2017高考大题冲关秘笈高考英语语法填空：解题技巧 含答案

第一部分有提示词题目的解题技巧

有提示词题目是指＂使用括号中词语的正确形式填空＂这类题，近年来的高考题只考查谓语动词的时态和被动语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、词类转化等四种情况。

专题一谓语动词

【考点】

【解题技巧】

当句子缺少谓语动词时，括号中的动词就是谓语动词。此时，要根据语境确定用哪种时态，根据主语与该动词的主动或被动关系确定用主动语态还是用被动语态。具体解题技巧如下：

第一步：确定句中是否缺谓语或并列谓语，如缺谓语动词，则填谓语动词。

第二步：若为谓语动词，就要看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，以确定用主动语态还是被动语态，同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。

第三步：要注意主谓一致。

【典型例析】

1.He ______(pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.

【解析】在主语He后，pretend显然是谓语动词；giving it(the tiger)a voice的主语应当是He, 因此，and giving与谓语动词是并列关系；由此推断，谓语动词应是过去进行

时，故填was pretending。

【答案】was pretending

2.One day, Nick invited his friends to supper. He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he ________ (find) that he had run out of salt.

【解析】在主语he后，find显然为谓语动词；由前面句意可知，此处为一般过去时，故填found。

【答案】found

3. I was on my way to the Taiyetos Mountains. The sun was setting when my car ________(break) down near a remote village.

【解析】在when后的分句中，my car是主语，其后的break应为谓语动词；由全文可知，这是叙述过去的经历，用一般过去时；再说was / were doing... when...did...是一个固

定句型，when后面的句子的谓语用一般过去时，表示＂正在做某事，就在这个

时候突然发生了另外一事＂，故填broke。

【答案】broke

专题二非谓语动词

【考点】

【解题技巧】

当句中已有谓语动词又没有并列连词与括号中的动词并列，该动词就是非谓语动词。此时，就要根据非谓语动词的用法确定用具体的某种形式。如作主语或宾语，就用动名词(表一般意义)或不定式形式(表具体意义)；作目的状语或在形容词后作状语，用不定式；作伴随状语或作定语，要根据与逻辑主语的关系，用现在分词或过去分词；有时也要根据句式搭配来确定，如see/hear/ notice sb.do/doing sth., spend...doing sth.等。具体解题技巧如下：

第一步：若句中已有谓语，也不是作并列谓语时，应为非谓语动词。

第二步：根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求，或某些词语的特殊要求，确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式，作主语或宾语用-

ing形式或不定式，在enjoy, finish等动词后作宾语用-ing形式，在decide, refuse

等动词后作宾语要用不定式形式等等。

第三步：确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语是主动还是被动关系。

第四步：根据非谓语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后关系确定用一般式还

是用完成式。

【典型例析】

1.I noticed a man ________ (sit) at the front.

【解析】句中已有谓语动词noticed，且sit前没有并列连词，因此sit是非谓语动词；由固定句式notice sb. doing / do sth.(注意到某人在做/做了某事)可知填sitting或sit, 但根

据文中提供的情境，不难推出作者＂注意到＂时，那个人是＂正坐在＂作者前面的，故填sitting更准确、更切实际、也更生动。

【答案】sitting

2.＂In the beginning, there was only a very small amount of unfairness in the world, but everyone added a little, always________(think) that it was only small and not very important, and look where we have ended up today.＂

【解析】此句已有谓语added，并且没有并列连词，又因为everyone与think为主动关系，故用thinking作added的伴随状语。

【答案】thinking

3.While she was getting me ________(settle) into a tiny but clean room, the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car...

【解析】由settle sb. into...(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知，me与settle是被动关系，要用过去分词作宾补，故填settled，构成＂get＋宾语＋过去分词＂结构。句中getting me

settled into...的意思是＂安排我住进……＂。

【答案】settled

专题三形容词和副词的比较级或最高级

【考点】

形容词作定语，形容词和副词的比较等级或最高级，词义比较等。

【解题技巧】

当括号中所给词是形容词或副词，且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，要根据语境，理解句意，若该词意思不变，逻辑上讲得通，就很可能填该词的比较级(或最高级)；若需要用与该词意义相反的词逻辑才通顺的，就要在该词前加表示否定或相反意义的前缀。注意：要善于分析语境，辨别省略了than...的隐性比较级。具体解题技巧如下：

第一步：分析结构，确定所给词在句子中作定语还是状语。

第二步：根据结构、语境或句子意义确定是填比较级还是最高级。

【典型例析】

1.The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be ________(sweet)．

【解析】用nothing 与an act of kindness and love 相对比，这里是用比较级的否定形式表示最高级。

【答案】sweeter

2.If he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. It might have made it a little______ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didn’t stop the kids in the class.

【解析】此处仍需填形容词，结合上下文意思，＂任何人想看他可能会显得有点难，因为要转过头来。＂应填比较级harder。

【答案】harder

3.He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did ＂grow＂________(high)．

【解析】此处grow表示become，为系动词，系动词后应用形容词作表语，而high本身就是形容词，无需作词类转换；由语境可知，比拔苗前＂更高了＂，故用high的比

较级higher。

【答案】higher

专题四词类转换

【考点】词类转换多以派生词变化为主：

【解题技巧】

当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时，就需要词类转化。我们可据以下3条规则顺利解题：

(1)作主语或宾语用名词形式；(2)作定语、表语或补足语用形容词形式；(3)修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用副词形式。具体解题技巧如下：

第一步：分析结构，确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。在名词前作定语、在系动词后作表语、作主语和宾语的补足语，一般要用形容词；修饰动词、形容词或副词，或

修饰整个句子，作状语，用副词；作主语或宾语用名词，或者在冠词、形容词性物

主代词或名词所有格后，用名词。

第二步：根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。

注意：

1. 有时不但要注意词性转换，而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀，其逻辑意义才通顺；

2. 当所给词的词性与空格处所需词的词性相同时，无需改变词性，就可能是加只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀了。

【典型例析】

1.For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt__________(please), because there were many

empty seats in the room.

【解析】felt为连系动词，后面要接形容词或分词作其表语，因此变成形容词性分词pleased。【答案】pleased

2.Jane knew from past experience that her________(choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.

【解析】在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词，或者说，在形容词性物主代词后，一定是用名词形式，故填choice。

【答案】choice

3.He failed his maths examination because of his________(care) work.

【解析】在名词前作定语，要用形容词；由failed...可知，要填表示否定意义的careless(粗心大意的), 意义才通顺。

【答案】careless

4.In Alaska, the wolf almost ________(appear) a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.

【解析】在句中作谓语，应填谓语动词；appear本身就是动词，无需作词性变化；但是根据后文可知，意思是＂狼在几年前就差不多消失了＂，故填与appear意义相

反的disappear; 又由a few years ago可知，要用一般过去式。

【答案】disappear

第二部分无提示词题目的解题技巧

无提示词题目指的是＂在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）＂这类题，五年来，这类题只考代词、冠词、关联词和介词。那么什么情况下填代词？何时填冠词？何时填关联词？何时填介词呢？

专题一代词

【考点】不定代词、指示代词和替代词的用法，it 的用法和人称代词的主格和宾格。

【解题技巧】

当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词：人称代词主格和宾格、指示代词或it。因为充当主语或宾语的应是名词或代词，而在语法填空的纯空格中一般是不要求考生填名词的，所以只要句子缺主语或宾语，就填代词。此时，要根据前后语境，看该空格是指人还是事物，指男还是指女，是单数还是复数。除人称代词外，也有可能是填不定代词等。还有可能是填作形式主语或形式宾语的it，替代后面作真正的主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或从句。解题技巧如下：

第一步：分析句子结构。若句子缺主语，则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；若动词或介词后面缺宾语，则要填代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词或it。如果该宾格

与主语是同一人，应用反身代词。

第二步：理解句子意思。根据各个代词的意义和用法，以及句子所需的意义，填入合适的代词。

【典型例析】

1.Behind him were other people to whom he was trying to talk, but after some minutes ________ walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed.

【解析】因but后的并列句中缺主语，应填代词；根据语境，不难推断坐到我附近的应是

他后面的那些人，即other people，指人，是复数，作主语，应当填they。

【答案】they

2.I rose from my seat I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had an amazing conversation. He got off the bus before me and I felt very happy the rest of the way home. I’m glad I made a choice. It made ______ of us feel good.

【解析】此处作made的宾语，用代词，由上文＂We (I and the mentally disabled man) had an amazing conversation＂可知，指作者和那个智障人，故填both。

【答案】both

3.＂Do you need those glasses for medical reasons？＂...Then he took________ off, gave a big smile and said,

＂That is cool.＂

【解析】空格处于动词took和介词off之间，该处缺宾语，指代前面的glasses。

【答案】them

专题二限定词

【考点】冠词、形容词性物主代词或作定语用的不定代词：

【解题技巧】

在作主语、宾语或表语的名词或＂形容词＋名词＂前，一般要用限定词。

限定词是指冠词、形容词性物主代词，或可以作定语的不定代词等。此时，要根据句子的意思来确定空格的语境意义，由此来判断具体填什么词。如表示特指，大体相当于＂这、

这些、那、那些＂时用the；表示＂一(个、本、座……)＂时用不定冠词a或an；表示＂某人的＂，用物主代词；表示＂一些＂用some，表示＂另一个＂用another，表示＂其他的＂用other等。解题技巧如下：

第一步：分析句子结构。若空格后的名词或者＂形容词＋名词＂前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、冠词等限定词时，很可能是填限定词。

第二步：理解句子意思。根据所需意义选择恰当的限定语，如需＂一(个、座、次……)＂填不定冠词，需

＂某人的＂填物主代词，需＂其它的＂填other。

【典型例析】

1. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had_________ amazing conversation.

【解析】作宾语的名词amazing conversation前应填限定词；根据习惯搭配可知填不定冠词an，因为have a conversation 意为＂谈话＂。

【答案】an

2.But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her, it was probably the fact that she sat in ________ last row.

【解析】last row为＂形容词＋名词＂前没有限定词，根据结构应该填限定词，the last...为固定搭配。

【答案】the

3.The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to ________small town some 20 kilometres away where there was a garage.

【解析】作宾语的名词small town前应填限定语；由句意可知，此处指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的＂一个小镇＂去修，表示＂一个＂，用不定冠词，small以辅

音开头，故填a。

【答案】a

专题三介词

【考点】

【解题技巧】

当空格后的名词、代词或动名词不是作主语、表语，也不是作动词的宾语时，填介词。因为名词和代词最典型的用法是作主语或宾语，既然不作主语和动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语了，所以要填介词。具体填什么介词，由介词与该名词的搭配及其意义来决定，也可能是由动词或谓语与介词的句式搭配来决定。具体解题技巧如下：

第一步：若空格后是名词、代词、动名词或what从句，且他们不是作主语或作动词的宾语时，很可能就是填介词。

第二步：根据具体的语境或空格所在的句子意思来确定填哪个介词。

【典型例析】

1.I didn’t want to be laughed at for talking to him but I didn’t like leaving him ________his own either.

【解析】his own在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语，空格处应填介词；on one’s own(＝alone)是固定搭配，所以填on。

【答案】on

2.The new boy looked at the teacher _______ a few seconds and all the other students wondered what the boy would do.

【解析】a few seconds在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，就应是作介词的宾语，空格处应填介词；表时间段应该用介词for。

【答案】for

3.The only reason a man would sell sale________ a lower price would be because he wait desperate for money.

【解析】名词a low price 在句中不作主语，也不作动词的宾语，应为介词的宾语，根据习惯搭配可知，用介词at。

【答案】at

专题四关联词

【考点】

【解题技巧】

当空格前后都是句子(一个主谓关系算一个句子)，且这两个句子之间没有关联词时，填关联词；若并列的两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，填表示联合、选择、转折等意义的连词(and/but/so/or)；从属句间常依据句子的属性是名词性从句、形容词性从句还是副词性从句来确定其关联词。具体解题技巧如下：

第一步：分析结构，若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连接词，空格必填连接词(此处的连接词包括并列连词，如：and, but, or, while, so, for等；引

导状语从句的从属连词；引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；引导名词性从句的

连接代词、连接副词和连词that, if, whether)。

第二步：根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或根据句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。

第三步：若是主从复合句，要根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连接词。

【典型例析】

1.Behind him were other people to ________ he was trying to talk，...

【解析】空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词；后面一句应当这样理解he was trying to talk to the people, 可见，后面一句是定语从句，先行词是

people, 直接在介词后应用关系代词whom引导定语从句。

【答案】whom

2. _______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong.

【解析】该处为两个简单句，应填关联词，根据句意可知为让步关系。

【答案】Though/ Although

3.The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered _________ the boy would do.

【解析】空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词，应填关联词；该处缺宾语，what 引导宾语从句。

【答案】what

专题五情态动词和助动词

【考点】

【解题技巧】

1．若句子结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词，或强调谓语的do, does, did, 或构成部分倒装的助动词do，does，did等；

2．还要注意有可能是部分倒装，填助动词have，has，had与主语后的过去分词以构成完成时；

3．填it或that，以构成it is/ was...that...这个强调句型。

【典型例析】

1.Listen to these words from Darwin P．Kingsley: ＂You have powers you never dreamed of. You can do things you never thought you ________do. There are no limitations in what you can do except the limitations of your own mind.＂

【解析】因空格后的do是原形，而thought是一般过去时，所以空格处应当是填情态或助动词；又由前面You can do things和后文的you can do可以得到启示，此处也填can,

只不过用其过去式(由thought可知)，故填could。句意是＂你能做你(以前)从未想

到过你能做的事＂。

【答案】could

2.I explained that while I didn’t carry any cash, I________ happen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it. He was thrilled.

【解析】因谓语动词happen是原形，而前后语境的谓语动词都是过去式，时态不一致，所以此处应填情态动词或助动词；由句意＂我解释说，虽然我没有带现金，但我的

确恰好有一张新毯子＂，故填助动词did，对谓语动词进行强调。

【答案】did

第三部分特殊句式及固定搭配

专题一特殊句式

考点一倒装句

1.在英语中，把谓语全部放在主语之前的倒装句，称为完全倒装句。常见的完全倒装句有以下几种：

①在there引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist, live, lie等表示状态的动词时，用完全倒装句。

②地点状语位于句首，主语为名词且谓语为不及物动词时，用完全倒装句。

③作表语的形容词、分词或介词短语置于句首时，用完全倒装句。

④表示地点和动作转移的副词，如:here, there, up, down, in, away, out等置于句首且主语是名词时，句子用完全倒装。

注意：当主语是代词时，不倒装。如：

?Here comes the bus./Here it comes.

2.在英语中，把助动词、情态动词或be动词移到主语之前称为部分倒装。常见的部分倒装句有以下几种：

①当so/neither/nor位于句首时，可将其后的部分谓语置于主语之前，构成部分倒装。

②＂only+状语/状语从句＂位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语要部分倒装。

③表示否定意义的副词或介词短语放在句首时要部分倒装。此类副词或介词短语主要有not, little, hardly, never, by no means, on no condition, in no case, nowhere, seldom, nor等。

④在含有had/were/should的虚拟条件句中，可以省略if，将had/were/should放在主语之前，构成部分倒装。

⑤hardly...when..., no sooner...than..., not only...but also...等引导两个分句，且hardly, no sooner, not only等提到句首时，前一个分句用部分倒装，后一个分句不变。

⑥在so...that...句式中，如果so引导的部分位于句首，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装。

⑦as/though引导的让步状语从句中，将表语置于句首构成部分倒装。

【典型例析】

Only when he reached the tea-house _______he realize it was the same place he’d been in last year.

【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处应该填助动词did，构成倒装句。句意：只有当他到达茶馆时，他才意识到他去年也来过这家茶馆。only修饰状语从句when he reached the

tea-house放在句首，主句要用部分倒装语序，根据语境为一般过去时，所以填助

动词did。

【答案】did

考点二强调句

强调句型的基本结构为：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who...。在这个句型中，it没有词汇意义，只是引出被强调的成分。如果被强调的成分是表示人的词，用who或that来连接都可以。如果是其他成分，则一律用that来连接。被强调部分错综复杂，容易与其他从句混淆。区分的方法是把句中的It is/was和that/who去掉，如果句子成立，且句意通顺，就是强调句型，否则就不是强调句型。如：It is Jane that/who has been living in London since she left China.去掉It is和that/who，还原为Jane has been living in London since she left China.作为句子完全成立，由此可以判断该句为强调句型。

使用强调句型的几个注意事项：

(1)被强调成分是主语，who/that之后的谓语动词应该在人称和数上与原句中的主语保持一致。

?It is I who am right. 对的是我。

?It is he who is wrong.错的是他。

?It is the students who are lovely.可爱的是学生们。

(2)被强调成分即使是在句子中作时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等，也不能用when, where, because，而要用that。

?It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again.正是在战后爱因斯坦才得以重返研究工作。

?It was in front of the bank that the lady was robbed.那位女士是在银行前面遭遇抢劫的。

?It was because of the heavy rain that he came late.他是因为下大雨来晚的。

(3)被强调成分是作主语的代词时用主格，是作宾语的代词时用宾格。It was he that helped me yesterday.昨天是他帮助了我。

?It was me that he helped yesterday. 他昨天帮助的是我。

(4)被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who。

?It was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about.他们谈论的是他们记得的人和事。

【易混易错】

强调句型与主语从句、状语从句、定语从句的区别

1.强调句型与主语从句的比较

强调句型将句子中的it is/was与that/who同时省去，句子仍然成立；而包含主语从句的句子用that从句代替it，句子成立。如：

?It was Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday.你昨天在街上遇到的是李雷的哥哥。

(本句若将It was 及that同时省去为：You met Li Lei’s brother in the street yesterday.句子同样成立，因此本句是强调句型。)

?It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou X.我们成功地发射了神舟十号这件事情真令人兴奋。(本句若将It is 及that同时省去为：We have succeeded exciting in sending up Shenzhou X.显然句子错误，因此，本句不是强调句型，that引导主语从句，it是形式主语。)

2.强调句型与定语从句的比较

强调句型中的it没有实际意义，it is/was与that/who去掉后句子结构仍然完整。但定语从句中的it be和作主语的that去掉后句子结构不完整。

3.强调句型与状语从句的比较

强调句型中的it is/was与that/who同时省去，句子仍然成立；而包含状语从句的句子it 是主语。如：

?It was 8 o’clock wh en they went home.他们回家时是8点。

(句中代词it作主语，指代时间，when引导时间状语从句)

?It was at 8 o’clock that they went home.他们是在8点回家的。

(本句是强调句型，at 8 o’clock是被强调部分)

【典型例析】

It was not until near the end of the letter _______ she mentioned her own plan.

【解析】分析句子结构可知，此处构成not until的强调句型，应填that。句意：直到将近信的结尾她才提到自己的计划。本题为强调句型，被强调部分为not until near the end

of the letter。原句为：She didn’t mention her own plan until near the end of the letter.。【答案】that

考点三祈使句

【典型例析】

________(knock) at the door before you enter my room, please.

【解析】分析句子成分可知，空格前没有主语，后面有before引导的时间状语从句，由此

可判断，此处构成祈使句，所以填knock。

【答案】Knock

专题二固定搭配

考点1 常见词组

as a matter of fact；be proud of；by the way；come from；according to；congratulate...on...；devote...to...；earn one’s living；keep one’s word；make up one’s mind；be concerned about...；catch up with...；keep an eye on...；concentrate on...等。

考点2 特殊固定用法

keep...doing sth.；prevent...from doing...；like doing...；need doing；feel like doing；get sth. done；have sth. done；have sb. doing/do sth.；enjoy doing；succeed in doing等。

考点3 常用句型

so/such...that...

It is...(for sb./of sb.) to do sth.

There is no doubt/need that...

There is no sense in doing sth.

It’s ( high) time that sb. did/should do sth.

It is no good/use doing sth.

not only...but also...

It is/was the first (second) time that sb. has done/had done sth.

It is no wonder that...

特殊句型结构及固定搭配在语法填空中主要考查对其掌握的熟悉程度，所以我们要善于积累，牢记固定搭配和特殊句型，答题时注意固定搭配的介词、名词、动词的形式和特殊句型的形式主语、连接词及相应时态的运用等。

代词it在特殊句型中非常活跃，所以考生需要特别注意包含it的常用句型：

1.用在动词like, love, dislike, hate, appreciate等后作宾语。如：

?I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.我讨厌人们满嘴食物说话。

2.作形式主语或形式宾语

①用于＂It is+adj./n.+不定式或动词-ing形式或that从句＂中。如：

?It is certain that he will succeed.他一定会成功。

②用于＂It seems/appears/happens/occurs to sb.+that 从句＂中。如：

?It occurred to me that I should ask the police for help.我突然想起我应该向警方求助。

③用于＂It looks as if/as though...＂中。如:

?It looks as if we’re going to miss the plane.似乎我们要误了班机了。

④用于＂It is+过去分词+that从句＂中。如:

?It is believed that he will be admitted to Beijing University.人们相信他将被北京大学录取。

⑤用于＂think/find/make+it+adj./n.+不定式或动词-ing形式或that从句＂中。如：

?I make it a rule to walk two miles a day.我通常每天步行两英里路。

⑥用于take it for granted that..., bring it to one’s attention that...,see to it that...等句型中。如：?We take it for granted that water is free at restaurants.我们认为在餐馆里水免费饮用是理所当然的事情。

3.构成特定句型

①It is/has been...since...

?It is almost ten years since he enjoyed himself so much.将近有十年时间他没这么高兴过了。

②It was (not)/will(not) be...before...

?It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就感受到此处的危险。

③It is sb.’s turn to do sth.

?It’s my turn to look after the baby.轮到我看孩子了。

【典型例析】

1.When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _______ (cool) the house during the hot day;_______ the same time, they warm up again for the night. 【解析】根据语境可知，第一空处应该用动词不定式，构成adj./adv.+enough to do结构，所以第一空填to cool；根据语境可知；第二空填介词at，构成短语at the same time，

表示＂同时＂。

【答案】to cool; at

2.Keep________ (hold) your position for a while. It helps develop your strength and flexibility. 【解析】根据语境可知，此处作动词keep的宾语，构成固定搭配，keep doing sth.意思是＂继续做某事＂因此填动词-ing形式。

【答案】holding

3.It took years of work ________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.

【解析】It takes/took (sb.)+...+to do sth.为固定句型，意思是＂做某事花费(某人)多长时间＂。

所以此处填动词不定式。【答案】to reduce

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