly expand their provision of health care

services to migrant workers.

B. The present migrant health program has the potential to expand migrant health care

services if local financial aid is not required.

C. Migrant workers prefer that federal government not interfere in the affairs.

D. Most migrant workers have rejected the health services offered by local agencies.

Passage Two

The free enterprise has produced a technology capable of providing the American consumer with the largest and most varied marketplace in the world. Technological advances, however, have come hand in hand with impersonal mass marketing of goods and services. Along with progress, too, have come some instances of manipulative advertising practices and a great increase of products whose reliability, safety and quality are difficult to evaluate.

Today's consumers buy, enjoy, use and discard more types of goods than could possibly have been imagined even a few years ago. Yet too often consumers have no idea of the materials that have gone into the manufacturer's finished product or their own motivation in selecting one product over another.

Easy credit and forceful techniques of modem marketing persuade many consumers to buy what they cannot afford. The consequent overburdening of family budgets is a problem for consumers at all economic levels.

It is not unusual for families to allocate 20 percent or more of their income to debt repayments without understanding the effect this allocation has upon other choices. Some families have such tight budgets that an illness, a period of unemployment, or some other crisis finds them without adequate reserves.

In addition to the growing complexity of the market, consumers are sometimes faced with unfair and deceptive practices. Although there are laws designed to protect the consumers, there is not a sufficient number of

law enforcers to cover all the abuses of the marketplace.

An adult in today's society should be knowledgeable in the use of credit. He should understand what is involved in purchasing a house, and the many pitfalls to be avoided when entering into financial agreements. He should know enough about advertising and selling techniques to enable him to discern the honest from the deceptive. He should be knowledgeable about consumer protection laws so that he can demand his rights. When he needs help, he should know the private and public sources to which he can!Will for assistance.

8. This passage is concerned mostly with - .

A. the effects of the free enterprise system

B. the difficulty of living on a fixed income

C. innovative techniques in food processing

D. the advances of advertising techniques

9. The author implies that - .

A. products are more expensive in the U.S. than anywhere else

B. credit cards are often used illegally

C. products very often do not perform as advertised

D. most Americans like to buy what they can afford

10. Consumers often do not know - .

A. the brand names of products they buy regularly

B. why they purchase certain products

C. the current interest rates on saving accounts

D. where to buy cheaper things

11. The author warns the reader to be cautious when buying items - .

A. on sale

B. on credit

C. at discount

D. advertised in newspapers

12. The author points out that some families have overspent so much that they_.

A. are unprepared for financial emergencies

B. forget to claim interest charges on their income tax forms

C. spend more money on food than they would like to

D. cannot afford to purchase a house without knowing its true value

Passage Three

Different type of pre-modern societies can be identified not only on the basis of their family and kinship structures and their methods of production, but also on the basis of their political systems --- that is, the procedures they adopt to regulate social relation among their members. Broadly,, two types of political systems can be distinguished among pre-modern peoples: states and stateless societies.

States possess centralized authority, administrative bodies, and judicial organs --- in short, a government.

States may contain only one ethnic group, or they may include several distinct peoples. In either case, a central ruler, usually a king or supreme chief, has authority over all the people in a given territory, whether they belong to

one ethnic group or to many. The ruler's power may be abused, but such power is recognized as legitimate. Disputes between individuals, families or clans are settled by courts whose authority derives from the central power. The central authority usually possesses an organized armed force that can carry out its will. In such societies, differences of wealth, privilege, and status are common and usually correspond closely to differences in power and authority.

Stateless societies lack centralized authority. This does not mean, however, that they have no political system. It means that their system is hard for many people to understand. In such societies lineage ( descent ), not territory, is the basis of social organization. In one common pattern, everyone in a village belongs to one of two lineage groups that are believed to share a common ancestor. Most social activities ( such as planting or marketing) are carried out within these groups. The whole village population, however, forms one lineage unit in relation to the population of a nearby village, with whom they are believed to share a more distant ancestor. The same is true at higher levels.

In these societies there are no permanent government bodies; there are only relations between groups. When members of two lineage groups in a village have a dispute, elders of the two groups mediate. Disputes involving persons in two villages are settled by the elders of the vi llages. If force is used, it must be met with opposing force: there is no central armed force to which an individual or a group can appeal.

In stateless societies, extremes of wealth and status are rare because they threaten the consensus on which such societies depend. Yet stateless societies need not be small. Populations as high as one million have been organized on this basis. Nor are stateless societies necessarily different from states in actual kinship structures, religious practices, or methods of production.

I 3. According to the passage, states and stateless societies differ primarily in -'

A. the methods of production they use

B. the size of their populations

C. their religious beliefs and kinship rules

D. their authority structures

14. Which is true of pre-modern states referred to in the passage?

A. They may have significantly greater social tensions than stateless societies.

B. There are no sharp differences of status among the members.

C. They are always composed of several distinct ethnic groups.

D. They have higher populations than stateless societies.

15. According to the passage, which statement best describes the relationship between wealth and political power?

A. Extremes of wealth are most likely when there is no central authority.

B. Political power and wealth are most likely to be concentrated in different hands.

C. Centralized authority is only possible if no group has extreme wealth.

D. The distribution of wealth and that of political power are likely to be similar.

16. Premodern states possess specialized administrative bodies, while stateless societies do not,

研究生学位英语29

考试须知 1、本次考试试卷有试题册（试卷一）和答题纸（Answer Sheet)两种，答题时间 为120分钟。 2、请考生用钢笔在Answer Sheet上写上姓名、学号、专业班级。 3、请考生在Answer Sheet上答题，写在试题册上的答案一律作废。 4、选择题每题只能选一个答案，多选作废。选定答案后，在Answer Sheet中找到相应题号，将答案对应字母（A\B\C\D）填写在题号后的括号里。注意保持字迹清晰工整，容易识别。由于字迹潦草、答案模棱两可甚至无法识别者，一律判为0分，责任由考生本人负责。 5、简答题、翻译和作文等主观题部分的答题请考生用钢笔书写在Answer Sheet 指定位置上。 6、考试结束，考生不得将试题册和答题纸带出考场。请把试题册和答题纸分别 上交监考老师。 Test 29 Part I Situational Conversations (10%) Directions:In this part, there are ten short incomplete dialogues between two speakers, each followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that most appropriately suits the conversational context and best completes the dialogue．Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center of the corresponding letter． 1. Robert: How annoying. I can’t figure out a solution to this problem. Can you help me? Anderson: __________. A. How stupid you are. The problem is too easy to disturb me. B. Well, I’m afraid I can’t at the moment. C. You shouldn’t feel annoyed. After all,it’s your own problem. D. OK. Though it’s beyond me, let me try. 2. Speaker A: Excuse me. Could you show me the way to the nearest post office? Speaker B: ________ A. OK. I’d like to go with you. B. Of course. Go down this street and turn le ft. C. Sorry. I’m busy now. Go away. D . No problem. It’s my pleasure to direct you. 3. Customer: I need some aspirin, please, and I'd also like to get this prescription filled．

非英语专业硕士研究生英语学位课程

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研究生学位英语翻译

0501 戒严与其说是个人的选择, 不如说是对自己毅力的考验, 因为人们普遍认为吸烟是上瘾的. 尽管专家的建议和药物疗法确实能增加永久戒严的可能性, 但是避免这种困境的最好的方法就是不要涉猎吸烟. 吸烟的负面影响在各个程度上是不同的, 它与吸烟的数量以及烟龄的长短, 还有开始吸烟的年龄有关. 这份报告向以下观点提出了质疑, 这种观点认为吸烟几年不会产生永久的危害性的后果. 我们希望阻止这种普遍的但是却是生死攸关的习惯, 并且提醒大家戒烟的时间越长, 和吸烟有关的健康问题就会大幅度地减少. It is increasingly realized that ( There is a growing realization /awareness that ) developing environment-protecting products really count. To fulfill the long-term and substantial development, developed countries should at all costs decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. If the speed of global warming nowadays continues, the probability of disappearance from the earth to such big cities as Tokyo and London will be 10 times as fast as that of 20 years ago. 0506 本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶.它基于以下观

专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-15词汇及课后答案

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