考研阅读理解精读

UNIT ONE

TEXT ONE

Tesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers ￡270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least ￡80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury’s and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fix prices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.

Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.

The average cost to each household is thought to be ￡11.25 over 2002 and 2003. Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers For Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.

The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed.

Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: “As we have always said, we acted independently and we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers.”

Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations”in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was “co-operating” with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.

Sainsbury’s admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay ￡26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.

1. From the first paragraph, we may infer that _____

[A] Tesco is the most resolute among all the retailers to defend its reputation.

[B] it is already proved that Tesco has colluded with Asda, Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company in fixing the dairy price. [C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of ￡80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors

[D] Tesco is trying its best to prove its innocence of the scandal.

2. Who is most probably the initiator of the pricing formula?

[A] Retail chains.

[B] Farmers.

[C] Dairy companies.

[D] Politicians

3. The word “defiant”(Line 1, Paragraph 5) most probably means _____.

[A] resisiting

[B] angry [C] deficient

[D] confident

4. We may infer from Morrisons’statement that _____

[A] Morrisons turn out to be the most defentive when dealing with OFT.

[B] Morrisons is reluctant to support the inquiries into the former Safeway business. [C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.

[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.

5. The writer’s attitude to Tesco can be said to be _____

[A] biased.

[B] objective.

[C] sympathetic.

[D] optimistic.

篇章剖析：

本文介绍了目前奶制品公司因内部设定价格而面临受到的调查和处罚的状况。第一段由Tesco公司目前正在通过法律解决自己面临的困境引出本文的话题；第二段是追溯牛奶价格上涨的原因；第三段是讲述牛奶价格上涨对消费者的损害；第四段又回到Tesco事件上，描述了其态度；第五段和第六段讲述其他相关公司对该事件的看法和态度。

词汇注释：

processor n. 加工者`cartel n. 卡特尔, 联合企业, 垄断集团leniency n. 宽大，慈悲,慈悲宽厚的行为dent v.使凹下, 凹进, 削弱

defiant adj.挑战的, 挑衅的, 目中无人的stall v.(使)停转, (使)停止, 迟延

profiteer vi. 牟取暴利

难句突破:

(1) They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.

主体句式: They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal…

结构分析: 这是一个复合句，其成分比较复杂。offered by the watchdog to companies作为一个分词短语来修饰前面的deal, 而后面that引导的定语从句又修饰companies。

句子译文:他们总共的罚金只有差不多一亿一千六百万，这是监察部门对积极坦白反竞争行为公司的一种宽大处理。

(2) The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. [主体句式] The National Consumer Council gave warning…

[结构分析] 这是一个复合句，句子的宾语warning 带着两个同位语从句，以that 引导；第一个同位语从句中，confidence in 后面是一个分词短语作介词的宾语。

[句子译文]全国消费者委员会警告说长此以往会损害消费者的信心，人们也会逐渐怀疑委员会的声明。

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 推理题。第一段主要讲述了Tesco公司已被卷入和其他公司联手划定牛奶价格的丑闻中，目前正在通过法律手段来证明自己与此无关。选项A的表述在文章中并没有明确表述，Tesco 虽然正在诉诸法律手段保卫其名誉，但是否态度最坚决我们无法得知。选项B, 文章中只是说明后几家公司承认其定价行为，但并为说明Tesco与他们联合。选项C，文章指出如果Tesco的丑闻被证实后会被处以的处罚并且是一种宽大措施，但金额应该为￡116而不是￡80。选项D，Tesco 正在竭力证明自己和传闻无关，这正是第一段论述的内容。

[答案]B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。关于价格形成最初由谁引起，第二段和第三段有相关论述。第二段提到，监察部门发现超市受到政治家和农民的压力要求上调牛奶价格，而OFT发现了零售商将牛奶未来的价格信息传递给了牛奶公司，牛奶公司内部自己确定了价格。第三段又提到牧场主机构和牧场主一直在抗议低廉的牛奶价格。由此可以推断，最有可能引发牛奶价格确定的源头就是牧场主。

[答案]A

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 猜词题。根据其上下文的意思，Tesco 声称正在为自己的行为准备最坚决的辩护，其执行理事的一番话也表现了他们这种强硬的态度，可见他们采取了一种抵抗的态度，选项[A]最为符合。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。要结合上下文来理解Morrisons的意思，Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former Safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making “strong representations” in its defense. 前后两个分句是转折关系，可以看出Morrisons 的态度。虽然他协助OFT对于前Safeway的调查，但是他却声称在辩护中仍要做出抗议。行动上他是一种合作态度，但他还是要竭力维护自己的利益、并且没有任何迹象表明其承认了卷入丑闻的指控，因此选项D最为符合。而其余三个选项都与前面的意思分析相反。

[难度系数] ☆

[分析] 态度题。作者的态度可以通过材料的选择和措辞看出来，作者在文章中列出了Tesco 有关方面的事件，但一直没有做出任何的直接评判，也没有通过任何字眼来暗示自己的意思，因此可以认为作者采取了一种比较客观的态度。

参考译文：

Tesco为了摆脱限定奶制品价格风波，正在准备一场大官司。奶制品事件已经给消费者带来了两亿七千万的损失。如果不能证明自己并未和其他超市、奶制品加工商串通一气的话，它就得接受至少八千万的罚单。昨天，OFT声称Asda, Sainsbury’s 和前Safeway，还有奶制品公司Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company都已承认它们联合设定了牛奶、黄油及奶酪的价格。他们总共的罚金只有差不多一亿一千六百万，这是监察部门对积极坦白反竞争行为公司的一种宽大处理。

OFT官员私下声称他们不一定想要找出到底是具体哪家公司或哪个人发起这次价格行动的，但是监察部门承认这次超市受到政客和农民的双重压力，要求提高牛奶成本以拯救奶制品畜牧业，但是最终钱还不一定能流到农民手中。OFT九月份称他们已经发现证据证明零售链已经将未来的牛奶价格告知奶制品公司，然后奶制品公司自己内部设定了固定价格。

2002和2003年间平均每户损失为11.25英镑。每品脱牛奶价格上涨3便士，每0.25磅黄油上涨15便士，每半磅奶酪涨15便士。但是消费者却没有任何的补偿，利润全部到了国库。全国消费者委员会警告说长此以往会损害消费者的信心，人们也会逐渐怀疑委员会的声明。Farmers For Action2002年以来一直领导农民抗议牛奶价格过低，目前在就是否可以申请补偿寻求法律意见。

不过OFT还在继续对Tesco, Morrisons 和奶制品集团Lactalis McLelland进行调查，任何法律行为都将推迟到调查结束。

Tesco对此不屑一顾，声称在为自己的行为准备最坚决的辩护。执行理事Lucy Neville-Rolfe说：“正如我们一贯宣称的，我们行动完全独立，和谁都没有联合。我们的立场和我们的对手不一样，我们在尽力保护我们的事业。我们的理念就是为消费者更好地服务。”

Morrisons协助OFT调查它所管理的前Safeway的交易，但是在一次声明中还称自己依然会在辩护中进行强烈的抗议。Lactalis McLelland的一个代言人说公司在和OFT“合作”，而企业内部人士暗示这三家公司在蓄意拖延OFT调查。

昨天Sainsbury’s承认已经同意支付两千六百万的罚金，但是却否认它在牟取暴利。执行董事Justin King说本来是要帮助农民却因此受到惩罚，感觉很失望，但他也承认尽快解决更为有利。Asda不愿意透露要赔付多少，并声称其初衷是要帮助那些有沉重经济压力的农民。

TEXT TWO

He emerged, all of a sudden, in 1957: the most explosive new poetic talent of the English post-war era. Poetry specialised, at that moment, in the wry chronicling of the everyday. The poetry of Yorkshire-born Ted Hughes, first published in a book call ed “The Hawk in the Rain” when he was 27, was unlike anything written by his immediate predecessor s. Driven by an almost Jacobean rhetoric, it had a visionary fervour. Its most eye-catching characteristic was Hughes's ability to get beneath the skins of animals: foxes, otters, pigs. These animals were the real thing all right, but they were also armorial devices—symbols of the countryside and lifeblood of the earth in which they were rooted. It gave his work a raw, primal stink.

It was not only England that thought so either. Hughes's book was also published in America, where it won the Galbraith prize, a major literary award. But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide. Hughes was vilified for long after that, especially by feminists in America. In 1998, the year he died, Hughes broke his own self-imposed public silence about their relationship in a book of loose-weave po ems called “Birthday Letters”. In this new and exhilarating collection of real letters, Hughes returns to the issue of his first wife's death, which he calls his “big and unmanageable event”. He felt his talent muffled by the perpetual eavesdropping upon his every move. Not until he decided to publish his own account of their relationship did the burden begin to lighten.

The analysis is raw, pained and ruthlessly self-aware. For all the moral torment, the writing itself has the same rush and vigour that possessed Hughes's early poetry. Some books of letters serve as a personalised historical chronicle. Poets' letters are seldom like that, and Hughes's are no exception. His are about a life of literary engagement: almost all of them include some musing on the state or the nature of writing, both Hughes's own or other people's. The trajectory of Hughes's literary career had him moving from obscurity to fame, and then, in the eyes of many, to life-long notoriety. These letters are filled with his wrestling with the consequences of being the part-private, part-public creature that he became, desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy.

Hughes is an absorbing and intricate commentator upon his own poetry, even when he is standing back from it and good-humouredly condemning himself for “its fantasticalia, its pretticisms and its infinite verballifications”. He also believed, from first to last, that poetry had a special place in the education of children. “What kids need”, he wrote in a 1988 letter to the secretary of state for education in the Conservative government, “is a headfull [sic] of songs that are not songs but blocks of refine d and achieved and exemplary language.” When that happens, children have “the guardian angel installed behind the tongue”. Lucky readers, big or small.

1．The poetry of Hughes’s forerunners is characteristic of ______

[A] its natural, crude flavor.

[B] its distorted depiction of people’s daily life.

[C] its penetrating sight.

[D] its fantastical enthusiasm.

2.The word “vilified” (Line 4, Paragraph 2)most probably means _____

[A] tortured

[B] harassed

[C] scolded

[D] tormented

3．According to the third paragraph, Hugh es’s collection of letters are _____

[A] the exact reason responsible for both his fame and notoriety.

[B] personalized description of his double identity as a public and a private figure.

[C] reflections of his struggle between his literary devotion and the reality.

[D] his meditation and exploration on the literary world and the essence of literature.

4. From the letters, we may find the cause of Hughe s’s internal struggle is _____

[A] his eager and unsatisfied passion for literature.

[B] that he is a part-private, part-public creature.

[C] that he is constrained by the fear of his privacy being exposed to the criticism of the public.

[D] the moral torment exerted by himself.

5. By “lucky readers”in the last sentence, the author means_____

[A] children who are imparted with the beauty and wisdom of poetry.

[B] children who have a headfull of fantastic and verbally perfect songs.

[C] children who own blocks of refined and achieved and exemplary language.

[D] children who are believed to have the guardian angel installed behind the tongue.

篇章剖析：

本文讲述了英国著名诗人特德·休斯作品的特点和其所反映的诗人的一些情况。第一段讲述休斯诗歌的特色；第二段讲述因其妻子的原因而创作了一部书信集的情况；第三段讲述这本书信集的特点和反映的内容；第四段讲述休斯对诗歌的看法和态度。

词汇注释：

wry adj. 枯燥乏味的predecessorn.前辈, 前任

rhetoric n. (措词、文体的)浮夸与修饰fervour n.热情

armorial adj.徽章的lifeblood n. 生命力或生命之源的力量

stink n. 气息，气味vilify vt.诽谤, 辱骂, 贬低, 轻视

muffle vt.压抑；阻止eavesdropping n.偷听

trajectory n. 道路；轨迹notoriety n.恶名, 丑名, 声名狼藉

absorbing adj.吸引人的, 非常有趣的intricate adj. 难以理解的

难句突破：

（１）But then, in 1963, Sylvia Plath, a young American poet whom he had first met at Cambridge University in 1956, and who became his wife in the summer of that year, committed suicide.

主体句式：But then Sylvia Plath committed suicide.

结构分析：这是一个同位语带有定语从句的复合句。whom和who引导的两个定语从句修饰a young American poet，整体作为Sylvia Plath的同位语。

句子译文：但是在1963年，西尔维亚·普拉斯自杀了，这个美国年轻诗人与他第一次见面是在1956年的剑桥大学，而当年夏天又成为了他妻子。

（2）These letters are filled with his wrestling with the consequences of being the part-private, part-public creature that he became, desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy.

主体句式：These letters are filled with his wrestling.

结构分析：这是一个简单句，难点在于最后两个形容词词组的成分（desperate to devote himself to his writing, and yet subject to endless invasions of his privacy）。这两个形容词词组用来修饰前面的名词creature, 而creature后面紧跟着的that 引导的从句也是修饰它的定语从句。

句子译文：这些信中处处都显现出休斯因为自己成为半私人、半公开这样一个人物反复挣扎的心理，他渴望将自己奉献给文字，但又时时受到私人空间受到侵袭的威胁。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。本文第一段讲述了休斯诗歌的特点。第一段第二句说明了当时盛行的诗歌的特色是the wry chronicling of the everyday，紧接着第三句就指出休斯的作品不同于他前辈的诗歌，接下来的几句都是讲述休斯作品具体是什么特色。由此可以推理，第二句所描写的就是其前人作品的特点，是“对日常生活的变形描述”，选项B为正确答案。

[难度系数] ☆

[分析] 猜词题。这个词的意思要根据上下文推断。该词出现的前一句讲述休斯妻子，一位美国诗人自杀了。紧接着就说，该事件发生后很长一段时间里美国的女权主义者对休斯采取了一种行动。后面又讲述了休斯在去世之前将他与妻子的关系情况以书信集的方式表达出来，直到这本集子出版他的负担才得以减轻。那么休斯一直背负着的就是一种精神负担，这部分是由那些女权主义者造成的，可能性比较大的就是一种精神上的谴责，答案[C]最为符合。

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

［分析］推理题。根据文章第三段，休斯的这本书信集和一般书信集不同，不是将自己的经历做一陈述，而是所有书信都包含有对自己或对别人作品的思考，是他文学思想的一个展示。最后一句是说从这些书信中可以看出他为是要完全展示在作品中还是要维护个人隐私而苦苦挣扎过。从这些描述可以看出，该书信集主要是他文学观点的一些表述，从中可以看出他的思想发展历程，因此答案D最符合。A和B选项与第二段关系较为密切，因此与本题无关。C选项看似有理，但要注意休斯的挣扎并不是在文学与现实之间的挣扎，而是一种在文学世界中探索的

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。题干是要求找出休斯内心挣扎的原因，这在第三段最后一句中有提及。文章指出书信中处处都体现了休斯和自己半隐密、半公开这么一个身份进行斗争的印迹：一方面他想在创作中完全投入，但又担心自己的隐私会受到侵害。可以看出，休斯之所以内心挣扎，是由

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 细节题。理解这句话需要结合上下文来看，文章最后一段主要是讲述休斯认为诗歌在孩子教育方面发挥特殊的作用，他认为孩子需要的是诗歌，是精致、完美的语言，如果真的拥有这些了，那么孩子舌头后面就有了守卫天使，那他们就是幸运的读者了。虽然四个答案都仿佛正确，但从最根本来说，是因为读诗，孩子才会拥有以上所说的一切，才是幸运的，而且本段也着重强调诗歌对于孩子的重要性。因此，最佳答案为A。

参考译文：

1957年，他横空出世，成为英国战后最具爆炸性的诗坛天才。当时，诗歌主要题材是日常生活的扭曲纪录。但出生在约克郡的特德·休斯的作品却与其前辈大相径庭，他27岁时在名为《雨中的鹰》一书中发表了第一首诗。受詹姆士一世风格的影响，其诗歌呈现出幻觉式的激情，其最显著的特点是休斯可以描述动物外表下面的东西，无论是狐狸、水獭还是猪。这些动物的确是真实的，但同时又是标志性的，代表着乡村，代表着它们植根的地球的生命之源。正是这一点赋予了其作品一种野性、原始的气息。

这一点不仅仅在英国得以认同。休斯的书也在美国出版，并且赢得了一项重要的文学奖—

—加尔布雷思奖。但是在1963年，西尔维亚·普拉斯自杀了，这个美国年轻诗人与他第一次见面是在1956年的剑桥大学，而当年夏天又成为了他妻子。这之后很长时间里休斯都受到人们的谴责，尤其是美国的女权主义者。1998年，也就是休斯去世的那一年，他在自己一本名为《生日信札》的结构松散的诗集中公开了他俩的关系，打破了他自己一直以来的缄默。在这本令人兴奋的新书信集中，休斯回忆了他第一个妻子的死，“难以处理的大事情”——他这样形容。他感觉自己的一举一动都受到监视，他的天赋因而受到了制约。直到他出版了自己的这本有关他们关系的书时，他身上的负担才得以减轻。

他的剖析自然、饱含痛苦，具有强烈的自我意识。尽管书中极尽表达了其精神的苦痛，但文字本身却具有休斯早期诗歌的激情和活力。一些书信集只是个人的经历记录而已，但是诗人的书信集却不同，休斯的也不例外。他的书信集描写了其文学生涯：几乎所有的书信都有关于写作状态或写作性质的思考，有他自己，也有别人的。休斯的文学生命轨迹是从无名到闻名，而后，在众人看来又经历了漫长的名誉扫地的阶段。这些信中处处都显现出休斯和自己成为半私人、半公开人物这样一个结果反复挣扎的心理，他渴望将自己奉献给文字，但又时时受到私人空间被侵袭的威胁。

有意思而且令人费解的是，休斯还对自己的诗歌进行评论，他甚至还以局外人的身份来看待自己的作品，很幽默地批评自己的诗歌“有空想色彩、唯美化且一直咬文嚼字”。他还从始至终坚信诗歌在教育孩子方面有特殊的作用。1988年他在给保守党政府国家教育部长的一封信中这样写道：“孩子们需要的是满脑子的歌曲，其实不是歌曲，而是精致、优秀、具有代表性的语言。”如果真能这样，那么孩子们“舌头后面就会有守卫天使了”。幸运的读者，不管是大人还是孩子。

TEXT THREE

Controled bleeding or cauterisation? That was the unappealing choice facing UBS, a Swiss bank which has been badly hurt by the carnage in America’s mortgage market. The bank opted for the latter. First it opened the wound, by announcing a hefty $10 billion write-down on its exposure to subprime-infected debt. UBS now expects a loss for the fourth quarter, which ends this month. Then came the hot iron: news of a series of measures to shore up the bank’s capital base, among them investments from sovereign-wealth funds in Singapore and the Middle East.

Bad news had been expected. UBS’s third-quarter write-down of over SFr4 billionin October looked overly optimistic compared with more aggressive markdowns at other banks such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch. Steep falls in the market value of subprime debt since the end of the third quarter made it certain that UBS would take more pain, given its sizeable exposure to toxic collateralised-debt obligations (CDOs). Analysts at Citigroup were predicting in November that write-downs of up to SFr14 billion were possible.

Why then did this new batch of red ink still come as a shock? The answer lies not in the scale of the overall loss, more in UBS’s decision to take the hit in one go. The bank’s mark-to-model approach to valuing its subprime-related holdings had been based on payments data from the underlying mortgage loans. Although these data show a worsening in credit quality, the deterioration is slower than mark-to-market valuations, which have the effect of instantly crystallising all expected future losses.

Thanks to this gradualist approach, UBS had been expected to take write-downs in managed increments of SFr2 billion-3 billion over a period of several quarters. It now appears that the bank has incorporated market values into its model, sending its fourth-quarter write-downs into orbit. The change of approach may be on the advice of auditors and regulators but it is more likely to reflect a desire by UBS’s bosses to avoid months of speculation about the bank’s exposure, something that Marcel Rohner, the chief executive, described as “distracting”.

In a particular indignity for a bank long associated with conservatism, concerns about the level of

UBS’s capital ratio had even started to surface. Hence the moves to strengthen its tier-one capital, an important measure of bank solidity, by SFr19.4 billion, a great deal more than the write-down. The majority of that money will come from sovereign-wealth funds, the white knights of choice for today’s bank in distress. Singapore’s GIC, which manages the city-state’s foreign reserves, has pledged to buy SFr11 billion-worth of convertible bonds in UBS; an unnamed Middle Eastern investor will put in a further SFr2 billion. UBS will also raise money by selling treasury shares, and save cash by issuing its 2007 dividend in the form of shares. Its capital ratio is expected to end up above 12% in the fourth quarter, a strong position.

Hopeful talk of lines being drawn under the subprime crisis has been a feature of banks’ quarterly reporting since September. Marrying bigger-than-expected write-downs with bigger-than-expected boosts to capital looks like the right treatment in this environment. But UBS still cannot be sure that its problems are over. Further deterioration in its subprime asset values is possible; the broader economic impact of the credit crunch is unclear; and the dam age to the bank’s reputation cannot yet be quantified. The patient still needs watching.

1. The author uses the metaphor “hot iron”to imply that_____

[A] UBS again becomes a victim of America’s mortgage market.

[B] UBS’s capital base has obtained adequate financial support to digest its debt.

[C] those measures will forcefully stop UBS from further loss.

[D] good news from those measures would prevent UBS from bankruptcy.

2. Compared with the mark-to-market valuations, the mark-to-model approach could _____

[A] slow down the worsening in credit quality.

[B] present the effect of instantly crystallization of all expected future loss.

[C] show data against a worsening the credit quality.

[D] accelerate the deterioration in credit quality.

3. The reason that Marcel Rohner thought the

change of approach was “distracting” is _____ [A] this change was unexpected to take place in such a situation.

[B] this change was result of the advice of auditors and regulators.

[C] this change was not favorite to UBS’s speculation about the bank’s exposure.

[D] this change was taken to make people dispel their guess.

4. The phrase “the white knights”(Line 4, Paragraph 5) most probably means____ [A] rich people.

[B] wealthy saviors.

[C] generous investors.

[D] brave fighters.

5. The author’s attitude towards UBS’s future is______

[A] optimistic.

[B] pessimistic.

[C] uncertain.

[D] none of the above.

篇章分析：

本篇文章介绍了UBS银行目前面临的困境以及其解决困境的一系列措施。第一段讲述UBS 银行面对困境时作了强行解决的选择；第二段讲述UBS目前面临的不好的因素；第三段第四段分析了其估值的方式；第五段讲述UBS解决资金困难的一系列措施；第六段分析UBS面临的一些问题。

词汇注释：

carnage n. 大屠杀, 残杀hefty adj. 异常大的或相当多的

write-down n.[会计]账面价值的故意降低shore up 支持

markdowns n. 削价increment n.增加, 增量

distracting adj.转移注意力的indignity n.轻蔑, 侮辱, 侮辱的行为

solidity n.可靠性pledge vi.保证, 使发誓；抵押, 典当

boost n.增加；提高crunch n. 危急情况，紧急状态

难句突破：

Then came the hot iron: news of a series of measures to shore up the bank’s capital base, among them investments from sovereign-wealth funds in Singapore and the Middle East.

[主体句式] Then came the hot iron.

[结构分析] 这是一个有复杂同位语的一个简单句。news of …是前面the hot iron的同位语，to shore up the bank’s capital base是不定式短语作定语修饰前面的measures, 而后面among them …也是用来修饰measures，具体介绍其中的一些措施。

[句子译文]紧接着就来了hot iron ：报道有一系列的措施来支持银行的资本基础，其中就有新加坡和中东的君主财富基金。

The change of approach may be on the advice of auditors and regulators but it is more likely to reflect a desire by UBS’s bosses to avoid months of speculation about the bank’s exposure, something that Marcel Rohner, the chief executive, described as “distracting”.

[主体句式] The change of approach may be… but …

[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，but 引导的分句比较复杂，to avoide …不定式短语作前面a desire 的定语，而something that…是a desire的同位语，该同位语中又包含了一个定语从句。

[句子译文] 方法改变可能是审计员或调节员建议的，但更反映了UBS高层的不愿数月都预计银行曝光的意愿，这个被首席执行官Marcel Rohner形容为“转移注意力（的方案）”。

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。作者将一系列的措施比喻为“烙铁”，而这些措施又是为UBS提供资金，是一

些好的措施，这个比喻让人费解。但结合第一段的上下文就可以理解，文章第一段开头就摆出UBS面临的抉择，是有控制地流血还是灼伤，UBS选择了后者，先是将伤口裸露出来，接着就来了“烙铁”。前后联系可以想到，烙铁可以灼伤伤口，但可以让伤口马上止血，也就是让UBS

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。题干是关于mark-to-model估量方法的，这在文章第三段中有提及。关键的一句话就是，和mark-to-market方法相比，这种恶化要慢一些，因为市场方法可迅速估算出未来所有有可能的损失。要注意的是，which have the effect of instantly crystallising all expected future losses是修饰mark-to-market 方法的定语从句，这一点容易让读者混淆。

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 推理题。题干中提到的转变是指UBS评估方法由模式方法转变为将市场结合进来的方法，Marcel认为这种转变是“转移注意力的”，由上文可知这种转变是UBS高层为了避免数月来对银行曝光的猜测。因此，所说的“转移注意力”是避免人们的各种猜测，那么答案D最为符合。另外需要注意的是C选项的内容只是对原文内容作了很小的巧妙修改，但意思却与原文

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文，绝大部分的救助基金来自君主财产基金，这个基金对于许多身处困境的银行来说就是白衣骑士，可以推断“白衣骑士”可能代表救助他人的人，答案中B和C

都有这层意思，根据其救助对象是身处困境的银行，且更侧重于危难时的救助，对银行来说仿

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 态度题。这篇文章比较客观地描述了UBS目前的困境和其为了摆脱这个困境要解决的方法，作者虽然在前面几次都提到UBS得到了一些资助，有望转好。但文章最后一段提出UBS 目前也面临众多问题，所以结局还有待观察。文章的最后一句明确表明了作者不确定的态度。

参考译文：

有控制地流血还是灼伤？这是UBS，一家因美国抵押信贷市场受到重挫的瑞士银行所要面对的尴尬选择。而这家银行选择了后者——先是在公开次级感染债务之际宣布高达100亿资产价值缩水，从而裸露出伤口。UBS目前预计第四季度也将亏损，本月就能见分晓。紧接着就传来了热点议题：报道有一系列的措施来支持银行的资本基础，其中就有新加坡和中东的君主财富基金。

也应该会有些坏消息。十月，UBS四分之三的资产价值缩水超过40亿瑞士法郎，这与其他银行（如Citigroup 和Merrill Lynch）更为严重的状况相比而言还是较为乐观的。第三季度末次级债市场价值的急剧下落使得UBS将会面临更多的苦痛，尤其是它相当大的一部分资产都受到抵押的影响。Citigroup分析师在11月预言可能会有140亿瑞士法郎的损失。

那么为什么这次新的一组赤字还是让人们大吃一惊呢？答案并不是因为总亏损的规模，而是UBS决定一次性地承担损失。银行估量其与次级债相关的股票所用的按模型定价方法是基于第一担保抵押贷款的支付数据上的。尽管这些数据显示信用有所降低，但比起用按市值计价的估量方式其恶化速度要慢一些，具有迅速明确所有未来损失的作用。

正是由于采取了这个缓和的方式，UBS可望在几个季度内将资产账面价值增长控制在20到30亿瑞士法郎。目前显示出该银行已经将市场价值纳入其模式中，从而将第四季度的资产账面价值控制在一定范围内。方法改变可能是审计员或调节员建议的，但更反映了UBS高层要避免数月来对银行曝光的猜测——这被首席执行官Marcel Rohner形容为“转移注意力（的方案）”。

一个长期以保守见称的银行如今却受到这种侮辱，对于UBS的资金率的担心也就逐渐出现了。因此就采取措施加强了第一层资金约194亿瑞士法郎，该数额比资产账面损失要多许多，这是增加银行信用的重要方法。资金大部分来源于君主资产基金，这是当今处于困境的银行的白衣骑士。新加坡GIC掌握着这个城市国家的外汇储备，它承诺要购买UBS110亿瑞士法郎的可转债。一个匿名的中东投资者又投入了20亿瑞士法郎。UBS也会售卖债券、以股票的形式发行2007的红利来募集现金。其资本率有望在第四季度达到12%多，这样处境就很不错了。

从九月份以来，银行季度报告会的一大特色就是讨论将额度控制在次级风险之下。把比预期大的资产账面降低程度和比预期大的资本增加相结合好像是这种氛围下的一个正确处理方案。但是UBS还是不能确保问题都已解决。有可能出现次级资产价值的继续恶化，而且信用创伤引起的更广阔范围内的经济冲击也不很明确，还有对公司名誉的损害程度也还没有确定。病情还有待观察。

TEXT FOUR

Just as Norman Mailer, John Updike and Philip Roth were at various times regarded as the greatest American novelist since the second world war, John Ashbery and Robert Lowell vied for the title of greatest American poet. Yet the two men could not be more different. Lowell was a public figure who engaged with politics—in 1967 he marched shoulder-to-shoulder with Mailer in protest against the Vietnam war, as described in Mailer's novel “The Armies of the Night”. Lowell took on substantial themes and envisioned himself as a tragic, heroic figure, fighting against his own demons. Mr Ashbery's verse, by contrast, is more beguilingly casual. In his hands, the making of a poem can feel like the tumbling of dice on a table top. Visible on the page is a delicately playful strewing of words, looking to engage with each other in a shyly puzzled fashion. And there is an element of Dada-like play in his unpredictability of address with its perpetual shifting of tones.

Lowell, who died in 1977 at the age of 60, addressed the world head on. By contrast, Mr. Ashbery, who celebrated his 80th birthday earlier this year, glances wryly at the world and its absurdities. In this edition of his later poems, a substantial gathering of verses selected from six volumes published over the past 20 years, his poetry does not so much consist of themes to be explored as comic routines to be improvised. He mocks the very idea of the gravity of poetry itself. His tone can be alarmingly inconsequential, as if the reader is there to be perpetually wrong-footed. He shifts easily from the elevated to the work-a-day. His poems are endlessly digressive and there are often echoes of other poets in his writings, though these always come lightly at the reader, as though they were scents on the breeze.

Lowell wrote in strict formal measures; some of his last books consisted of entire sequences of sonnets. Mr. Ashbery can also be partial to particular forms of verse, though these tend to be of a fairly eccentric kind—the cento(a patchwork of other poets' works), for example, and the pantoum(a Malaysian form, said to have been introduced to 19th-century Europe by Victor Hugo). Often he writes in a free-flowing, conversational manner that depends for its success upon the fact that the ending of lines is untrammeled by any concern about whether or not they scan. Within many of his poems, there often seems to be a gently humorous antagonism between one stanza and the next. Mr. Ashbery likes using similes in his poetry. This is often the poet's stock-in-trade, but he seems to single them out in order to send up the very idea of the simile in poetry, as in “Violet s blossomed loudly/ like a swear word in an empty tank”.

Life, for Lowell, was a serious matter, just as he was a serious man. Mr Ashbery's approach, as evinced by his poetry, is more that of a gentle shrug of amused bewilderment. Unlike Lowell's, his poems are neither autobiographical nor confessional. He doesn't take himself that seriously. “Is all of life a tepid housewarming?” For a poet this is a tougher question to answer than you might think.

1. The word “substantial” (Line 5, Paragraph 1) most probably means_____

[A] philosophical.

[B] grand.

[C] indispensable.

[D] authentic.

2. The last words of Lowell mean that_____.

[A] the world should go forward endlessly.

[B] the world should move on without absurdities.

[C] the world should function as well without his existence.

[D] the world should go on its path for a bright future. 3. Which one of the following is NOT the characteristics of Ashbery’s poetry?

[A] Some lines are borrowed from the other poets’ works.

[B] Stanzas are different from each other in one poem.

[C] Words are scattered casually in his poetry.

[D] Tones are continuously changing from the highbrow to the common.

4. Mr. Ashbery’s similes in poetry are different from that of the other poets in that_____

[A] he likes to single them out as they very essence of poetry’s technique.

[B] he uses them in an eccentric way that can

hardly be imitated by other poets.

[C] he uses simile to make fun of simile.

[D] he uses simile to express his complex definition of the idea of simile.

5. Why the author thinks the question Ashbery raised is a tougher one for a poet than we might think?

[A] Because as a matter of fact Ashbey is most focused on tough matters.

[B] Because Ashbey turns out to be a more serious poet than Lowell.

[C] Because Ashbey is able to better discern the dilemma of being a poet.

[D] Because the theme of life is worth thinking for a poet.

篇章剖析：

这篇文章介绍了美国诗人Ashbery和其诗歌的特点，文章虽然是以两个诗人对比的形式写作的，但是却对Ashbery着墨偏多，另外一个诗人Lowell只是一个陪衬而已。第一段讲述了两个诗人竞争美国最伟大诗人的称号；第二段第三段都是对两位诗人作品特点的描述；第四段讲述他们对生活的不同态度。

词汇注释：

vie v.竞争envision vt.想象, 预想

dice n.骰子strew vt.散播, 点缀, 撒满

wryly adv.挖苦地, 表情冷漠地improvise v.临时准备

digressive adj.离题的cento n.摘录

pantoum n.(根据隔行同韵的马来诗体改编的) 由隔行同韵的四行诗节组成的诗untrammeled adj.自由自在的, 无阻碍的tepid adj.微温的, 温热的；不太热烈的

难句突破：

(1)In this edition of his later poems, a substantial gathering of verses selected from six volumes

published over the past 20 years, his poetry does not so much consist of themes to be explored as comic routines to be improvised.

[主体结构] His poetry does not so much consist of …

[结构分析] 本句为简单句，作状语的介词短语成分比较复杂，a substantial gathering of verses 是edition的同位语，该同位语是带有作定语的分词短语。在主句中，不定式短语to be explored…用来修饰themes, 而不定式短语to be improvised 又用来修饰comic routines。[句子译文] 他这本晚些出版的诗集选编了过去20年间出版的六本诗集中的诗歌，其主题不再是像那种临时准备的老套滑稽节目，他戏谑诗歌本身具有严肃性这个话题。

(2) This is often the poet's stock-in-trade, but he seems to single them out in order to send up the very idea of the simile in poetry, as in “Violets blos somed loudly/ like a swear word in an empty tank”.

[主体句式] This is … but he …

[结构分析] 这是一个并列句，后面分句成分较为复杂，带有一个不定式短语作目的状语，as 引导成分修饰的是整个分句。

[句子译文] 虽然这是诗人的惯用手法，但他却把这些比喻单独挑出来，以突出诗里面明喻这个概念。比如“紫罗兰纵情开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓”。

[答案] B

[难度系数] ☆☆☆

[分析] 猜词题。根据上下文来断定该词的意思，这个词是用来形容Lowell 诗歌主题的特点的。由第一段中Lowell喜欢参与政治，在诗歌中经常将自己视为悲剧的英雄人物这一点可以看出，他的主题选择应该是比较宏大的。这一点在后面的几个段落中也可以发现。选项A 也容易混淆，但要从tragic heroic 这几个词中推导正确答案，因为这些就是宏大叙事中常见的特征。因此，B为正确答案。

[难度系数] ☆☆

[分析] 推理题。Lowell临终时addressed the world head on，意思是让世界继续前行，但其深层次的意思要结合Lowell的性格来判断。根据整篇文章，Lowell是比较正统的一位诗人，他对待世界的态度是严肃的，他这句话的深层意思是世界应该一直努力向前，最终能够走到

[答案]A

[难度系数] ☆

[分析] 细节题。题干要求选出不属于Ashbery 诗歌特点的一项。文章通篇都有对其诗歌特点的描述，因此就要细心查找每一选项是否在文章中提及。选项A, 文章第二段最后一句提到，there are often echoes of other poets in his writings, 有其他诗人的调子，但并没有说直接借用其作品中的句子，可能是模仿其风格或语调。因此，答案 A 不一定正确。选项B, 关于诗歌节的特点，文章第三段提到there often seems to be a gently humorous antagonism between one stanza and the next，关键要知道“antagonism”的意思——“对抗的”，说明节与节之间是截然不同的对立的风格，选项B是其诗歌特点。选项C 是关于诗歌用词的特点，第一段提到他诗歌中的词就像散落在桌上的色子一样，那么C也是其特点。D是关于诗歌语调的，文章有两处提及，第一段提到its perpetual shifting of tones，第二段有更为详细的描

[答案]C

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 细节题。文章第三段提到，Ashbery喜欢在诗歌中运用比喻手法，但和一般诗人不同的是，他喜欢把比喻单独列出来，好像要戏谑诗歌中的比喻似的。然后作者举了一个例子，是个非常奇怪的比喻，“紫罗兰纵情开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓”。这个题目有一定难度，send up 这个短语的意思考生不一定熟悉，但考生可以根据Ashbery一贯游戏人生的态度分

[答案] D

[难度系数] ☆☆☆☆

[分析] 推理题。最后的这个问题是：“生活的全部是不是只是并不热烈的乔迁庆宴？”这个问题的提出要结合文章最后一段来看，最后一段是描写Ashbery对于生活的态度：Lowell 对待生活的态度是很严肃的，但是Ashbery 却是一种玩世不恭的态度，对于这个问题他给出的答案可能是肯定的，但是对于其他诗人呢，则需要好好地考虑一下了, 尤其是生活主题对于诗人来说是一个非常复杂的问题。答案中D最为符合。

参考译文：

二战后，Norman Mailer、John Updike、Philip Roth成为美国公认的最伟大的小说家，同样地，John Ashbery和Robert Lowell也争取美国最伟大的诗人这个名号。但是，这两个家伙可是截然不同。Lowell是个公众人物，参与政治活动。1967年，他和Mailer肩并肩抗议越战，Mailer在其小说《夜行军》曾描述了这些情景。Lowell选择的主题宏大，把自己想象成富有悲剧色彩的英雄形象，和自己的恶魔战斗。而Ashbery的诗却颇有闲逸气。于他而言，做诗就好像是在桌上滚动的，纸上呈现的词精妙地散落着，与其他词形成一种晦涩含蓄的搭配。其不断的语气变化又使得本来变化莫测的措辞平添了一丝“达达派”的意味。

Lowell于1977年去世，终年60岁，他还号召世界继续前进。而今年年初才庆贺了自己80岁生日的Ashbery，却冷眼瞧着这个世界，以及这个世界的荒诞。他这本晚些出版的诗集选编了过去20年间出版的六本诗集中的诗歌，其主题不再是像那种临时准备的老套滑稽节目，他戏谑诗歌本身具有严肃性这个话题。他的语气极其不合逻辑，好像读者永远都站不对阵脚。他的语气一会儿是严肃的，一会儿马上就成了work-a-day。他的诗歌是那么的不

着边际，中间或夹杂有其他诗人的一词半调，但轻轻地来到读者面前，就好像风中的一丝气息而已。

Lowell遵循严格的格式，他最后的一些作品有完整的十四行诗体例。Ashbery先生的诗歌也有一定的格式，只是有点怪异罢了——比如集锦（其他诗人作品的杂合），比如潘顿诗体（一种马来西亚诗体，据说是由维克托·雨果引入19世纪的欧洲的）。他常以一种随意、会话式的方式创作，关键就在于每行结尾不必非得符合格律。在他的许多诗里面，两节之间常是有点滑稽的对立。Ashbery先生喜欢用明喻。虽然这是诗人的惯用手法，但他却把这些比喻单独挑出来，好像要戏谑诗里面明喻这个概念。比如“紫罗兰纵情开放/ 宛如空桶里的一句毒誓”。

对于Lowell，生活是件严肃的事情，正如他本人一样。而Ashbery的生活方式却不止是因困惑而轻轻地耸一下肩，这从他的诗中就可以看出来。和Lowell不同，他的诗既不是自传性质的，也不是忏悔的。他并不那么较真。“生活的全部是不是只是并不热烈乔迁庆宴？”这个问题让一个诗人来回答，可是比我们想象的难得多。

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