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跨文化交际期末复习

跨文化交际期末复习
跨文化交际期末复习

判断

1 the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly

文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。(T )2 culture is innate as soon as a person is born

一个人出生就有文化(F )3 people may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity

人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。(T )

4 scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists witnin a dominant culture

在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化。(F )5 a person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time

一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。(T )

6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages

文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送者和接收者(F )

7 communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected

沟通与文化密不可分,紧密相连。(T )

8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to send an intentional message.this activity is called decoding

发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活动被称为解码(F )

9 The process of communication has nine components :sender,encoding,message,channel,noise,decoding,feedback,and context

通信过程由九部分组成:发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。(T )10 No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same

我们谁也不能假定我们的感觉是一样的。

(T )

11 people may possess different sensing of the same smell

人们可能对同一气味有不同的感觉。(T )

12 Our perception are influenced by who we are,includeing the accumulation of our experience

我们的感觉被我们是谁的影响,包括我们的经验的积累(T )

13 we give meaning to or decode the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage

我们在选择阶段对我们选择和组织的信息给予意义或解码。(F )

14 the psychological filters refer to the psychological factors,including the attitudes,beliefs,and dispositions of the individual

心理过滤指的是心理因素,包括个人的态度、信念和性格。(T )

15 ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism are learned

民族中心主义、刻板印象、偏见和种族主义被学习(T )

16 although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgements,they can also be positive

虽然刻板印象被认为是消极的判断,但也可以是积极的。(T )

17 when communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as his people and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is his way

当与来自其他文化的人交流时,一个人有时可能会把他们当作他的人看待,并假设只有一种做事方式:那就是他的方式。(T )

18 assumption of superiority may lead to asuming similarity instead of difference

假设的优势可能会导致假设相似性而不是差异(F )

19 economy is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism

经济不是种族中心主义,坚持理性的成见,偏见和种族(F )

20 an exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,china,and some Native American cultures

一个严格的沟通方式,可以发现在日本,中国,和美国本土文化(F )

21 The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about one's accomplishments and abilities

自谦的言语风格强调夸耀一个人的成就和能力的重要性(F )

22 the elaborate,exacting,or succint communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups

精心设计的,严格的,或简洁的沟通方式处理的数量和/或说是首选的跨文化群体体积(T )

23 dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group

方言是指地理变异,而方言是指在社会群体方面的变化(T )24 an elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures

在阿拉伯文化中可以看到一种复杂的交流方式。(T )25 speaking is the only mode of effective communication

口语是有效沟通的唯一方式。(F )

26 the Thais liketo touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children's head

泰国人喜欢触摸婴儿或小孩,尤其是他们喜欢别人拍拍孩子的头(F )

27 Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures

沙特阿拉伯人属于接触文化。(T )28 the appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures

眼睛接触的适当性因文化的不同而不同。(T )29 Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual differences

它可能意味着实际差异的内涵(T )

30 In industrialized societies like the United States,the mastery-over-nature view tends to predominate

在像美国这样的工业化社会,对自然景观的掌控往往占主导地位。(T )

31 The harmony-with-nature orientation draws clear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural

与自然取向的和谐在人的生命、自然和超自然之间产生了明显的区别。(F )32 Both American and British show respect for tradition

美国人和英国人都尊重传统。(F )

33 A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else

做定向工作需要关注那些能被别人衡量的结果。(T )34 In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does

作为一种文化,社会身份和地位比一个人所做的更重要。(T )名词解释

1 焦虑Anxiety:occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.

在新环境下人们不知如何应对,过多关注自己的情绪,不能全身心投入到交际中。

2 假设相似性而不是差异性Assuming similarity instead of difference:refers to the assumption that people are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.

是指人们比你实际情况更接近你的假设,或者另一个人的情况更像你自己的情况而不是事实。

3 渠道channel :is the method used to deliver a message

是信息传递的手段。

4 色彩学Chromatics:refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and impression of others.

指影响你的情绪,情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。

5 时间行为:Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.

是指研究人们如何看待和使用时间。

6 情境context:The environment in which communication occurs and helps to explain the meaning of communication.

交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。

7 文化Culture :is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.

文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

8 文化身份Culture identity :refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.

文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

9 文化模式cultural pattern:refers to shared beliefs,value,norms,and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations

指共同的信仰、价值观、规范和社会实践,随着时间的推移而稳定,并在类似的情况下导致大致相似的行为。

10 dialect:is a form of language peculiar to a group of people,as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people

是一群人特有的语言形式,区别于全体人民的文学语言。

11 ethnocentrism:refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one's own culture

指的是用自己的文化标准消极的判断另一种文化方面

12 委婉语Euphemism:means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.

指用温和的,间接的方式来代替严厉的,生硬的或冒犯的言语。

13 触觉行为Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .

通过身体接触来进行交流。

14 high context:When people communicate, there is more information contained in the social cultural environment and situation, and the amount of information is less obvious than the code load.

在人们交际时,有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中,明显的语码负载较少的信息量。

15跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity

指理解和适应目标文化的能力,指对文化多样性的敏感性

16跨国交际international communication:Of communication between the state and the government rather than the individual

指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际

17 interpretation:refers to attaching meaning to sence data and is synonymous with decoding

释义:指对意义数据附加意义,是解码的同义词。

18 跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races

指信息源和信息来自不同的种族

19 内文化交际intracultural communication :is defined as communication between and among members of the same culture .

指同一文化内某成员之间的交际,总的来说,同一种族,政治倾向宗教,或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。

20 jargon:refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law

21 身势语行为Kinesics:is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.

指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作,包括表情,手势,姿势,和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。

22通用语言lingua Franca:is used for communication purpose between different groups of people 通用语言:用于不同人群之间的交际目的。

23 低语境low context:is communication in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code

低语境:是把大量信息赋予显式代码的一种通信方式。

24 非言语交流noverbal communicate:refers to the messages sent without using words

指不使用词发送的消息。

25 气味行为Olfactics:The study of communication via smell

对通过味道进行交流的研究。

26 目光语oculesics:The study of communications sent by the eyes.

研究目光传递的交流信息。

27 organization:is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way

组织:在这个过程中,我们需要以有意义的方式组织和强加我们所观察到的结构。

28 副语言Paralanguage:refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message

是与口语交际有关,指说的速度,音高,和质量,这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.

29 感觉perception:is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environmnent .

人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。

30 pidgin:is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages for restricted purposed such as trading

是一种特殊的语言变体,混合或混合语言的限制性等交易

31 权利距离power distance:The degree of unequal distribution, acceptance, and expectation of power within an organization or organization.

组织或机构里边,没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和期望的程度。

32 偏见Prejudice:refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.

偏见是指对于某一特定群体,种类,宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。

33 时空行为proxemics :refers to the study of spatial relations

指空间关系的研究。

34 种族主义是基于种族Racism:is any policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.

把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。

35 种族隔离segregation:is the initiated and enforced separation by the dominant society

种族隔离:主导社会的发起和强制分离

36 定势stereotypes:refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership.

针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。

37 Subculture:refers to culture that exists within dominant culture,and is often based on economic or social class,race,rigon

亚文化:指文化存在于主流文化,往往是基于经济或社会阶级、种族、区域

38 Subgroup亚群体:are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has communication problems.

亚群体:与主流文化不一致,并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。

39 禁忌语Taboo:refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people,or in certain for religious or social reasons.

在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。

40 uncertainty:refers to cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors

不确定性:指认知能力不能解释自己或他人的感受和行为。

41 uncertainty avoidance:uncertainty avoidance:deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty

不确定性回避:处理文化成员试图避免不确定性的程度。

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跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)

《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例: When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析: 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例: Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

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浅谈跨文化交际在小学英语教学中重要性

浅谈跨文化交际在小学英语教学中的重要性 东方市第三小学符将娇 “跨文化交际”教学在英语教学中占有非常重要的地位,在小学阶段更是如此。在小学英语教学中,英语教师可根据小学生的认知水平、思维特点,以课堂教学作为“跨文化交际”教学的主要途径,在课堂教学过程中灵活运用各种教学方法;把课外活动作为实现文化教学的重要途径,充分利用生活中的各种资源来开展“跨文化交际”教学。 一、小学英语“跨文化交际”教学的重要性 传统的小学英语教学一般侧重于语音、词汇、语法的传授和机械的句型练习,往往忽视英美国家文化背景知识的渗透。重语言轻文化的教学方式导致学生不能灵活地运用英语语言。小学生只能记忆单词,了解课文内容,完成课后练习,但不理解其文化背景知识。语言是文化的载体,学习一个国家的语言,必须学习这个国家的文化背景知识。《英语课程标准》明确指出:语言有丰富的文化内涵。接触和了解英语国家文化有益于对英语的理解和使用,有益于加深对本国文化的理解与认识,有益于培养世界意识。因此,在教学中,教师应根据学生的年龄特点和认知能力,逐步扩展文化知识的内容和范围。 小学英语“跨文化交际”教学势在必行。因为我们必须要在小学这个打基础的重要阶段就把“跨文化交际”教学放在突出的地位,让学生从一开始就在有文化背景的环境下学到地道的英语。在小学英语教学中进行“跨文化交际”教学,也是新英语课程对小学英语教师提出的一个新要求。

二、小学英语“跨文化交际”教学的实现方式与途径 教学实践及理论告诉我们,小学英语“跨文化交际”教学的主要实现方式与途径应以课堂教学为主,而课外活动则可作为其重要的实现途径。 1.课堂教学是进行文化教学的主要方式 就目前而言,课堂教学依然是教学活动的主要方式,而且学生和教师在课堂上的时间也最长。课堂教学是进行文化教学的主要阵地,教师应把英语语言教学置于跨文化的环境中,把跨文化交际列为英语教学的一个不可或缺的重要组成部分。 (1)对比差异,激活教材。教材是学生学习英语的重要资源,然而小学英语教材的编撰对文化项目没有作分门别类系统的介绍,在教材中只是以零星、不完整的形式出现,这就需要教师结合具体教学内容,将教材中那些有关英语国家文化背景知识和社会风俗习惯的典型实例挖掘出来,让学生领会英汉文化的差异,以提高学生的语言交际能力。如课文中经常出现的打招呼用语,中西方的差别相当大。中国人通常用“去哪啊?”“忙吗?”“吃了吗?” 等等表示友好的问候,并不关心答语的实质内容。而在英国人看来,这些问题是非常奇怪的,也容易产生歧义甚至文化冲突。英国人见面问好通常用Hello / Hi / Good morning /How are you?等等。在教学过程中,教师应努力激活教材内容,进行文化比较,及时点拨学生领会文化异同现象。通过这样的教学方法,才能真正让学生了解语言背景知识,培养其跨文化交际,学以致用,有效地提高其在真实场景下的语言运用和交际能力。 (2)巧设悬念,激起探究。学源于思,思起于疑。教师要巧妙设疑,创设悬念,使学生产生求知欲和探索欲。在小学英语教学中,教师通过巧设悬念,能让学生更加深刻地理解中外文化的差异。

跨文化交际的语言禁忌1

姓名称谓 中方有亲属工作上有区分 中国尊敬长辈的优良传统依然代代流传,如果子女直呼父母的姓名会被认为是忤逆不敬缺乏教养的表现。汉语中有很多称呼长辈的亲属称谓,如爸爸,妈妈,爷爷,姥姥等,同时还有张爷爷,李奶奶,孙阿姨等由姓氏加辈分称谓构成的称呼语。 在工作中,单位一般有上下级的分别,下级称呼上级一般以职务相称,如总经理,董事长,厂长等,有时会在职务前加姓,如王总等。 西方英语国家的人在社会交往中很少考虑地位、辈分、年龄等差距,常常直接以姓名相称,这在他们看来是在表示平等与亲切。everyone borns equal 不可妄称耶和华上帝的名字;妄称者必有罪 人们对god, heaven, christ, Jesus 等有关宗教的词语怀有很深的敬意,认为只有在严肃庄严的语言中才可以使用这些词语 老 生老病死 生 在某一时期,汉语中表达怀孕,生育的词语是不能直说的。受落后的封建迷信思想的影响,人们认为怀孕及生育与性行为有关,所以生育之事也沾染了“可 耻”的性质,往往不直说。在旧时中国社会,人们十分看重子嗣,生子添丁是家 庭中一件大喜事,所以人们常常将妇女怀孕婉称为“有喜了”。在现代社会,人们 的认识发生了很大变化,涉及到生育的问题一般不再避讳,怀孕、孕妇、分娩等 都是会话中常见词汇。在英语国家中,人们可以直接谈论生育的问题不用加以避 讳,英语中也有一些委婉语表示怀孕,如eat for two/in a delicate condition /expecting a child/well—along(心满意足). 老 中方人会变老是自然规律,中国人对待衰老没有什么特别的顾忌。在汉语中“老” 字没有贬义有些时候它还含有褒义。在中国“敬老尊贤、尊老爱幼”的传统美德 流传千百年,汉语中有很多称赞老年人的成语如:“老当益壮”、“老骥伏枥,志在 千里”等。在中国,“老了”并不等于没有能力了,相反“老”是智慧、权威、学 识的象征,老人们都以自身丰富的阅历和生活经验为荣,“不听老人言,吃亏在眼 前”“老马识途”“姜还是老的辣”等俗语都是用来形容老年人丰富的经验。“老张” “老孙”是汉语中特有的称呼方式, 西方禁忌说”old”.”Old”inducates someone is not useful,sick and ugly “O ld ” can be said”senior, the long-lived, elderly men, a distinguished gentleman ” 病 中方 在中国文化中,人们向往长生长寿,避忌说死。受伤,生病使人痛苦,很可能让 人死亡,是人们最不想经历的事情。死亡是人们的意识中最恐怖的事,所以在汉 语中,表达这些事物的词语都是语言中的禁忌,这一观念在今天的现代汉语方言 中还可以找到影子。在北方某些地区,受伤常常被称作“挂彩”,在南方,则称为 “带花”。在某些地区,人们忌讳说“吃药”而称“吃好茶”。在香港探望病人时, 忌送剑兰、梅花等花束,因为剑兰与“见难”即日后难相见谐音,“梅”与“霉” 谐音,被视为倒霉,这些花卉被视为“不吉利”特别不适合送给病人 西方如西方人用B.0.代

跨文化交际中中西方价值观差异对比研究.

2009年第4期福建金融管理干部学院学报 No.4 2009 (总第111期 Journal of Fujian Institute of Financial Administrators Serial No.111 教育教学 跨文化交际中中西方价值观差异对比研究 许佳佳1,成东2 (1.福州外语外贸职业技术学院,福建福州 350007;2.福建金融职业技术学院, 福建福州 350007 摘要:中西方由于自然环境、历史条件和思维方式的哲学基础等差异使得不同的社会群落形成了不同的价值观。研究价值观在不同民族所体现出来的差异性,帮助英语学习者增强文化的差异意识,提高跨文化交际的能力。 关键词:价值观;哲学基础;语言 中图分类号:H310.42 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-4768(200904-0060-04 跨文化交际(intercultural communication的研究自1958年美国学者Eugene Burdick和William Lederer合编的《丑陋的美国人》(The Ugly American和次年同样是来自美国的著名学者Edward Hal 的《无声的语言》(The Silent Language分别出版后,受到学术界各大领域的广泛关注。自20世纪60年代以来,文化人类学家、社会心理学家、民族交际学家及社会语言学家,乃至哲学家都分别从各自的学科视角对跨文化交际逐步开展研究,使跨文化交际学成为一门综合多领域的人文科学。跨文化交际学以各国文化及其交际习惯为主要研究对象,而任何语言都是一定文化的反映,同时都会折射出一定的价值观念,表现出价值观念和语言文化的密切相关。在跨文化交际过程中,常常会因为两种文化的价值观取向不同或是文化休克(culture shock而引起交际活动的短路,所以熟悉中西方价值观的差异对于培养、提高跨文化交际能力具有重要的意义。 一、价值观的涵义

跨文化交际试卷A及答案

Part ⅠDecide whether the following 10 statements are True or False. Write the answers in the blanks. (2% for each, 20%) 1. People do not exchange greetings with people almost every day. 2. If you want to know where a person was born, you can ask “Where are you originally from?” 3. For women, in more informal business situations, should dress in a conservative suit or a well tailored dress. 4. Conversations about children and family usually do not have their place in “networking ” situations for business. 5. At conventions, it is absolutely necessary to participate or at least make an appearance at most organized functions. 6. If you are the hostess, don ’t insist that someone else drink and don ’t over serve. 7. There are enough people in the world who have problems mastering vehicles and phones individually. 8. It is advisable not to wear the earpiece when we are not on the phone. 9. Overdrinking alcohol can lower a person ’s inhibitions and alter his judgment. 10. Most meetings are unnecessary; they are just a way of making people feel important. Part Ⅱ Translate the following sentences into English. (3% for each, 15%) 1. 在地球村里,国家就像一个大家庭,各大洲就像是邻居。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性

跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性 随着经济全球化的发展,不同国家之间的交流和接触日益频繁,来自不同国家,有着不同文化背景的人们之间的交流成为人们普遍关注的问题。所谓的跨文化交际,是指来自不同文化背景的人从事交际活动、相互交流的过程。而跨文化交际与普通交际的差别就在于一个“跨”字,即交际双方来自不同的文化背景。然而,在跨文化交际中,由于交际双方的文化背景、习惯、习俗等的不同,交际者之间往往因不了解别国的风俗礼仪而产生误会甚至是冲突。因此,学习各国不同民族的文化礼仪、风俗习惯成为跨文化交际活动中一个不可忽视的重要内容。而跨文化的交际需要双方适当的礼仪作为连接的桥梁。是否能够在交流活动中成功地进行跨文化交际,最重要的一点是是否具备一定的跨文化礼仪知识。 荀子曰:“人无礼则不生,事无礼则不成,国无礼则不宁。”中国自古以来就有“礼仪之邦”的美誉。所谓“礼”,是教人尊敬与关心他人,使之合乎情理。所谓“节”是教人在言谈举止上要恰到其分,使之合乎事理。可见,小到人与人的交往,大到国家间的交往,都必须遵守社交礼仪规范,否则就会失礼失态。拥有长久历史的礼仪文化是古人留给我们的一笔丰厚财富,这对于跨文化的交际与礼仪的发展有着重要的作用。 下面,我们将从文化、涉外秘书工作、送礼习俗、商务交谈等角度阐释跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性。 一、跨文化交际与礼仪在文化方面的重要性 文化是人们行动的指南,指导人们的一切行动文化。在跨文化交际与礼仪中,文化是核心的部分。影响跨文化交际与礼仪的文化因素包括一个民族的历史传统、宗教、价值观念、社会组织、风俗习惯、社会所处的发展阶段和社会制度等。了解各国文化中存在的不同的文化模式和交往规则可以帮助交际者认识到文化差异对交际的影响,提高对跨文化现象的敏感度。它也可以帮助交际者理解跨文化交际语境中交际对象的行为取向。 二、跨文化交际与礼仪在涉外秘书工作中的重要性 涉外秘书往往会与不同国家的人员进行交流,这对于他们来时既是机遇也是挑战。由于不同的语言和文化背景而产生的跨文化交际的障碍比比皆是,作为秘书要处理好跨文化交际活动,避免跨文化交际障碍的出现,促进跨文化交际活动

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰 和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在 发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充 满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去 理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我 们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的 安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming,our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture

浅谈跨文化交际中秘书应注意的问题

浅谈跨文化交际中秘书应注意的问题

浅谈跨文化交际中秘书应注意的问题 [内容摘要] 经济全球化发展,随着国际贸易的增多,跨文化交际活动也愈加频繁。这对涉外秘书工作人员来说既是机遇也是挑战。由于不同的语言和文化背景而产生的跨文化交际的障碍比比皆是,作为秘书工作者要处理好跨文化交际活动,避免跨文化交际障碍的出现,促进跨文化交际活动的顺利进行。因此,了解不同国家与地区的文化风俗习惯与信仰、交往礼仪、语言与非语言交际等就十分必要了。本文就风俗习惯与信仰、交往礼仪、语言与非语言交际三个方面对涉外秘书在跨文化交际活动中应该注意的问题进行了简要分析。 [关键词] 跨文化交际;涉外秘书;文化差异 随着经济的高速发展和我国加入世贸组织,涉外活动日益增多,我们常说:“中国经济要与国际接轨。”但是,我们在“经济接轨”的同时也应重视“文化接轨”。经济全球化发展,使得中国与世界其他国家和地区人们的交往日益频繁,跨文化交际活动也日益增多。所谓的跨文化交际,是指来自不同文化背景的人从事交际活动、相互交流的过程。而跨文化交际与普通交际的差别就在于一个“跨”字,即交际双方来自不同的文化背景。英国人类学家泰勒曾给文化下过一个经典的定义:“文化是一个复合体,其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风格以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。”随着我国对外开放的逐渐深入,西方社会的人与事物越来越多的走进我们的视野,它为我们提供了与西方人接触和交往的机会。但是,在跨文化交际中,面对来自陌生文化和国度的思维方式、生活方式和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人,在交往活动中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象,从而最终导致跨文化商务交际的失败。因而了解不同的文化风俗习惯与信仰、交

跨文化交际中的文化障碍分析

An Analysis of Cultural Barriers in Intercultural Communication Abstract: This paper, from the perspective of intercultural communication, tries to analyze the cultural barriers caused by cultural differences in intercultural communication, generalizes the types of surface barriers and underlying barriers , and then puts forward a few suggestions on how to clear t he barriers by furthering learners’ understanding of the implicit culture. Key words: Intercultural communication; Cultural barriers; Teaching and learning 0 引言 对于文化,不同学科的学者针对各自的学科特性有不同的解说。至今,人们对文化的定义已达近200种。但仔细分析后,又可以发现这些定义之间存在着不少共同点。概括起来,可分为表层文化和深层文化两个层次。前者指的是一个社会群体在人际交往中的约定俗成的习惯性定势构成的生活方式和交往方式,如风俗习惯、道德风尚、语言风格、礼仪礼貌、言谈举止的行为规范等。后者指的是精神本质层面,如价值观念、思维方式、情感方式等。深层文化制约着人们的行为方式,并通过表层文化表现出来,因而,每个民族几乎都有自己独特的内容和方式。正是因为这种文化的民族性,在一定程度上限制了在一种文化中成长的人们对另一文化的接受,从而形成文化障碍,给语言学习和跨文化交际带来种种困难,甚至导致交际失败。笔者试图对英语学习中的表层文化障碍和深层文化障碍的几个主要方面进行分析,并提出一些对策,以期对英语学习有所帮助。 1 表层文化障碍的主要表现 1. 1 对具有文化内涵的词语的不同理解 词汇的文化内涵具有很强的民族性, 每一种语言的词汇随时间的变迁、社会的发展其意义或扩大或缩小,同时有些词由于经常使用逐渐积累了一些联想的意义,都可以称为词汇的文化内涵[1 ] 。在不同的语言中,词的文化内涵呈现出不同的情况。在英汉两种语言中实际上只有部分词汇完全对应,而另一部分词汇虽有局部对应的解释,但在词义或文化内涵上不完全相同。 在人类历史发展进程中,动物一直与人类保持着密切联系并对人类的生存和发展有着深刻的影响。这种依赖与亲密的关系使得人类对动物产生喜爱、同情、厌恶、恐惧等错综复杂的情感,人们也常常借助动物来寄托和表达人的感情,所以英汉两种文化中都有许许多多与动物相关的词汇。下面是一些例句,划线部分是动物名称,括号内是其在英语中所具有的文化内涵。 1) Just look at the way he treats his wife! He is a beast . (凶残的人) 2) Bill is taking his bird to t he pictures tonight. (女朋友) 3) Don’t listen to her gossip ; she is a cat . (心地恶毒的人) 4) I am not a chicken. I just don’t want to offend anybody. (懦夫、胆小鬼) 5) She likes to stay at home , but her husband is a bit of a gay dog. (爱玩的人) 6) Why did you put your finger in the fire , you silly donkey ! (傻瓜,固执的人) 7) In t he city I was nothing , but t here in the countryside I was considered a big fish. (大人物) 8) Don’t t rust him , he’s an old fox. (很狡猾的人) 9) The lions at her party included two famous authors and a musician. (大人物) 10) Come here, you little monkey. What have you done (调皮鬼) 11) Don’t be a pig , Jimmy ; leave some cake for your brother . (贪婪、肮脏或没礼貌的人) 12) She has face like an angle, but he is really a terrible wolf . (凶残的人)

跨文化交际案例

跨文化交际案例 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】

日本 中日称谓方式 如中国人对成年男士的称呼多为“先生”,这是一种社交场合对对方的尊称 事实上,日本人使用“先生”这一称呼的范围比中国人小得多,一般只用于学校的教师、医生、议员和艺术家。此外,中国人很少称女士为“先生”,而日本人则不分性别,只要属于这一范围的均可称作“先生”。 另外,日本人在称呼对方时习惯于拉近上下辈的距离以表示亲密,而中国人则正好相反,往往要抬高对方的辈份以示尊敬。因此,在日本,小学生对20多岁的人称作“哥哥”、“姐姐”,而在中国则称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”;再比如,小学生对50多岁的人称作“叔叔”、“阿姨”,而在中国就要称作“爷爷”、“奶奶”了。 寒暄 日本人每日初次见面除了互道一声“早上好”之外,必定要围绕天气寒暄一番,例如:“今天天气真好啊!”“今天真冷啊!”“今天真热啊!”“连日阴雨,真叫人烦闷”等等。而中国人除彼此问好外,最常用的寒暄问候语也就是“饭吃了吗?”“你上哪去?” 中国人之间初次见面为表示亲密,喜欢打听一些与对方生活、家庭、工作有关的事。以示看重和关心对方。日本人则不会。 敬意表达 1自谦 2自责经常在社交场合用自责言语以求的人际关系的和睦。踩脚(中国人:踩的人道歉;日本人:被踩的道歉。)迟到(中国人:来晚的道歉;日本人:来早的道歉) 3致谢致谢必须铭记在心,感恩要求极为严格。

4否定表达中国人直接日本人会绕很大的弯子,只为缓和气氛(是非观的差异)思维方式 中国人:论辩为主 日本人:体察为主 德国 德国人重视法律:中国人重视道德 这是我的权力,我有权这样做;你有权这样做但这样做不道德 德国人靠大脑来感觉;中国人靠心 德国人理性,有严格的纪律;中国人感性,会随心所欲,会冲动。 德国贝多芬伟大令人倾倒不浪漫,要求音乐的精准和完美,对音乐严肃认真。 肖邦诗意又浪漫 德国人不灵活,中国人应变能力强 请客请两个人就只准备两个人;中国人则无所谓会准备很多 德国人冷静中国人客套 不喜欢恭维,恭维是一种谦虚的表达 德国人喜欢喝中国人喜欢吃 数小时喝酒;数小时吃饭。 德国人慢中国人快 井井有条;粗枝大叶 德国人喜欢喝啤酒中国人喜欢喝茶 坐在公园里喝酒,坐在公园茶馆里喝茶 德国人靠耳朵享受中国人靠舌头享受

新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理

Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures need for intercultural communication: New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state). behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch (Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.) 4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication (1)Assumption of similarities (2)Language differences (3)Nonverbal misinterpretations (4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象 (5)Tendency to evaluate (6)High anxiety Unit 2 Culture and Communication 1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a set

跨文化交际重要性

The Importance of Studying Intercultural Communication

Recently, we have already studied the intercultural communication. Speak to the importance of studying intercultural communication, we may first talk about what is intercultural communication. Theoretically speaking, intercultural communication is a broad concept which has broad application: it may refer to communication between different races, nations or countries and between different political and economic systems; it may refer to communication between different genders, age groups, occupations, social classes or educational levels; it may also refer to communication between different regions of one country. In the meantime, the intercultural communication have three forms: interracial communication, interethnic communication and intracultural communication. The worldwide interest in intercultural communication grows out of tremendous changes in technology, economy ,immigration pattern and the emergence of multiculturalism. The advanced new technology and the increase of cultural migration, also the economic globalization and the growth of the word population are the main reasons for increasing intercultural communication. With the globalization of the world economy and wide use of the internet which is tearing down national boundaries, intercultural communication has become part of our daily life. As a result, understand other culture is indispensible and need for intercultural knowledge and skills that lead to intercultural communication competence become essential in our society. The importance of studying intercultural communication cannot be overstated. First of all, we can increase our cultural awareness by studying intercultural communication. Because such awareness is the first step to intercultural communication competence. Simply, intercultural awareness can be viewed as a cognitive process of understanding other’s values, attitudes, beliefs and outlooks. Second, It can reduce communication barriers and facilitate adaption to global and domestic workplace diversity by studying intercultural communication. Different cultures have different communication styles, so it is not enough to have a good communication only knowing the grammar and vocabulary of a language. Therefore, when communicating with others from

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