语言学教程名词解释

1. Design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.

: the use of language tocommunicate,to think , functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function.

3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic analysis in linguistics proper.

4. emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s dist inction of phonetics and emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone.

5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of grammars are of this kind.

:study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.

8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, down rules for language use.

9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.

10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication.

13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.

14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.

15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et

16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.

17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation.

18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.

19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).

20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds.

21．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.

22．Voicing:pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 23．Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad

transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

24．Consonant: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

25．Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. 26．Allophone:any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.is an allophone of /t/in /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated.Bothand are allophones of the phoneme/t/.

27． Vowl:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.

28．Manner of articulation: in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.

of articulation: in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.

30．Distinctive features: a term of phonology, property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.

31．Complementary distribution: the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.

32．IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong a number of is a comprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.

33．Suprasegmental:suprasegmental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,,and intonation. 34．Suprasegmental:aspects of speech that involve more than single sound principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.

35. morpheme:the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.

36. compoundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.

:the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.

: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).

39. derivation: different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.

40. root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.

: any of the different form of a example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/ in dogs and as/iz/ in s/,/z/,and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.

: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.

43. bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,. the plural morpheme in “dog’s”.

morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.

:A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of a word.”dog in the manger”)

: a list of all the words in a language assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.

word: word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns. 48. lexical word: word having lexical meanings,that is ,those which refer to substance,action and quality,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.

: a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.

50. blending: a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.

51. loanvoord: a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only a slight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.

: a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed.

53. leanshift: a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.

: is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword. : the disappearance of the very sound as a morpheme in the phonological system.

56. back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.

: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.

: the influence one sound segment upon the articulation of another, so that the sounds become less alike,or different.

etymology: a change in form of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous

:parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.

: also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.

62. syntagmatic relation between one item and others in a sequence,or between elements which are all present.

relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure,or between one element present and he others absent.

constituent analysis: the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

construction: one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head, of the an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.

construction: a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.

structure: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents ,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or a verb and its object.

structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.

: one of the similarities,or of the more general features, in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.

and binding theory: it is the fourth period of development Chomsky’s TG Grammar, which consists of X-bar theme: the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.

dynamism: the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.

function: the speaker’s experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own consciousness.

73. interpersonal function: the use of language to establish and maintain social relations: for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself;and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another..

function: the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.

meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.

: the core sense of a word or a phrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.

: a term in a contrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.

: the use of language to express a propostion,meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes.

: the use of anguage to express a proposition,. to talk about things in context.

: the literal meaning of a word or an expression,independent of situational context.

: is the technical name for the sameness relation.

antonymy: members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each field completely,such as male,female,absent.

antongymy: members of this kind are gradable,such as long:short,big;small,fat;thin,etc.

antonymy: a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition,such as buy;sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.

opposites:converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial are always two entities presupposes the other. The shorter,better; are instances of relational opposites.

: a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)

: the upper term in hyponymy, class superordinate usually has several animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,

component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,<+human>

: a principle for sentence analysis, in which the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.

restriction:semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that a particular lexical item can take, requires a human subject.

logic: also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for propositions:how the truth of a composite propositions and the connection between them.

;what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.

logic: also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.

theory: language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.

theory: theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the saaumes a “recognition lexicon”in which each word is represented by a full and independent”recognistion element”.When the system receives the beginning of a relevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated;this process continues until only one remains active.

effect: this effect help people recognize a word more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.

effect: describes the additional ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.

in context: any conclusion drawn from a set of proposition,from something someone has said,and so includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense, a specific context. assumption: the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.

perception:language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight. comprehension: one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.

production: a goal-directed activety,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence people,convey information and so on.

production: a goal-directed activity,in the sense that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.

ambiguity:ambiguity explained by reference to lexical meanings: of I saw a bat,where a bat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.

:general propositions used to form an overall macrostructure of the story.

:which a assumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles and operating independently of others.

:the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally pupils learning lat in grammar.

:whatever is seen as expressed by a sentence which makes a is a property of propositions that they have truth values.

: is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to a particular word).

reality: the reality of grammar, a purported account of structures represented in the mind of a opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.

in text: packets of stored knowledge in language processing.

structure: the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.

process: a series of actions or events that are part of a writing or continuing developmeng. competence: a speaker’s knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions, the skilled use of language in a by in the late 1960s from Chomsley’s concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of a grammar.

difference: a difference in a sp eech between men and women is”genden difference”determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, determines thought.

relativity: one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis, no limit to the structural diversity of languages.

sexism:many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society.

of language: one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in a social context.

of society;one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of a speaking community.

linguistics: a branch of linguistics,which studies the relations hip between speakers’social starts and phonological variations.

: an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed to a constative,by which makes a statement which may be true or false.

: an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.

act: the act of saying something;it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and .,the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference.

act: the act performed in saying somethin g;its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.

act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it’s the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.

implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’s knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.

:relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other:.”Mary is running”entails,among other things,”Mary is not standing still”.

communication: a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential. principle of relevance:every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.

: a property that any utterance,or a proposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,necessarily have.

: one of the two principles in Horn’s scale, your contribution necessary ,Quantity2,Manner);S ay no more than you must(given Q).

of pragmatic labour: the use of a marked crelatively complex and/or expression when a corresponding unmarkeda(simpler,less”effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).

on Horn scales:the hearer-based o-Principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to..

narrator: of the narrator is not a character in the fictional world,he or she is usually called a third –person narrator.

: the person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.

speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.

speech: a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.

speech: a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.

’s repreaentation of speech acts: a minimalist kind of presentation in which a part of passage can be seen as a summery of a longer piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.

”srepresentation of thought acts: a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech example,,she considered his unpunctuality.

thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect example,she thought that he woule be late.

indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.

’s representation of thought acts:a kind of the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of therir characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech spent the day thinking. thought: a kind of categories used by novelist to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly as that used to present indirect example,she thought that he would be late.

indirect speech: a further category which can occur,which is an amalgam of direct speech and indirect speech features.

”s representation of thought: the categories used by novelists to present the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech spent the day thinking.

indirect thought: the categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech, was bound to be late.

thought: categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their characters are exactly the same as those used to represent a speech..

system: the machine itself together with a keyboard,printer,screen,disk drives,programs,etc. literacy: those people who have sufficient knowledge and skill in the use of computers and computer software.

linguistics: a branch of applied liguistics,dealing with computer processing of human language.

: computer-assisted language learning(call),refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language.

instruction: the use of computers to monitor student progress,to direct students into appropriate lessons,material,etc.

area network: are computers linked together by cables in a classroom,lab,or offer teachers a novel approach for creating new activities for students that provide more time and experience with target language.

: computer disk-read only memory allows huge amount of information to be stored on one disk with quich access to the and teachers can access information quickly and efficiently for use in and out of the classroom.

translation: refers to the use of machine(usually computer)to translate texts from one language to another.

: the use of computer to search for a particular word,sequence of perhaps even a part of speech in a computer can also receive all examples of a particular word,usually in a context,which is a further aid to the can also calculate the number of occurrences of the word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered.

: if corpora is said to be unannotated-it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information,

: if corpora is said to be unannotated—it appears in its existing raw state of plain text,whereas annotated corpora has been enhanced with various type of linguistic information.

retrieval: the term conventionally though somewhat inaccurately,applied to the type of actrvity discussed in this information retrieval system does not infor the knowledge of)the user on the subject of his merely informs on the existence(or non-existence)and whereabouts of documents relating to his request.

representative: information structure is concerned with exploiting relationships,between documents to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of retrieval covers specifically a logical organization of information,such as document representatives,for the purpose of information retrieval.

: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.

: the proportion of retrieval documents which are relevant.

linguistics: applications of linguistics to study of second and foreign language learning and teaching,and other areas such as translation,the compiling of dictionaries,etc

competence: as defined by Hymes,the knowledge and ability involved in putting language to communicative use.

:the planning of course of is a description of the cousr content,teaching procedures and learning experiences.

:the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language, language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. : the influence of mother tongue upon the second structures of the two languages are similar,we can get positive transfer of facilitation;when the two languages are different in structures,negative transfer of inference occurs and result in errors.

: the degree to which a test meansures what it is meant to are four kinds of validity, validity,construct validity,empirical valiodity,and face validity.

: can be defined as are two kinds of reliability, reliability,and equiralence reliability.

: overuse of a standard linguistic features,in terms of both frequency, the speakers of higher social status,and overshooting the target, the use of a form inalinguistic environment where it is not expected to occur,For example,pronouncing ideas as[ai’dier],extending pronouncing post-vocalic/r/ in an envorienment where it’s not supposed to occur.

point test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.

test: a kind of test in which language structures or skills are further divided into individual points of phonology,syntax and lexis.

《语言学纲要》名词解释_叶蜚声

《语言学纲要》名词解释 导言 4.交际工具：人类交际活动所使用的工具。语言是人类最重要的交际工具。此外，身势等伴随动作是非语 言的交际工具；旗语之类是建立在语言、文字基础上的辅助性交际工具；文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具； 5.思维：是认识现实世界时的一种动脑筋的过程，也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。 是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。根据思维活动的不同形态可分为三种类型：直观动作思

维、形象思维、抽象思维。 6.社会：指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文化习惯的人类社会的共同体， 即一般所说的部落、部族和民族。与此相关联的现象就是社会现象。 7.社会现象：指那些与人类共同体的一切活动——产生、存在和发展密切联系的现象。 取渐变，不能爆发突变。 8.语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是 不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。 9.表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形

式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 10.组合关系：符号和符号组合起来的关系。符号和符号的组合形成语言的结构。 11.聚合关系：在链条的某一环节上能够相互替换的符号具有某种相同的作用，它们自然聚集成群。它们彼 此的关系称为聚合关系。 23.音高：声音的高低，是由发音体形状及振动频率快慢决定的。 24.音重：声音的强弱，它取决于声波振幅的大小，而振幅的大小与发音时用力大小有关。 25.音质：也叫音色，指声音的品质或个性。

胡壮麟语言学教程(修订版)一至三单元课后名词解释中英对照

语言学教程chapter1-3 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。 2.function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b012107288.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。3.etic: a term in contrast with emi c which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via a ppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 位学的：相对于“非位的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。言语行为和事件中的位学系统必须是有效而有意义的，是通过言语社会中的本族语者而不仅仅是调查者的聪明和直觉获得的。5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 共时：以一个固定的时间（通常，但非必须，是现在）为它的观察角度的描写。大多数的语法书属于此类型。 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 历时：在语言的历史过程中研究语言。 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b012107288.html,ying down rules for language use. 规定式：规定事情应该是怎样的。如制定语言运用规则。 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 描写式：描述事情是怎样的。 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 任意性：人类语言的本质特征之一。它指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系。 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二重性：人类语言的本质特征之一。拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space),at the moment of communication.

语言学纲要王洪君、叶蜚声等著)

语言学纲要（修订版）期末考复习资料 一、名词解释 1、语言——是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，是音义结合的符号系统。注意：文字不是语言。 2、语音——是由人的发音器官发出，负载着一定意义的声音。它是语言的物质外壳。 3、条件变体——是指一个音位因受语音环境的制约而表现为若干不同的音素。这些不同的音素所处的语音环境不同，相互处于一种互补关系中，没有区别意义的作用，如果他们在语音上又相似，我们可以把它们归为一个音位，从而成为这个音位的几个条件变体。 4、自由变体——是指可以在同一个语音环境里自由替换而不起区别词的语音形式和意义作用的几个音素。自由变体的各音素的音质虽有不同，但说这种语言或方言的人感觉不到它们是不同的音，而把它们当作同一个语音单位来使用。例如汉语武汉话里的[n]和[l]可以自由变读，而不会引起意义的改变。 5、区别特征——具体语言或方言中具有区别音位作用的发音特征。语言中的每个音位都可以分解为几个区别特征。音位的辨义功能归根结底是由区别特征负担的。例如汉语普通话里[p?]和[p]这两个音位靠“送气/不送气”这对区别特征来区别。 6、语流音变——音位和音位组合的时候，或者由于受邻音的影响，或者由于说话时快慢高低、强弱的不同，可能发生不同的临时性的变化。这种变化叫做语流音变。汉语的轻声、变调，都是，如“西瓜”中的“瓜”念轻声，“展览”中的“展”念阳平。常见的语流音变有五种： 同化：如：瓜子儿，受儿卷舌色彩的影响韵母变为?。 异化：比方两个上声字相连前一个上声214调变成35调，如“土改”念成“涂改”。 弱化：从元音来说，如木头、馒头、噱头、石头等中的头，韵母单化为o。从辅音来说，如“在”在语流中声母变为t或d或l。 脱落：比如“你们”常发成nim，“豆腐”说成douf。 增音：例如普通话语气词“啊”如果出现在后鼻音[?]收尾的音节之后，就要变读为[?a]。 7、语法范畴——是对具有同一性质的语法意义概括而成的类。常见的语法范畴有性、数、格、体、时、人称、态。 性：是主要与名词相关的语法范畴，一般把名词分为阴性、阳性、中性或二分为阴性、阳性，并用不同的形式标志表示。如俄语名词分为阴性、阳性、中性三类。 数：很多语言都有数的语法范畴，这个范畴一般包括单数和复数两种意义，或是单数、双数或复数，多与名词相关。如英语，俄语中的名词等。 格：是表示名词、代词在句中和其他词的关系，它的意义是直接和句法相关的。如俄语名词、代词、形容词都有格的变化，共有六种格。 体：表示动作行为进行的各种阶段和状态，是动词特有的语法范畴。最常见的有完成体或未完成体。如汉语的“着、了、过”也可以表示体。 时：也是动词的语法范畴，表示行为动作发生的时间。一般分为过去时，现在时和将来时。例如英语“I write”(现在时），“I wrote”（过去时），“I shall write”（将来时）。人称：不少语言的动词随着主语的人称不同而有不同的形式。俄语、法语都有三种人称。如英语一般动词的现在时单数有单数第三人称的形式变化。如：“He(she) writes”，“I write”，“You write”，“They write”。 态：也称语态，表示动作和主体的关系。动词所具有的语法范畴，一般分为主动态和被

语言学名词解释整理

Morphology 形态学，研究词的内部结构和构造规则 如colorful,由color和-ful两部分构成，由此概括出一条规则：名词词尾加上-ful可构成形容词 Morpheme, 语素，不能再简化的有意义的语言单位。如boys,由boy和-s构成 Morph 语素的具体形态 Allomorph 语素变体 英文单词illogical,imbalance,irregular和inactive有着共同的语素in-。换句话说，im-,ir-是语素in-的变体。 Free morphemes 能单独出现，独立构词的语素称为自由语素。如work,boy Bound morphemes 不能独立出现，必须附着在其他语素后才能构词的语素。如distempered中，dis-和-ed是黏着语素，temper是自由语素 Bound roots 不能独立出现，只能被词缀附着后出现 如refer中的-fer,consist中的-sist Content morphemes 包含语义内容的语素（包含简单词和能改变词根意义的词缀），如名词、动词、形容词、副词。如work Function morphemes 通过联系一个句子中的其他词提供语法功能的语素 如介词、连词、冠词 at，for，a,but Inflectional 曲折，生成同一语素的不同形式 -s,-‘s,-ing,-en,-er,-est，-s Derivational 派生，生成新词，通常可以改变词汇意义 Cat,caty Compounding合成 如Girlfriend Reduplication 重复 Abbreviation or shortening 简写 Blending 混合 Motor+hotel=motel Breakfast+lunch=brunch Alternation Man men Suppletion不规则 Go went Syntax句法

《语言学纲要》试题库剖析

绪论、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1．语言学 2．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系 二、填空 1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。 3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学。 4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究 __________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分。 5．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段。 6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________。 7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________，送别时挥手表示 ______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________，手舞足蹈表示____________。 8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。 9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。 10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个 _____。 11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。 12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。 13．一个符号，如果没有_______，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 14．语言符号是_________和_________的统一体，声音是语言符号的______。

语言学名词解释

Illocutionary act: The illocutionary act is the act performed in the performing of a locutionary act. When we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. In the example of “Morning!” we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. Cooperative principle: This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims. Conversational implicature: This is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意in Chinese. Entailment: This is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second. For example, when “I saw a boy” is true, “I saw a child” is necessarily true;and if “I saw a child” is not true, “I saw a boy” will not be true either. Ostensive communication: “Ostensive communication”, or “inferential communication”, is a shorthand for “ostensive-inferential communication”. That is, communication is not simply a matter of encoding and decoding, it also involves inference on the part of the hearer and ostension (making clear of one?s intention to express something) on the part of the speaker. Speech act theory: speech act theory is the first major in theory in the study of language in use which originated with J.L. Austin. In his opinion, to say something is to do something. He classified speech act into three kinds: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Image Schema意向图式: is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Sociolinguistics: is the linguistic study of society or the social study of language. Transformation-generative grammar (TG)转换生成语法TG refers to any grammar in which different syntactic structures are related by transformations. Hend commonly, from the 1960s, of the theories of Chomsky, or of Chomsky?s school, in general. In a transformational grammar as Chomsky first proposed it, the main role of transformations was to relate the sentences of a language as a whole to a small set of kernel sentences. Functional sentence perspective (FSP)功能句子观is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances or texts in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that Stimulus-response: A learning theory associated particularly with the American psychologist Skinner, which describes learning as the formation of association between responses. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult?s use of language is also a process of stimulus-response. A stimulus is the behavior

语言学纲要名词解释.

语言学纲要名词解释 导言 1.语言学：以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立学科，其主要任务是研究语言的性质、结构和功能，通过考察语言及其应用的现象，来解释语言存在和发展的规律。 2.语文学：指19世纪历史比较语言学之前的语言研究，这时的语言研究尚未独立，语言学作为其他学科的附庸而存在，语言研究的主要目的是为了阅读古籍和语言教学，从而为统治者治理国家或为其他学科的研究服务。 3.小学：中国传统的语文学，由于汉语书面语使用的文字——汉字的特点，中国传统语言研究抓住汉字，分析它的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。 4.理论语言学：也称普通语言学，是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。理论语言学的水平在很大程度上决定于具体语言学的研究成果。 5.共时语言学：以同时的、静态的分析方法，研究语言相对静止的状态，描写分析语言在某一时期、某一阶段的状况，是从横的方面研究语言。 6.历时语言学：研究语言发展的历史，观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变，是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史。涉及到一种语言的叫做历时语言学，如历史语音学，历史词汇学，历史语法学等；涉及到多种语言和方言的叫做历史比较语言学。 7.索绪尔：瑞士语言学家，现代语言学的奠基人，结构主义语言学的开创者，著有《普通语言学教程》，被人们誉为“现代语言学之父”。他提出语言是符号体系；符号由能指所指两部分构成，这两部分的关系是任意的，一旦形成以后又是约定性的；符号系统内部存在“组合关系”和“聚合关系”；区分了“语言”和“言语”；“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”；“历时语言学”和“共时语言学”。他的学说标志着现代语言学的开始，在不同的程度上影响着20世纪的各个语言学派。 8.布龙菲尔德：美国描写语言学派的代表人物，它的主要贡献是将语言学从哲学理念建设成为一门科学。早期的著作是出版于1914年的《语言研究导论》，立足于心理学来阐释语言、刺激—反应论来解释语言的产生和理解的过程。1933年他的最有影响的著作《语言论》出版。这时，他已经从构造心理学转到行为心理学。他在该书中提出了美国结构语言学派研究语言的基本原则和描写语言结构的总框架。 9.乔姆斯基：转换生成语法的创始人，著有《句法结构》。最出他用结构主义的方法研究希伯来语，后来发现这种方法有很大的局限性，转而探索新的方法，逐步建立了转换生成语法，1957年出版的《句法结构》就是这一新方法的标志。这种分析方法风靡全世界，冲垮了结构语言学的支配地位，因而被人们成为“乔姆斯基革命”，对语言学的发展方向产成了巨大影响。 10.韩礼德：英国语言学家，功能主义语言学派的代表人物，继承了以弗斯为首的伦敦学派的基本理论，并吸收布拉格学派和哥本哈根学派的某些观点的基础上发展起来和创立了系统功能语法，著有《普通语言学教程》《语法功能论》等著作。他从人类学和社会学的角度出发研究语言与社会的关系，把语言看做“社会符号”，其包括功能系统、层次和语境等概念，在语法中认为系统中存在连锁系统和选择系统，在功能语法中他用功能的配置来解释语法结构，提出了概念功能、人际功能、语篇功能。20世纪70年代后，他将注意力转移到语言与社会学、符号学的关系上，对社会语言学进行研究。 11.赵元任：字宣仲，江苏常州人，生于天津。赵元任是“中国语言学之父”。他将科学运用于语言学研究的结果：用自然科学中的基本概念说明语言问题；用自然科学的先进成果记录和分析语音；把自然科学中的研究方法引入语言学；引入科学的描述事物的方式以及解决问题的程序等等。中国的传统语言学在他和同时代的一批学者的努力下，逐步走向现代化。 12.历史比较语言学：出现于18世纪末19世纪初，中心在德国。该学派采用历史比较的方法，通过语音和词形的比较研究语言的发展和演变，发现了语言之间的亲缘关系并建立了语言的谱系分类。历史比较语言学的兴起，是语言学成为一门独立的学科。经过一个多世纪的探索研究，弄清了世界上很多语言的同源关系，建立了世界语言的谱系分类，为语言学的发展做了很大贡献。历史比较语言学也有局限：他强调了语言的历史比较，忽视了语言的共时研究；孤立地研究语言单位，缺乏对语言系统性的研究。 13.结构主义语言学：1916年索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。索绪尔语言理论的核心是语言是符号系统，突破了历史比较语言学的局限，开拓了语言研究的新领域，给语言学带来革命性的变化。

胡壮麟《语言学教程》名词解释

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