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translation of“oil”

Oil

(Excerpt l)

by G.C. Thornley

There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral.

Great quantities of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world.

To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. The livers of the cod and the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil. Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins. These oils may be bought at any chemist's.

油

选节1

G．C．索恩利

油主要有三种：动物油，植物油和矿物油。其中大量动物油取自鲸鱼。这些巨大的海生物是在世界上现存最大的动物。为了抵御北极海的寒冷，鲸鱼天生就长有一层厚厚的脂肪—鲸脂。当鲸鱼被杀害，鲸脂就会被剥除并进行熬煮。这些操作会在船上或岸上进行。鲸脂可以生产大量的油，这些油被制成食品供人类消费。其他一些生物也出

产油，但没有鲸鱼这么多。鳕鱼和比目鱼，这两种鱼的肝脏出的油营养丰富。这两种鱼肝油可以提供生病的儿童和其他残疾人某些维生素。这些鱼肝油可以在任何药店买到。

Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.

植物油从古代就为人所知。因为它用于烹饪，家中不能没有它。香水可能由某些花的油提炼而成。肥皂是由植物和动物油加工制成的。

To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he almost always means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man. When it is refined into petro it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea.

在一般人看来，无论什么油都同样重要。但是当政治家或工程师谈及油时，他几乎总是指矿物油。矿物油，可以驱动坦克、飞机、军舰、电机车和内燃机车，可以用来润滑各种机械。正是矿物油，改变了普

通人的生活。当它被提炼成石油，就可以用来驱动内燃机。多亏了它，我们用汽车取代了私人马车；多亏了它，我们的飞天梦成为可能。它已经改变了在陆地和海上作战的方法。

This kind of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships burn oil instead of coal. Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination; countless homes are still illuminated with oil-burning lamps. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.

(from English Through Reading)

这种油产自地下。因为燃烧充分，所以作为燃料，燃烧利用率在某种程度上优于煤。许多大船以燃油代替燃煤。因为油点燃后火光明亮，所以它又被用于照明。现在众多家庭仍用燃油灯照亮。因为油很滑润，所以用于润滑。金属表面相互摩擦引起摩损，产生热量。但只要在它们之间加入适当的润滑油，就可以减少磨损，降低热量。如果没有适时的润滑，机器是很难长时间工作的。同时，一定要把握润滑油的用

量。如果太少，就不能充分润滑；如果太多，就不能润滑到每一个部位。选自英语通读

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Unit 1 A Class Act 1. 二战时，曼彻斯特饱受空袭之苦。成长在那里，意味着岁月艰难、钱财短缺、心情焦虑，也意味着许多家庭都是当铺的常客，包括我家。 2. 不过，我的父母最是乐观向上。他们用勤劳、自尊和满屋子的欢笑撑起了这个家。我父亲身体结实，心灵手巧，他那双手几乎无所不能，从不缺木匠和手工活儿。他甚至偶尔还会参加偏僻街道的拳击比赛，补贴家用。我母亲勤俭节约，把家收拾得干净利落。尽管条件艰苦，但她总能让自己的五个孩子吃得饱饱、穿得整整齐齐、干干净净地上学去。 3. 问题是：虽说我的衣服熨得有棱有角，皮鞋擦得铮亮铮亮的，可总有些地方不符合标准校服的要求。尽管母亲缩衣节食为我筹到了大部分装束，但我仍然没能凑齐学校指定的蓝色运动上衣和帽圈。 4. 由于战争影响，开始实施配给制度，大部分学校也放宽了对正规校服的要求，因为学校明白能有衣服穿已属不易。然而，我就读的女子学校却严格规定，每位学生必须穿正规的校服。于是那位负责每天集合的副校长就将训斥我视为她的任务来做。 5. 尽管我试图去解释我为何没能按规定着装，尽管我也正逐渐向全套校服靠近，我每天依然会被揪出队列，在台上罚站，作为对违反校服规定者的警戒。 6. 我每天站在同学面前，只能强忍泪水，不仅羞愧难耐，而且常常只有我一人挨罚。对我的惩罚还扩大到不能上体操课或者我钟爱的每周一次的交谊舞课。我多么希望在这所可怕的学校里，哪怕只有一位老师能睁开双眼看看我能够做什么，而不是不停地告诉我不能做什么啊！ 7. 不过，12岁的我在心里也毫无选择，只有眼睁睁地挨受惩罚。我明白不能让仁厚的母亲知道我所遭受的这种习惯性羞辱，这点非常重要。我也不敢冒险让她到学校替我求情，因为我知道那些心胸狭隘、不讲情面的教员们也同样会令她难堪，这意味着到时我们母女俩都要伤心、愤怒。老天！要是母亲再告诉父亲的话，他立马会大发雷霆，冲到学校来保护我。 8. 一天，我们全家在一家报纸举办的不收取费用的肖像模特摄影比赛中获了奖。我为此兴奋不已：那些好莱坞女星魅力四射的照片更令我想入非非。我迫不及待地想把这个激动人心的消息告诉朋友们。 9. 在那之前，母亲告诉我必须穿那件绿色蕾丝镶边裙——我最好的服装——去上学，因为摄影比赛正好安排在放学之后。她丝毫没有意识到我所要面临的痛苦。 10. 那天，我没有往常穿上这件心爱衣服时的喜悦。我心情郁闷地拖着沉重的步伐来到学校，发现自己成为了蓝色海洋中的一颗绿宝石。集合的时候，我没等人下命令就慢步走上台，去承受其他女生的窃笑和副校长那尖刻的眼神。 11. 当我第无数次想到，这位老师怎么会如此麻木不仁，竟然从未透过我的着装，看看这

综合英语3unit3out of step

Words and Expressions anew: Since Aaron's ex-girlfriend broke up with her boyfriend, he decides to pursue her anew. (ad. again/newly/afresh) calorie: Sherlock wants to gain weight by eating fast foods like Pala hamburger or high calorie drinks like soda. (-adj-- caloric) contortion: I had to admire the contortions of Phil, because he dances in front of the freshers almost everyday!(柔韧性，扭曲） Hermia and Lysander were together after a series of amazing contortions. (困难，周折） coo: She paused to coo at the baby" You are my little little apple"(cooer 鸽、鸠；COO也可作Chief Operating Officer，同CEO) debonair："Empress Daimengr" Camile always looks debonair as if she never had nothing to worry about.(也可作n.喜剧明星） dodge：I'm so depressed for I successfully dodged all the right answer in the last integrated course exam.(vt/vi.躲避、躲开） Those were the dodges he used to escape taxation.(n.托词、计策） eccentric: When I first heard Caroline's Chinese name"Ma Lu", I thought it was a little eccentric. But it turns out she isn't a eccentric, but a enthusiastic person.(adj.古怪的n.古怪的人.odd/weird) esthetical: Many girls even boys want to improve their physical appearance by esthetica l surgery.(n.esthete) exasperating: Though Candy find a Gemini man to be exasperating, Ann find him to be a real charmer.(v.exasperate n.exasperation ) Do not exasperate your team leader, he can humiliate you anywhere anytime! extravagant: Xie Tingfeng and Wang Fei spent over 100 hours extravagant time, which was the explosive news recently.(放纵的） He was extravagant in his admiration of Hellas.(过度的；奢侈的） habituate: You must habituate yourself to this police school life. Some experts said many things to habituate can be given up.(上瘾） ludicrous: When I was a fresher I thought it l udicrous that we can't use the quilt school gave us.(ridiculous/absurd/foolish) negotiate:I really want to negotiate with the team leader to refund our accommodation. The cilmber had to negotiate a steep rock face.(成功度过） pedestrian: Having been exposed by press, Yao Di was just a pedestrian A in Wen Zhang's life. The circumstances and events of his life were anything but pedestrian.(adj.平淡的）sedate: We continued our walk at a s edate pace.(平静的、不慌不忙的） She took them to visit her sedate, elderly cousins.(沉着的、不苟言笑的） Jessica was so excited in Jang Keun Suk(???)'s concert that we should sedate her to calm her down.(vt.给····服用镇静剂） triumph: It's a huge triumph that we finally escaped Chen Zhi's course. You have to triumph over your fear if you want to deliver a successful speech. unfurl: Unfurl a radiant banner旗帜鲜He unfurled the newspaper and began to read.(vt.展开）The government should unfurl the public expenses. (vt.公开） venerable: May Day has become a venerable institution.(庄严的） Our goddess Susan is so venerable that we all love her.（受尊敬的）