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外研版初二英语上期末精华版知识点总结

外研版初二英语上期末精华版知识点总结
外研版初二英语上期末精华版知识点总结

1.冠词复习

冠词有三种形式:不定冠词a(n)

定冠词the

零冠词/

不定冠词a(n)

A.首次提到某人某人, 不定冠词起介绍作用

单词表中用an的形容词或者名词

actend insideumbrella aidenough island outside area example increase

actressexcitinginterested

accident excellent

after-schoolenjoyable

experience

earthquake

B.表示“每一、一个”的概念,相当于every和one。

C.某些固定短语中,要用不定冠词。

makeamistake 犯错误a chess set 一副象棋

alittle有点afew几个;

a minuteago一分钟之前havea greattrip旅途愉快

take a plane乘飞机in a tree在树上

give a warm welcometo热情欢迎…

quite a lot相当多in an earthquake在地震中

定冠词the

A. 指前面提到过的人或物,或特指某人或某物。

B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或物。

C.用于序数词以及形容词的最高级之前.

D.用于世界上独一无二的事物

E.固定词组

in the 1980s在20世纪80年代onthe coast在海岸边

in the east/south/west/north of…在……的东/南/西/北部

inthe countryside在乡村in the end最后

the beginning of……的开头take the place of代替

all thetime总是?the population of..的人口

all over theworld全世界theSpringFestival春节

forthe first time首次during the day在白天

atthe age of在……岁时at thebottom of在…底部

2不定式

基本不定式

1.wouldliketodo想要做某事

2.want to do想要做某事

3.agree to do 同意做某事

4.planto do计划做某事

5.decidetodo决定做某事

6. offer to do主动提供做某事

7.wishtodo希望做某事

8.learn to do 学习做某事

9.loveto do热爱做某事

10.liketodo喜欢做某事

11.need to dosth 需要做某事

12.be interested to do sth做某事感兴趣

12.in order todo为了...

13. Itis a good ideatodo sth...做...是个好主意好方法。

14.good waysto do sth.做某事是个好方法

15.Itis +adj+(for sb)to do sth 做某事..

16.Ittakes sb. +时间/金钱+to do sth花某人时间去做某事

宾语不定式

1.advisesbto dosth 建议某人做某事

2.hope sb.to do sth希望某人做某事

3.allow sb to dosth允许某人做某事

双宾语不定式

1.givesbsth= givesth to sb

2.lend sbsth=lendsthto sb

3.send sb sth=send sthto sb

4.showsbsth=show sth tosb

5.teachsb sth=teach sth tosb

6.pass sb sth=pass sth to sb

7.tellsb sth=tell sth tosb、

1.buy sb sth=buy sthfor sb

2.makesb sth=make sth for sb

3.cook sb sth=cook sthforsb

不能带to的不定式

1.makesb do 2.let sb do

3.helpsb do 4.seesb do To做介词不是不定式

give sb awarm welcome to热烈欢迎某人

sendto 发送给某人moveto 搬到某地

fromto 从.....到... becloseto 靠近

talk to 与..谈话writeto 写信给某人Pay attention to doingsth 注意

动词后接doing情况

mind doing sth介意做某事

finish doingsth 完成做某事

enjoy/like/love doing sth 喜欢做某事

practice doingsth练习做某事

spend doing sth 花时间做某事

have trouble doing sth做某事有麻烦

haveabetter chance of doingsth有一个好的机会做

不定式的否定:直接变成not to do

3.动词词组

keep clear of 不和...接触lift up抬起

make sure 保证comeon快点

close down倒闭hangon等一下

payattentionto注意fall off从...跌落

think about考虑set up设立建立

look after照顾takeaway拿走,夺取

think of想到想出warm up热身

cheer on为...喝彩ask for 请求

agreewith同意write down 写下

make a mistake 犯错look up查找

4、英语中的数字

英语中数字单位:百、千、百万、十亿

百hundred千thousand

百万million十亿billion

确数:表示确定数量

用基数词+hundred,thousand,million,billion

注意数字单位不能加s.

hundred, thousand, million, billion表示确切数目时,用单数,后直接接复数名词;如:

three hundred books

onehundredpeople

five thousand students

seven million starts

概数:表示不确切数目时,

这类词后加-s且与of连用。如:

hundreds of people

thousands ofstudents

millions of birds

billions oflions

分数的表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词。

分子大于1时,分母+s。

e.g. 1/5:one fifth2/5: two fifths

5.比较级和最高级

形容词考法: 形容词意思区分

形容词比较级

形容词比较级:结构: (1)adj+er

(2)more+ adj

(3) 不规则good-better

little-less

much/many-more

bad/badly-worse

far-farther

用法:(1)句子中有than

(2)同级比较:as….+adj….as

(3)特殊结构:

(A) the+比较级1,the+比较级2越….越…

(B) 比较级and 比较级越来越…

修饰比较级的词

1)只用于修饰比较级的:much,even

2)既可以修饰比较级又可以修饰原级:alittle; abit;

Theroom is a bitlarger than thatone.

这个房间比那个稍大一点.

3)表示前者比后者强很多时,通常采用much,even,

He worksstill harder than ever. 他比以往更加努力学习了.

4)表示前者在某方面远远地超过对方时,通常采用far,a lot等.

最高级:

结构:(1)adj+est

(2)the most+ adj

(3) 不规则good-better-best

little-less-least

much/many-more-most

bad/badly-worse-w orst

far-farther-farthest

用法:(1)句子中有范围:in/all/of/ among

(2)默认范围:一年12月,一年四季,一个星期7天

(3) 特殊结构:One of +the+最高级+名词复数最…之一

6.句子的考法

(1)特殊疑问句:考疑问词或词组,看回答

疑问词组:

How far 多远It’s....kilometer/miles

Howlong多长时间It’s ....minutes/hours

How often多久一次It’s....once a week

How many /How much

How old...

(2)一般疑问句:考回答:用什么问就用什么答

be动词(am,is,are)

情态动词(must can,could,may,might,need),

助动词(will,should,would,shall)

特例:

(1)need用作情态动词need do sth需要做某事

肯定句:He need go shopping.他需要去购物。

否定句:Heneedn't go shopping

疑问句:Need hego shopping?

Yes, hemust

Noheneedn't

(2)must用作情态动词表示主观的义务和必要,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,意思为“必须……,得……,要……”;

肯定:Youmust go to schoolontime.你必须按时到校

否定:Youneedn't gotoschoolon time.你不必按时到校。

疑问:Must I go to school on time?

Yes, youmust

No, you needn't

7.过去进行时

结构:过去进行时由“主语+was/were+ doing”构成

肯定:He washaving supper at this timeyesterday

否定:Hewas not having supperat this timeyest

erday

疑问: Was he having supper at this time yesterday?

时间标志:

1.at this/that time,

2.at this/that time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week … ),

3.at+ 钟 +yesterday (last night / Sunday … ) ,

4. when sb/sth. did sth. last evening

5. the whole morning, all day , from nine to ten, while等。

when 和while的用法区别

8.连词:关系词、引导词,关联词组

关系词:

并列关系:and

转折关系:but

因果关系:because+原因

So+结果

条件关系:if

让步关系:although

选择关系:or

引导词:

When、while、as当...的时候

Until 、till直到...才

关联词组:

As....as和...一样

Not...until直到...才

Not only...butalso不仅.....而且...

Not just...but....不仅.....而且...

So.+adj+..that+句子... 如此...以至于

Such+(adj)+n..that+句子... 如此...以至于

Too+adj...todosth...太...以至于不能...

Not enough+adj...to do sth不足做某事

9.祈使句

1.动词原形构成的祈使句

A. 通常省略主语you,

B.动词原形开头。

C.否定句由don’t 或never 开头。

D.缓和语气句首或句末加please。

2. let构成的祈使句

由“Let +me/us/him/her+ 动词原形”构成。这类祈使句往往用于请求允许(let us)或提出建议(let’s)。

Let’sspend this weekendinthecountryside.

Lethimbehere by teno’clock.

3.无动词祈使句

在请求,命令和口号中,常用无动词祈使句,它实际上是省略了动词,从而使语句更简洁有力。

Justaminute, please!

在一些指示牌上,常用“No+ 动名词/名词”构成省略的否定祈使句。

例如:No smoking!

10.情态动词

(1)表可能性情态动词:may、might.

英语中除了情态动词表可能性,还可以用adj或adv:probably possi ble.

may(可能): 暗含不确定的意思。

might:表可能,但它的含义比may 更不确定。

Hemaybe at home .

He might come soon.

It willprobably behotand sunny.

(2)Must表示主观义务和需要。Mustn’t表示禁止Need也表示需要,但不一定是一种义务,语气没那么强烈。

(1)need用作实义动词need todosth 需要做某事

肯定句:Heneeds to go shopping .他需要去购物。

否定句:He doesn'tneed to go shopping.

(实意动词否定都借助助动词do)

疑问句:Does he needto go shopping?

Yes,he does

No he doesn't

(2)need用作情态动词needdo sth需要做某事

肯定句:He need go shopping .他需要去购物。

否定句:He needn'tgo shopping

(情态动词否定都直接在后面加not)

疑问句:Needhe goshopping?

Yes,he must

No heneedn't

(3)must“必须……,得……,要……”;

肯定:You must go to school on time.你必须按时到校

否定:You needn't go to school ontime.你不必按时到校。

疑问:Must Igo to schoolontime?

Yes, you must

No,you needn't

(4)have to与must的区别

(5)must侧重于说话者的主观看法,认为有必要或有义务

have to侧重于客观需要,含有“不得不,被迫”之意。

e.g.Allpassengers mustwear seat belts.

所有乘客都要系安全带。

My bike wasbroken yesterday,soI hadtowalk to school. 昨天我的自行车坏了,所以我只能走路去学校。

(3)情态动词表示推测的用法:

表示肯定推测时,语气由强到弱:

Must be> Can be > Couldbe>May be>Might be

注意在推测的过程中,如果句子中已经有动词的话,省略be

所有的否定推测均用can’t be

11.代词

基本三种代词:

不定代词类:

Some- something someonesomebodysomewhere

Any-anything anyone anybody anywhere

Every-everythingeveryone everybodyeverywhere

No-nothing no one nobody nowhere

考点一:注意不定代词与形容词的位置

不定代词+adj

Something important 一些重要的东西

Anything intereating一些有趣的东西

Nothing impossible没有什么不可能的

同时注意some any 的区别

考点二:注意no onenothing视为单数

考点三:a ll,each,both,either,neither,one,none,little,

few, many, much,other, another,some,any,no, (a)few,(a)little,both,enough, every

肯定:allboth either

All表示三者或三者以上都…none

Both 表示两者都neither

Either表示两者中的其中之一neither

Allthestudentsare interested init. 所有的学生对此很感兴

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