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北京航空航天大学基础英语2005年考研真题参考答案

北京航空航天大学基础英语2005年考研真题参考答案
北京航空航天大学基础英语2005年考研真题参考答案

北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题

科目代码:721 基础英语

I. V ocabulary and Structure(40 points,l×40)

Part1

Directions:Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter.

1. “The giant was big” is a tautological statement,to say the least.

A. tight

B. redundant

C. illogical

D. relative

2.There is an embargo on any more video games coming into the house.

A.1anding place

B. prohibition

C. violation

D. permission

3.Youngsters are usually more impetuous than old people.

A. impatient

B. immature

C. impulsive

D. imperial

4.Unfortunately.I’ll spend the weekend doing a bunch of prosaic chores.

A. dull

B. practical

C. trivial

D. rhyming

5.The crowd at the town meeting found the mayor’s assurance t00 glib.

A. sarcastic

B. flashy

C. malicious

D. readily fluent

6.Gazing at the crystalline lake,I decided it was too beautiful to swim in.

A. breakable

B. futuristic

C. delicate

D. sparkling

7.We cannot vacillate on the question of the party’s leadership.

A. lead

B. doubt

C. check

D. repeat

8.It is more difficult for a chronic smoker to give up the habit than for a novice. but it can be done

A .affluent B. confirmed C. disciplined D. indecisive

9.They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another company

A. headhunted

B. punched

C. plundered

D. probed

10.The ink had faded with time and so pans of the letter were unreadable

A. indelible

B. inscrutable

C. illegible

D. illegitimate

1l.She bristled at the suggestion that she had been dishonest

A. bridled

B. bridged

C. breathed

D. boasted

12.Investors should study a prospectus before putting money into a big company

A.. positive outlook

B. banking agreement

C. profit—and—loss statement

D. formal business document

13.The real hero is never ostentatious

A. frivolous

B. pretentious

C. presumptuous

D. ponderous

14 If you have never held a driving license before,you should apply for a provisional license

A. providential

B. temporary

C. provincial D .improvised

15 John Smith is a voracious book collector

A. vicious

B. luxurious

C. insatiable

D. valuable

16.I don’t think we should make precipitate decisions.

A. precipitous

B. precocious

C. precarious

D. precautious

17.You need an excursion to break the monotony.

A. gaunt

B. jaunt

C. vaunt

D. taunt

18.The government appears in a quandary about what to do with so many people

A. border

B. marshy ground

C. dilemma

D. situation

l9.It was an auspicious beginning to her career as an author

A. unexpected

B. interesting

C. favorable

D. doubtful

20.The governor was usually circumspect when dealing with the media.

A. skilled

B. cautious

C. impatient

D. obedient

Part II

Directions:Choose one from the four alternatives that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter

21.The children were having a wonderful time _______on the frozen lake

A. slipping

B. slithering

C. skidding

D. sliding

22.The campers _______their tent in a sheltered valley

A. established

B. installed

C. pitched

D. fixed

23.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning,whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on_____

A. response

B. impulse

C. instinct

D. consciousness

24.The cultural traditions of the invaders slowly ______the practices of the island dwellers

A. spread

B. perpetuated

C. permeated

D. reinforced

25.He had always had a good opinion of himself but after the publication of his best—selling novel he became unbearably______

A. bigoted

B. proud

C. conceited

D. exaggerated

26.This is the _______piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works

A. actual

B. real

C. original

D. genuine

27.Although,______new deposits of oil will be found,sooner or later,the world’s supply will be exhausted

A. in all likelihood

B. in all possibility

C. in all circumstances

D. in all conditions

28.I should like to rent a house,modern,comfortable and ______in a quiet position.

A. before all

B. above all

C. first of all

D. over all

29.He came to inspect the house ________buying it

A. in the event of

B. with a view to

C. in case of

D. with regard to

30.Let’s not——over such a trifle!

A. fall through

B. fall off

C. fall out

D. fall back

31.He is a clever mimic who can take ______most of the lectures in his college

A. over

B. down

C. Off

D. for

32.He tried for forgery in a law court but was lucky enough to______

A. get on

B. get off

C. get through

D. get Out

33.The captain turned _______early that night not realizing that the icebergs were SO close

A. in

B. down

C. into

D. off

34.You promised you would do it Why did you go _______on your word?

A. back

B. away

C. over D by

35.The numerals have become,_______his friends and he knows all their relations and acquaintances

A. as it is

B. as it was

C. as it were

D. as they are

36.A safety analysis _______the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done

A. would identify.

B. will identify

C. would have identified

D. will have identified

37.Jennifer took this opportunity to repay her friends for their kindness _______she would have had to entertain them in her small apartment in Charlotte town

A. Otherwise

B. However

C. But

D. Nevertheless

38.The window is never opened ______in summer

A. but

B. except

C. when

D. while

39.Generally,prompt cooling and proper refrigeration of foods Can hold ______bacteria in foods to a safe level.

A. a number of

B. the number of

C. an amount of

D. a quantity of

40.Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro—American poetry is his insistence that it _______in religious. as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A. is to be analyzed

B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed

D. should have been analyzed

II. Error spotting(20 points,l×20)

Directions:Decide which underlined part is incorrect and mark the corresponding letter

41.The process depends, however, upon the drawer,cupboard and storage space being

A

provided,for the 1ack of which some things may literally have no place to go

B C D

42.Immediately after I put my head on it,I got to understand that translation wasn’t as

A B

mechanical a job as I had held it to be

C D

43.Living in a remote country village,many forms of entertainment are in accessible to

A B C D

us

44.Thousands of people died even though there was a worldwide effort to send food

A B C

and medicine to the starved people

D

45.The government deems it essential that people are psychologically able to resist the

A B

impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market—oriented

C D

Economy

46.At seeing him,I couldn’t resist laughing because his suit hung loosely, as if tailored

A B C

for someone twice his size

D

47.What is often stressed in most of the literature,an objective of Women Lib is to do

A B C away with unfair discrimination against women

D

48.If ambition is to be well regarded, the reward of ambition—wealth,distinction.

A B

control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on

C

ambition’s behalf

D

49.Mr Smith regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake,for he later discovered it

A B

was his own fault

C D

50.Nowhere but in Europe we have seen the results so clearly,which really have

A B C

surprised us all

51.The parent as teacher-counselor acts in accord with the developmental model of

A

child rearing. by which the child is viewed as an extremely plastic organism with

B C

virtually unlimited potential for growth and development

D

52.For every patient with AIDS,it is estimated that there are 10 times as many as ARC,

A

or AIDS—Related Complex, a precursor to the full blown disease,and 50 times as many

B C who already have been infected with the agent human immunodeficiency virus. or HIV

D

53.If only the nature of the aging process is better understood the possibility of

A B

discovering a medicine that Can block the fundamental process of aging seems very

C D

remote

54.As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned. we can develop

A B

mass transit to take place of private cars.

C D

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b12798059.html,puter technology makes it Possible to store vast amounts of data in machine—

A B

readable files,and program computers to locate specific information

C D

56.Once an occupation came to be received to be “female”,employers showed little

A

interest in changing that perception even when higher profits were expected to be

B C D

gained

57.It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminished as the

A B

demand for them is on the increase

C D

58.The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could on the

A B

face of circumstances which confronted them at the time

C D

59.I am sure one of the main reasons why boys and girls are such good companions

A B

today is that they are no longer afraid of showing their feeling towards each other

C D

60.The data received from the two spacecrafts whirling around Mars indicate that there

A B C

is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet

D

III. Cloze(10 points,l×l0)

Directions:Fill in each underlined space with one word that best suits the context of the following passage

Today it is out of fashion to speak in 61 of characters But there is no more essential aspect of any person.

Character is made up of those principles and values that give your 62 direction,meaning and depth These constitute your inner sense of 63 is right and wrong based not on laws or rules of conduct 64 on who you are They include 65 traits as integrity,honesty,courage,fairness and generosity--which arise 66 the hard choice we have to 67 in life So wrong is simply in doing wrong. not in getting, caught

68 some people wonder if our inner values 69 anymore After a11, hasn’t our noted bank executive succeeded in every. visible way,70 his transgressions (错误, 过失) ?

VI Translation from Chinese into English (30 points)

在找工作的过程中,有面试,就有曙光。面试的成功与否.除了面试官如何看你的条件及个人素质外,主要取决于他们如何评价你在面试中总的表现。因此,有必要把它当作一场演出或比赛来看待,其目的是向面试官推销自己,让他们感到你是干这项工作的最佳人选。

大多数人在面试中处于被动地位,竭尽全力回答提出的任何问题。一种更好的方法是控制局面,给面试官提供你想给他们的信息,而不是他们想从你这儿发现的信息:使他们有信心,绝对相信你是能胜任这项工作的人选,让他们几乎没有理由相信你不能胜任。信心不仅仅来自你作出的回答,也产生于你的外表以及你表现出来的热情、精力、自信、个人品质和雄心壮志。

大多数面试者没能得到工作的主要原因就是他们没能使面试官对他们产生信心。他们败下阵来并非是他们不能胜任这项工作,而是他们对自己能胜任工作的自信没能在面试中表现出来。他们的自我推销做得还不够。大多数人之所以这样是因为他们在面试时很紧张,如

果每次面试后都没有得到工作,不少人觉得自己是失败者并变得更为焦虑。这是不实际的。大多数面试者都将被拒之门外。不要想自己是否将会得到这份工作。只需专心参加面试,并竭尽所能,工作自然就会有着落了。

V. Translation from English into Chinese. (30 points)

It used to be said that English people take their pleasures sadly. No doubt this would still be time if they had any pleasures to take,but the price of alcohol and tobacco in my. country has provided sufficient external causes for melancholy I have sometimes thought that the habit of taking pleasures sadly has crossed the Atlantic. and I have wondered what it is that makes SO mans English—speaking people somber in their outlook in spite of good health and a good income.

In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer Most social reformers have held the opinion that,if poverty were abolished and there were no more economic insecurity,the millennium would have arrived But when I look at the faces of people in opulent cars,whether in your country or in mine,I do not see that look of radiant happiness which the aforesaid social reformers had led me. to expect In nine cases out of ten,I see instead a look of boredom and discontent and art almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded(腻烦的)palate.

But it is not only the very rich who suffer in this way Professional men very frequently feel hopelessly thwarted There is something that they long to do or some public object that they long to work for But if they were to indulge their wishes in these respects,they fear that they would lose their livelihood Their wives are equally unsatisfied, for their neighbor, Mrs. So-and-So,has gone ahead more quickly, has a better car, a larger apartment and grander friends.

Life for almost everybody is a long competitive struggle where very. few can Win the race. and those who do not win are unhappy、On social occasions when it is de rigueur (按照礼节时尚所要求的)to seem cheerful,the necessary demeanor is stimulated by alcohol But the gaiety does not ring true and anybody who had just one drink too many is apt to lapse in to lachrymose (泪流满面的) melancholy.

One finds this sort of thing only among English speaking people. A Frenchman while he is abusing Government is as gay as a lark. So is an Italian while he is telling how his neighbor has swindled him Mexicans, when they are not actually starving or actually being murdered,sing and dance and enjoy sunshine and food and drink with a gusto which is very rare north of the Mexican frontier When Andrew Jackson conquered Pensacola from the Spaniards,his wife looked out of the window and saw the population enjoying itself although it was Sunday She pointed out the scandal to her husband,who decreed that cheerfulness must cease forthwith,And it did.

When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other. The one that goes least deep is the necessary for subservience(服从)in some large organization If you are an energetic man with strong views as to the right way of doing the job with which you are concerned,you find yourself invariably under the orders of some man at the top who is elderly、weary and cynical Whenever you have bright idea the boss puts a stopper on it The more energetic you are and the more vision you have the more you will suffer from the impossibility of doing any of the things that you feel ought to be done When you go home and

moan to your wife, she tells you that you are a silly fellow and that if you became the proper sort of yes—man your income would soon be doubled If you try divorce and remarriage it is very unlikely that there will be any change in this respect And so you are condemned to gastric ulcers(胃溃疡)and premature old age.

VI. Writing (20 points)

Directions:Write an expository composition of no less than 200 words on the topic “My View on a Balanced Personal Development”

参考答案

北京航空航天大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题

科目代码:721 基础英语

I. V ocabulary and Structure(40 points,l×40)

Part1

Directions:Choose one of the four alternatives which is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase and mark the corresponding letter.

(B)1. “The giant was big” is a tautological statement,to say the least.

A. tight

B. redundant

C. illogical

D. relative

(B)2.There is an embargo on any more video games coming into the house.

A.1anding place

B. prohibition

C. violation

D. permission

(C)3.Youngsters are usually more impetuous than old people.

A. impatient

B. immature

C. impulsive

D. imperial

(D)4.Unfortunately.I’ll spend the weekend doing a bunch of prosaic chores.

A. dull

B. practical

C. trivial

D. rhyming

(B)5.The crowd at the town meeting found the mayor’s assurance t00 glib.

A. sarcastic

B. flashy

C. malicious

D. readily fluent

(D)6.Gazing at the crystalline lake,I decided it was too beautiful to swim in.

A. breakable

B. futuristic

C. delicate

D. sparkling

(B)7.We cannot vacillate on the question of the party’s leadership.

A. lead

B. doubt

C. check

D. repeat

(B)8.It is more difficult for a chronic smoker to give up the habit than for a novice. but it can be done

A .affluent B. confirmed C. disciplined D. indecisive

(A)9.They were furious when one of their best managers was poached by another company

A. headhunted

B. punched

C. plundered

D. probed

(C)10.The ink had faded with time and so pans of the letter were unreadable

A. indelible

B. inscrutable

C. illegible

D. illegitimate

(A)1l.She bristled at the suggestion that she had been dishonest

A. bridled

B. bridged

C. breathed

D. boasted

(C)12.Investors should study a prospectus before putting money into a big company

A.. positive outlook

B. banking agreement

C. profit—and—loss statement

D. formal business document

(A)13.The real hero is never ostentatious

A. frivolous

B. pretentious

C. presumptuous

D. ponderous

(B)14 If you have never held a driving license before,you should apply for a provisional license

A. providential

B. temporary

C. provincial D .improvised

(C)15 John Smith is a voracious book collector

A. vicious

B. luxurious

C. insatiable

D. valuable

(A)16.I don’t think we should make precipitate decisions.

A. precipitous

B. precocious

C. precarious

D. precautious

(B)17.You need an excursion to break the monotony.

A. gaunt

B. jaunt

C. vaunt

D. taunt

(C)18.The government appears in a quandary about what to do with so many people

A. border

B. marshy ground

C. dilemma

D. situation

(C)l9.It was an auspicious beginning to her career as an author

A. unexpected

B. interesting

C. favorable

D. doubtful

(B)20.The governor was usually circumspect when dealing with the media.

A. skilled

B. cautious

C. impatient

D. obedient

Part II

Directions:Choose one from the four alternatives that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter

(D)21.The children were having a wonderful time _______on the frozen lake

A. slipping

B. slithering

C. skidding

D. sliding

(C)22.The campers _______their tent in a sheltered valley

A. established

B. installed

C. pitched

D. fixed

(C)23.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning,whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on_____

A. response

B. impulse

C. instinct

D. consciousness

(C)24.The cultural traditions of the invaders slowly ______the practices of the island dwellers

A. spread

B. perpetuated

C. permeated

D. reinforced

(C)25.He had always had a good opinion of himself but after the publication of his best—selling novel he became unbearably______

A. bigoted

B. proud

C. conceited

D. exaggerated

(C)26.This is the _______piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works

A. actual

B. real

C. original

D. genuine

(A)27.Although,______new deposits of oil will be found,sooner or later,the world’s supply will be exhausted

A. in all likelihood

B. in all possibility

C. in all circumstances

D. in all conditions

(D)28.I should like to rent a house,modern,comfortable and ______in a quiet position.

A. before all

B. above all

C. first of all

D. over all

(B)29.He came to inspect the house ________buying it

A. in the event of

B. with a view to

C. in case of

D. with regard to

(C)30.Let’s not——over such a trifle!

A. fall through

B. fall off

C. fall out

D. fall back

(B)31.He is a clever mimic who can take ______most of the lectures in his college

A. over

B. down

C. Off

D. for

(B)32.He tried for forgery in a law court but was lucky enough to______

A. get on

B. get off

C. get through

D. get Out

(A)33.The captain turned _______early that night not realizing that the icebergs were SO close

A. in

B. down

C. into

D. off

(A)34.You promised you would do it Why did you go _______on your word?

A. back

B. away

C. over D by

(D)35.The numerals have become,_______, his friends and he knows all their relations and acquaintances

A. as it is

B. as it was

C. as it were

D. as they are

(C)36.A safety analysis _______the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done

A. would identify.

B. will identify

C. would have identified

D. will have identified

(B)37.Jennifer took this opportunity to repay her friends for their kindness. _______, she would have had to entertain them in her small apartment in Charlotte town

A. Otherwise

B. However

C. But

D. Nevertheless

(A)38.The window is never opened ______in summer

A. but

B. except

C. when

D. while

(B)39.Generally,prompt cooling and proper refrigeration of foods Can hold ______bacteria in foods to a safe level.

A. a number of

B. the number of

C. an amount of

D. a quantity of

(C)40.Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro—American poetry is his insistence that it _______in religious. as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A. is to be analyzed

B. has been analyzed

C. be analyzed

D. should have been analyzed

II. Error spotting(20 points,l×20)

Directions:Decide which underlined part is incorrect and mark the corresponding letter

(C)41.The process depends, however, upon the drawer,cupboard and storage space being

A

provided,for the 1ack of which some things may literally have no place to go.

B C D

(A)42.Immediately after I put my head on it,I got to understand that translation wasn’t as

A B

mechanical a job as I had held it to be.

C D

(D)43.Living in a remote country village,many forms of entertainment are in accessible to

A B C D

us.

(D)44.Thousands of people died even though there was a worldwide effort to send food

A B C

and medicine to the starved people

D

(C)45.The government deems it essential that people are psychologically able to resist the

A B

impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market—oriented

C D

economy

(A)46.At seeing him,I couldn’t resist laughing because his suit hung loosely, as if tailored

A B C

for someone twice his size

D

(D)47.What is often stressed in most of the literature,an objective of Women Lib is to do

A B C

away with unfair discrimination against women

D

(D)48.If ambition is to be well regarded, the reward of ambition—wealth,distinction.

A B

control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on

C

ambition’s behalf

D

(A)49.Mr Smith regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake,for he later discovered it

A B

was his own fault

C D

(B)50.Nowhere but in Europe we have seen the results so clearly,which really have

A B C D surprised us all

(A)51.The parent as teacher-counselor acts in accord with the developmental model of

A

child rearing. by which the child is viewed as an extremely plastic organism with

B C

virtually unlimited potential for growth and development

D

(C)52.For every patient with AIDS,it is estimated that there are 10 times as many as ARC,

A

or AIDS—Related Complex, a precursor to the full blown disease,and 50 times as many

B C

who already have been infected with the agent human immunodeficiency virus. or HIV

D

(B)53.If only the nature of the aging process is better understood, the possibility of

A B

discovering a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very

C D

remote

(D)54.As far as the great demand for means of transport is concerned, we can develop

A B

mass transit to take place of private cars.

C D

(B)https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b12798059.html,puter technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine—

A B

readable files,and program computers to locate specific information

C D

(A)56.Once an occupation came to be received to be “female”,employers showed little

A

interest in changing that perception even when higher profits were expected to be

B C D

gained

(B)57.It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminished as the

A B

demand for them is on the increase

C D

(C)58.The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could on the

A B

face of circumstances which confronted them at the time

C D

(A)59.I am sure one of the main reasons why boys and girls are such good companions

A B

today is that they are no longer afraid of showing their feeling towards each other

C D

(C)60.The data received from the two spacecrafts whirling around Mars indicate that there

A B C

is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet

D

III. Cloze(10 points,l×l0)

Directions:Fill in each underlined space with one word that best suits the context of the following passage

Today it is out of fashion to speak in 61 of characters. But there is no more essential aspect of any person.

Character is made up of those principles and values that give your 62 direction,meaning and depth These constitute your inner sense of 63 is right and wrong based not on laws or rules of conduct 64 on who you are. They include 65 traits as integrity,honesty,courage,fairness and generosity--which arise 66 the hard choice we have to 67 in life So wrong is simply in doing wrong. not in getting, caught

68 some people wonder if our inner values 69 anymore After a11, hasn’t our noted bank executive succeeded in every. visible way,70 his transgressions (错误, 过失) ?

参考答案:

61. terms

62. life

63. what

64. but

65. those

66. from

67. make

68. nevertheless

69. work

70. with

VI Translation from Chinese into English (30 points)

在找工作的过程中,有面试,就有曙光。面试的成功与否.除了面试官如何看你的条件及个人素质外,主要取决于他们如何评价你在面试中总的表现。因此,有必要把它当作一场演出或比赛来看待,其目的是向面试官推销自己,让他们感到你是干这项工作的最佳人选。

大多数人在面试中处于被动地位,竭尽全力回答提出的任何问题。一种更好的方法是控制局面,给面试官提供你想给他们的信息,而不是他们想从你这儿发现的信息:使他们有信心,绝对相信你是能胜任这项工作的人选,让他们几乎没有理由相信你不能胜任。信心不仅仅来自你作出的回答,也产生于你的外表以及你表现出来的热情、精力、自信、个人品质和雄心壮志。

大多数面试者没能得到工作的主要原因就是他们没能使面试官对他们产生信心。他们败下阵来并非是他们不能胜任这项工作,而是他们对自己能胜任工作的自信没能在面试中表现出来。他们的自我推销做得还不够。大多数人之所以这样是因为他们在面试时很紧张,如果每次面试后都没有得到工作,不少人觉得自己是失败者并变得更为焦虑。这是不实际的。大多数面试者都将被拒之门外。不要想自己是否将会得到这份工作。只需专心参加面试,并竭尽所能,工作自然就会有着落了。

参考译文:

During the job-hunting, you do have hope if being offered an interview. Whether you can success or not mainly depends on how the interviewers access your behavior during the interview as well as your own condition and qualification. Thus, it’s very necessary to treat the interview as a performance or a match aiming at distributing yourself and making the interviewers feel you are the best.

Most of the interviewees are in a passive position during the interview, and they try their best to answer any questions. A better method is to control the situation by offering the interviewers the information you want to give them rather than what they want from you: you have to make them feel you are the fittest. Confidence not only comes from your answer, but also from your appearance as well as your passion, energy, self-confidence, characteristics and ambition.

The reason why the majority of the interviewees didn’t get the job is they failed to generate interviewers’ confidence toward them. Their failure doesn’t mean they are not qualified, but they didn’t show their confidence during the interview. Their self-distribution is not good enough. Most of the people are very nervous in the process of interview. And if after each interview, they didn’t get the job, many of them would become more anxious. This is not necessary, as few interviewees will get the job. Just try your best in the interview and ignore whether you could get the job or not, you will success.

V. Translation from English into Chinese. (30 points)

It used to be said that English people take their pleasures sadly. No doubt this would still be time if they had any pleasures to take,but the price of alcohol and tobacco in my. country has provided sufficient external causes for melancholy I have sometimes thought that the habit of taking pleasures sadly has crossed the Atlantic. and I have wondered what it is that makes SO mans English—speaking people somber in their outlook in spite of good health and a good income.

In the course of my travels in America I have been impressed by a kind of fundamental malaise which seems to me extremely common and which poses difficult problems for the social reformer Most social reformers have held the opinion that,if poverty were abolished and there were no more economic insecurity,the millennium would have arrived But when I look at the faces of people in opulent cars,whether in your country or in mine,I do not see that look of radiant happiness which the aforesaid social reformers had led me. to expect In nine cases out of ten,I see instead a look of boredom and discontent and art almost frantic longing for something that might tickle the jaded(腻烦的)palate.

But it is not only the very rich who suffer in this way Professional men very frequently feel hopelessly thwarted There is something that they long to do or some public object that they long to work for But if they were to indulge their wishes in these respects,they fear that they would lose their livelihood Their wives are equally unsatisfied, for their neighbor, Mrs. So-and-So,has gone ahead more quickly, has a better car, a larger apartment and grander friends.

Life for almost everybody is a long competitive struggle where very. few can Win the race. and those who do not win are unhappy、On social occasions when it is de rigueur (按照礼节时尚所要求的)to seem cheerful,the necessary demeanor is stimulated by alcohol But the gaiety does not ring true and anybody who had just one drink too many is apt to lapse in to lachrymose (泪流满面的) melancholy.

One finds this sort of thing only among English speaking people. A Frenchman while he is abusing Government is as gay as a lark. So is an Italian while he is telling how his neighbor has swindled him Mexicans, when they are not actually starving or actually being murdered,sing and dance and enjoy sunshine and food and drink with a gusto which is very rare north of the Mexican frontier When Andrew Jackson conquered Pensacola from the Spaniards,his wife looked out of the window and saw the population enjoying itself although it was Sunday She pointed out the scandal to her husband,who decreed that cheerfulness must cease forthwith,And it did.

When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other. The one that goes least deep is the necessary for subservience(服从)in some large organization If you are an energetic man with strong views as to the right way of doing the job with which you are concerned,you find yourself invariably under the orders of some man at the top who is elderly、weary and cynical Whenever you have bright idea the boss puts a stopper on it The more energetic you are and the more vision you have the more you will suffer from the impossibility of doing any of the things that you feel ought to be done When you go home and moan to your wife, she tells you that you are a silly fellow and that if you became the proper sort of yes—man your income would soon be doubled If you try divorce and remarriage it is very unlikely that there will be any change in this respect And so you are condemned to gastric ulcers(胃溃疡)and premature old age.

参考译文:

人们常说英语国家的人非常悲观地对待快乐。这无疑是有道理的,如果他们还能享受欢愉的话。在我的国家,价格便宜的烟酒是引发抑郁症的罪魁。有时我在想,悲观地对待欢乐这种情况已经跨越了大西洋,到底是什么使如此多的身体健康收入丰厚的英语国家人士对未来没有信心呢。

我在美国游历时,感受到一种普遍的不安情绪,这种情绪也給社会改革者们带来了不少麻烦。许多改革者们认为如果消除了贫穷,对经济的不安感消失,这就是太平盛世。但不管是在哪个国家,我在那些经济无虞的人们脸上看不到改革者们所希望出现的那种欢乐。相反,绝大多数人们所表现出的是一种厌倦,不满和对有趣事物的强烈渴望。

并非只有富人们才有这种感觉。上班族们也经常感到一种无望的挫败感。他们十分渴望去做有些东西或是参与一些公益事业。但一旦他们全心投入的话,又担心丢掉饭碗。他们的妻子也同样的不满,因为某某邻居有了新车,大房子和厉害的朋友。

生活对每个人来说都是漫长的痛苦挣扎,只有极少数人在这场长跑中胜出,那些没有获胜者则非常不爽。在社交场合当我们按礼节应该显得高兴时,只有在酒精的刺激下我们才做得出来。但这种高兴并不真实,谁要是喝多了很容易失态,泪流满面。

有人发现以上的种种情况只限于英语国家的人士。一个法国人在破口大骂政府时是极其兴奋,雀跃的。一个意大利人在讲述自己的邻居如何欺骗自己时也是一样的眉飞色舞。至于墨西哥人,只要他们没有挨饿或是被杀,总是载歌载舞,开怀畅饮。当安德鲁杰克逊从西班牙人手中征服了本萨可拉,他的妻子发现尽管是在星期天,人们依然自得其乐,于是,她将之告诉了丈夫安德鲁,他下令停止欢庆,于是庆祝停止了。

在我看来,有两个原因令美国人不能像人们期望的那样高兴:其一便是在组织内部,你必须服从。如果你精力充沛非常有主见去做自己关心的工作,你会发现自己处在某些身居高位,年迈保守的人的命令之下。不论何时你有了好点子,老板总会叫停。你越有能力越有远见,越无法去做你认为应该做的事。当你回到家向老婆抱怨,她会说你是个笨蛋,如果你听老板的吩咐,很快就能收入丰厚。如果你想离婚然后再结婚,情况也不可能有所改变。因此你会得胃溃疡和早衰。

VI. Writing (20 points)

Directions:Write an expository composition of no less than 200 words on the topic “My View on a Balanced Personal Development”

参考范文:

My view on a balanced personal development

Different people have different ideas on how a balanced personal development should be. Personally, I think a man should have broad knowledge as well as be versatile, especially in such an era of fierce competition.

Actually, the idea of balanced personal development can be dated back to the time of Lao Tze who perceived the world in a balanced way revealing the inherent balance of any system and the interdependence and interplay of each part.

In modern society, people put more emphasis on balanced development. For example, in a big company, the employees are required to get their job done as well as get along well with colleagues. If a person is academically professional but knows little about how to deal with people, he would absolutely be edged out.

On the contrary, a balanced person can do much better. For instance, Einstein on one hand is

an expert on physics; on the other hand, he is a good violin player. From our point of view, he is quite versatile. Because he is so well balanced that he can appease the pressure from work and achieve great success.

So it is very important to get a balanced personal development. With the help of it, we would be qualified to take part in any sort of competition and always be in a positive position.

北航机械学院保研政策

机械学院关于推荐免试攻读研究生工作的实施办法 推荐优秀应届本科毕业生免试攻读硕士、博士学位研究生工作,是我国选拔优秀人才的一项重要措施。为保证我院推免生工作的顺利进行,确保研究生招生质量,依照《北京航空航天大学推荐免试攻读研究生管理办法》的文件精神,结合我院实际,制定此办法。 一、推荐资格要求如下: 符合以下必要条件: (1)当年应届毕业生;德、智、体等方面全面发展。 (2)身体健康(符合研究生入学体检标准)。 (3)实践能力较强,实验课、实习、课程设计及毕业设计平均成绩良好以上。 在此基础上需符合以下条件之一: (1)连续两年(即连续在第二、第三轮选拔中)获得优秀生资格者。 (2)学习成绩优秀,三个学年度必修课平均成绩在本专业排名前30%,必修课没有补考记录,要求核心课程平均成绩排名在前20%;或必修课有一门补考记录者,要求核心课程平均成绩排名在前10%;对政治思想过硬,综合表现突出者,核心课程平均成绩排名在此基础上放宽10%;直博生在本专业必修课排名前10%。(3)有下列情况之一者,核心课程的平均成绩必须在本专业排名30%以内。 a.参加市级(含)以上学科竞赛和科技竞赛获得市级一等奖或全国竞赛获得二等奖(含)以上、国际竞赛获得三等奖(含)以上的第一获奖者; b.优秀半脱产学生工作干部。 (4)冯如杯一等奖的第一作者,核心课程的平均成绩必须在本专业排名50%以内。 二、学院具体操作说明: 学院参照上述学校的基本要求下,具体进行如下操作: “必修课平均分+综合素质加分”的排名作为资格(综合素质加分另见说明),在此基础上进行核心课排名作为保研排名;涉及直博生、校内学术硕士、校内专业硕士、校外外推的确定,学院以学生的核心课排名与学生志愿相结合的原则进行;针对冯如杯一等奖和优秀半脱产学生工作干部的保研,学院严格按照学校规定执行。

32-北航机械设计答案—螺纹连接(2)

第32章螺纹连接的设计32-1试找出图32-27中所示螺纹连接结构中的错误,并改正。 (a) (b)

(c) (d) 图32-27 32-13有一刚性凸缘联轴器,用材料为Q235的普通螺栓连接以传递转矩T,现欲提高其传递的转矩,但限于结构不能增加螺栓的直径和数目,试提出三种能提高联轴器传递转矩的方法。 答:①可以适当增加结合面的数量;

②可以适当增加预紧力; ③可以适当增加接合面的粗糙度,以提高摩擦因数。 (如果第1种,不能实现,可以增加结合面数量) 32-26图32-43为由两块边板和一块承重板焊成的龙门起重机导轨托架,两块边板各用4个螺栓与工字钢相连接,托架所受载荷随吊重量不同而变化,其最大载荷为20kN。试确定应采用哪种连接类型,并计算出螺栓直径。 图32-43 解:根据托架的结构,可以采用普通螺栓连接或铰制孔螺栓连接。 (1)采用普通螺栓连接 螺栓组受横向载荷:kN F R 20 = 旋转力矩:m N m N L F T R ? = ? ? = ? =6000 300 20 ①在横向载荷 R F作用下,各螺栓所受预紧力,由公式(32-23),取12 .0 ,2.1= = f f kμ,8 ,1= =z m可得 kN kN mz F k F s R f25 8 1 12 .0 20 2.1 1 '= ? ? ? = = μ

② 在旋转力矩作用T 下,各螺栓所受预紧力,由公式(32-27)可得 kN kN r T k F z i i s f 71.702 75812.060002.11 2'=???= = ∑=μ 其中mm mm r r r 2751501502 1 22821=+= === (此题应该采用你第一次的方法,只是21F F F '+'='),因为预紧力的方向为轴向方向,直接相加 从图32-43(b )可知,各螺栓所受合预紧力为 kN kN kN F F F F F 14.90135cos 71.7025271.7025135cos 222'2'12 '22'1'=???-+=-+= 选取螺栓强度等级为10.9级,可得MPa s 900=σ,取螺栓连接的安全系数5.1][=S ,则螺栓材料的许用应力MPa MPa S s 6005.1/900]/[][===σσ,则所需的螺栓危险剖面的直径为 mm mm F d 78.15600 14.31014.903.14][3.143 '=????=?=σπ 按GB169-81,选用M16的螺栓。 (请用下面的方法计算一下,看看结果)结果差距很大 先把横向力合成,得到最大的横向力,然后用(32-23),计算预紧力。 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 在横向载荷20kN 的作用下,各螺栓所受的横向力为 kN kN z F F R R 5.28 20'=== 在旋转力矩T 的作用下,各螺栓所受横向力为 kN kN r T k F F z i i f s R 49.82 75860002.11 '2' =??= = =∑=μ

北航轴的结构设计改错——机械设计基础

机械设计基础 ——轴的结构设计改错一、指出图中结构不合理之处,并改正。 1、 答案: 1)左端轴承处的弹性挡圈去掉。 2)右端轴承处轴肩过高,应改为低于轴承内圈。 3)齿轮右端用轴套固定,与齿轮配合的轴头长度应小短于齿轮轮毂宽度。 4)左端轴承处应有越程槽。 5)联轴器没固定,左端应改为轴肩固定。 6)右端轴承改为轴套定位。 7)与齿轮配合处的键槽过长,应短于其轮毂宽度。 8)齿轮应改为腹板式结构。 9) 将联轴器的周向固定,改为键联接。 2、

主要结构错误: 1)与齿轮处键槽的位置不在同一母线上;2)端盖孔与轴径间无间隙; 3)左轴承端盖与箱体间无调整密封垫片;4)轴套超过轴承内圈定位高度; 5)三面接触,齿轮左侧轴向定位不可靠;6)键顶部与齿轮接触; 7)无挡油盘; 8)两轴承端盖的端面处应减少加工面。3、

1)轴承内外圈剖面线方向不一致,应改为方向一致; 2)左端轴承用轴肩定位,且轴肩不高于轴承内圈; 3)齿轮没有轴向固定,改为左端用轴环,右端用轴套固定;4)与左端轴承配合的轴段上应有砂轮越程槽; 5)联轴器没有轴向定位,应必为用轴肩定位; 6)右端轴承改为加大定位和固定,且低于轴承内圈; 7)与齿轮配合的轴段应有键槽; 8)齿轮改为腹板式结构性 9)轴的右端键槽过长,改为短于联轴器的孔的长度。 4、 答案: 1)左边轴肩高于轴承内圈; 2)与齿轮配轴段太长,齿轮轴向未定位; 3)齿轮与轴承间缺套筒; 4)右边轴肩过高超过轴承内圈; 5)右端盖与轴接触; 6)右端盖处缺少密封圈; 7)皮带轮周向定位缺键槽;; 8)皮带轮孔未通。

答案: 此轴系有以下6个方面13处错误: 1)轴承类型配用不合适: 左轴承为角接触轴承,角接触轴承不能单个使用; 2)转动件与静止件直接接触: 轴身与右端盖之间无间隙; 3)轴上零件未定位、未固定: 套筒未可靠的固定住齿轮; 联轴器轴向未固定; 联轴器周向未固定; 4)工艺不合理: 轴外伸端无轴肩,轴承不易装; 装轴承盖箱体的加工面与非加工面没有分开; 轴承与轴承座之间无调整垫片,轴承的轴向间隙无法调整; 轴上的键槽过长; 左轴承处轴肩过高,轴承无法拆卸; 5)润滑与密封问题: 轴承脂润滑而无挡油环; 端盖上无密封件; 6)制图投影错误 箱体孔投影线未画

北航材料考研经验贴

亲爱的学弟学妹,你们好。我叫**,是你们的大四学长。我今年考取的是北航材料院高分子复合材料系的专业型硕士研究生,初试总分378,政治73 英语68 数学115 专业课122。 作为你们的学长,去年这个时候,也是对未来充满着疑惑和幻想。考研这一路走来,我明白了许多道理,自己也变的更加成熟。今天在这里分享下自己一路考研的心路历程,希望能帮到大家。 希望看到这个贴子的同学都已经下定决心要考研了,我个人不建议做两手准备。我去年这个时候,只是在纠结要考哪所学校,本来是在西工大和南航之间纠结的,个人从来没想过会去报考北航,但是看了**学长的经验贴之后,和学长面谈了好久,学长给我了很多鼓励,从而坚定了我考北航的决心,所以说自信心非常重要。 顺便说一下北航材料的大概情况:北航材料学院有三个方向,金属、高分子复合材料、陶瓷。其中以金属专业最为庞大,每年招收的研究生人数也是最多的,客观的说,考上的可能性也相对大一些。高分子专业小而精,招的人数少而且最近几年异常火爆,往年学术硕士最终实际录取分数都在380+,所以我为了求稳,最终报考了专硕。今年高分子学硕进复试的只有10个人,而专硕有20个人,可能是往年学硕竞争太激烈,大家都没敢报了,明年什么情况就不知道了。陶瓷方向貌似不是他们的强势专业,也是往年报考人数最少的,当然录取分数也是最低。关于学

硕和专硕的区别,大家可以百度一下,北航材料院学硕和专硕是独立招生的,二者不能相互调剂,培养机制都一样,学硕毕业要求发一篇SCI,专硕要求发一篇EI。今年北航材料专硕线325学硕线340。 现在就以时间轴谈一下我的考研全程计划: 4月份:这段时间应该就属于考研前的准备工作了,这段时间就要搜集各种报考学校报考专业的信息,考试科目是什么,用哪本参考书等等,可以多看看网上的经验贴,了解一下大概的考研流程框架。信息越是灵敏,以后复习才能从容不迫。我强烈推荐一个QQ群叫材料人17年考研群,或者搜一下材料人考研、材料人的微信公众号,可以获取超级多的考研信息。后期的各种电子版资料群里都有的,超级全,不能再赞了。 5、6月份:这段时间属于考研的预热阶段吧。买本考研词汇,每天记记单词,在暑假之前把高数课本复习一遍,课后习题一定要认真做的,尤其是微积分的计算题。希望大家前期能抽空多复习一点,因为六月底有各种期末考试,复习也会受到影响。 暑假7、8月份:我认为暑假是考研复习的黄金时期,也是巩固基础的关键阶段(暑假没回家)。英语:我是每天坚持记单词和做两篇阅读,用的书是《考研阅读理解150篇》,其实只有100篇,暑假足可以做完。数学:7月份我用20天把考研数学(二)复习全书高数部分看完并做了同步习题册,10天看线代课本和全书的线代部分。当然如果看不完可以占用八月份一些时间。8

2019北京航空航天大学机械专业课考研经验分享

?专业课 专业课楼主第一年第二年都是暑假开始复习,先看课本,做笔记,然后刷分知识点刷题,再往后就成套刷真题,这种状态一直到考试结束吧 北航机械工程专业综合,971,三门课,两门必考一门选考,理论力学(动力学),机械原理,机械设计和自动控制原理二选一,楼主两年都选考机械设计,毕竟本科自控学的不是很好,大家还是尽量选自己比较拿手的一门吧。 教材,理论力学用哈工大第七版,上下两册配套答案解析,还有动力学(一本绿色的书忘了是哪个出版社的了),机械原理和机械设计都是选用的北航的教材,配套机械原理的课后习题解析,以前的真题多出自这些书的课后题,最近两年考试越来越灵活,难度估计以后会越来越大,这也是从去年开始北航专业课分数普遍不高的原因,有兴趣的可以去查一下,120以上都难得。 理论力学,一定!要把哈工大的那本教材研究透彻!上面的课后习题,配合答案解析,一定认真做!很多考试的力学模型,上面都有,考试四道选择题,判断题五道?大题一道,基本固定就是拉格朗日方程的应用,大题近几年很稳定,没什么太大变化,选择题和判断题越来越灵活,以前还能在哈工大教材上找到原题,这两年就。所以要把那本书研究透彻呀一定!原理定理搞清楚,以不变应万变。 机械原理,多动手画图!画图在考场上是最花时间的,五道大题,第一道自由度的

计算,第二道连杆机构,第三道凸轮,反转法的考察,第四道,齿轮,渐开线,或者计算,最后一道一般是飞轮,转动惯量计算,题型变化不大,有针对的去刷题,有时间可以买本机械原理习题集,多做做总没坏处。 机械设计,这门课东西比较多,比较乱,考试的时候十道选择题,三道大题,一般斜齿轮和蜗轮蜗杆转向判断是必考的,螺栓组的强度计算,轴承寿命校核,还有轴系改错,基本就这些大题吧,依然是,针对性的练习。选择题部分嘛,平时注意记忆。 专业课复习的时候,参考考试大纲,可以拿去年的做参考,一般变化不大的,必须要说的是,专业课的考察前年和去年越来越灵活,在教材和历年真题上以及越来越难找到原题了,今年,大胆预测一下?所以我们能做的就是夯实基础,打铁还需自身硬嘛毕竟。 ?回顾两年的考研经历,给大家一些小小的建议 首先要对自己的复习有一个明确的计划,明确时间节点,该完成的一定要完成,完成不了反思一下为什么没有完成,是因为懒惰还是有别的因素,计划+执行力,缺一不可,尤其是执行力,大家都有很好的计划,但是真正做到的有几个呢,拉开差距的正是执行力,也就是,坚持。 其次就是平时要注意学习方法和效率,不要只埋头做题,不同科目学习方法不同,因人而异,自己多学习,多反思,反思自己的学习状态,复习进度,千万别被自己的努

北航机械设计基础期中考试题

课堂测试与练习 一、概念题 1、机械是由哪几种组成的,各起什么作用? 2、什么叫零件?什么叫构件? 3、简述运动副的作用及其种类;每种运动副所具有的约束是 什么? 4、什么是机构及其平面机构?平面机构具有确定运动的条件 是什么? 5、四杆机构存在曲柄的条件是什么? 6、简述三心定理,并证明。 7、试分析滚子半径的大小对凸轮实际轮廓线的影响; 8、渐开线有哪些重要性质?在研究渐开线齿轮啮合的哪些原 理时曾经用到这些性质? 9、简述齿轮啮合基本定律,并证明。 10、试比较斜齿轮与直齿轮有什么不同? 11、试推导直齿圆锥齿轮的当量齿轮; 12、什么是周转轮系?它的组成是什么? 13、试证明棘轮机构的工作条件是φ>ρ; 二、计算自由度 1、计算压力机工作机构的自由度;

2、计算加药机构自由度,给出确定运动条件; 3、计算教学参考书P19 (题1-10 )冲压机构的自由度,并 指出机构中复合铰链、局部自由度、虚约束; 三、已知一翻料机构,连杆长BC=400mm,连杆两个位置如图 所示(自己画),要求机架AD与B1C1平行,且在其下相距35mm,试设计四杆机构。 四、用反转法原理,确定图中凸轮从图示A点位置转过 60后

的压力角,并标在图上。(见教学参考书P52,题3-1图) 五、 设计尖顶对心移动从动件凸轮机构 已知:mm 35min =γ,mm h 20=,从动件的运动规律如下:当凸轮以等角速度1ω顺时针旋转ο90时,从动件以等加速度等减速运动;当凸轮自ο90转到ο180时,从动件停止运动;当凸轮自ο180转到ο270时,从动件以等速回原处;当凸轮自ο270转到ο360时,从动件又停止不动。 六、 设计一曲柄摇杆机构 已知摇杆mm CD 290=,摇杆两极限位置的夹角ο32=ψ,行程速度变化系数25.1=K 。若曲柄mm AB 75=,求连杆BC 和机架长度AD 。 七、 已知:一对外啮合标准直齿圆柱齿轮的参数为 25.0,1,20,2,120,2421======**c h mm m Z Z a οα,试求其传动比12i 、 两轮的分度圆直径、齿顶圆直径、全齿高、标准中心距及分度圆齿厚和齿槽宽。 八、 图示的吊车起升传动机构,已知: 110,67,19321===Z Z Z ,87,36,15654===Z Z Z 。电动机1m 和2m 的角速度s rad /6.6121==ωω。试计算两台电动机同时工作以及一台停止工作时,与系杆H 相固联的卷筒7的角速度?7==H ωω

北航机械考研971972动力学课后答案概6.

机械振动基础 当描述系统的一组参数在某一固定值附近往复变化时,称之为振动。振动是社会生活和工程问题中普遍存在的一种现象,力学和机械系统中的振动称为机械振动。 在研究一个具体的力学或机械系统的振动时,常常将系统抽象为较简单的力学模型,利用力学理论建立系统的运动方程,然后利用数学工具求解,分析结果并与实验结果进行比较。 机械振动理论作为动力学的一个专题,现已发展成为一个独立的分支学科。在理论力学中仅仅限于介绍一些振动理论中常用的方法及对一些振动现象作简单讨论。 一、线性振动系统的弹簧-质量模型 在力学系统中,产生振动的基本要素是有质量的物体和产生弹性恢复力的元件。所以在机械振动研究中,都是将系统抽象成弹簧-质量模型。 二、 弹簧-质量系统的自由振动 系统受初始扰动,仅在恢复力作用下产生的振动称为自由振动。如果将坐标原点取在系统的静平衡位置,单自由度系统的振动微分方程都可以写成如下标准形式: 02=+x x ω (13-1) 对于弹簧-质量系统,m k = 2ω,其中m 是物块的质量,k 是弹簧的刚度系数,ω称为系统的固有频率,写出系统的标准振动(微分)方程(13-1),就可以求解 出系统的固有频率。 由常微分方程理论,上述方程有如下形式的解: 12sin cos sin()o x c t c t A t ωωω?=+=+ (13-2) 其中12,,,o c c A ?是积分常数,由运动的初始条件(也称初始扰动)确定。显然,系统 的运动是以静平衡位置为中心的简谐运动。 值得一提的是,如果坐标原点不是取在系统的静平衡位置,则系统的运动微分方程会略为复杂一点,但最终得出的解仍然表示系统以静平衡位置为中心作简谐振动。所以系统的运动规律与坐标系的选取无关。不过,在机械振动理论中,不论是单自由度,还是多自由度或连续体,一般都是取系统的静平衡位置为坐标原点,这样选取可使得方程和解的表达式较简洁。 三、振动系统的特征量 周期:系统振动一次所需的时间,记为T ,其单位是秒(s)。 频率:每秒内振动的次数,记为f , 1f T =,其单位是赫兹(Hz),1Hz 表示

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一.填空 ………………………………………………… (共25分,每空0.5分) 1.轴上零件的固定主要是将轴与轴上零件在,和方向上以适当的方式固定。 2.按轴负担的载荷分类,自行车的中轴属于轴;前轴属于轴;后轴 属于轴。 3.带传动的主要失效形式为和,其传动比不稳定主要 是由引起的。 4.闭式软齿面齿轮设计时,考虑到其主要失效形式为 所以一般按 照 强度进行设计,按照 强度进行校核。 5.当滚动轴承在基本额定动载荷作用下运行时,其所能达到的基本额定寿命为 , 此时滚动轴承的工作可靠度R为。 6.齿轮强度计算中的齿形系数主要取决于 和 。 7.设计中提高轴的强度可以采用、等方法,提高 轴的刚度可以采用等方法。 8.斜齿轮传动与直齿轮相比较,其优点为 、 和 ,开式齿轮传动与闭式齿轮传动比较,其不足之处有 。9.形成流体动力润滑的条件是,, 及。10.三角形螺纹的牙型角α= ,适用于 是因为其 ;矩形 螺纹的牙型角α= ,适用于 是因为其 。 11.螺纹防松是要防止 之间的相对运动;常用方法有如,如,如。 12.斜齿轮传动的标准模数是,圆锥齿轮传动的标准模数是, 加工标准直齿轮不发生根切的最小齿数是。 13.代号为71208的滚动轴承,该轴承的类型为,轴承的宽度系列 为,内径尺寸为 mm,精度等级为级。 14.普通平键连接的工作面为,用于轴与轴上零件的固定,传 递。

北航机械工程及其自动化学院考研复试分数线复试名单

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一、计算图示运动链的自由度。若有复合铰链、局部自由度或虚约束,必须指出。(已知ABCD 和CDEF 是平行四边形。) 共14分 F 处为复合铰链 (2分) I (或J )为虚约束 (1分) CD (或AB )为虚约束 (2分) 滚子K 处为局部自由度 (1分) (5分) (3分)

二、在下图所示的机构中,已知原动件1以等角速度ω1沿逆时针方向转动,试确定: (1)机构的全部瞬心; (2)构件3的速度v 3(写出表达式)。 共14分 (1)该机构有4个构件,所以共有6个瞬心。通过直接判断,可以得到瞬心P 14、P 24 和P 34的位置,如习题2-21解图所示。 (3分) 依据三心定理,瞬心P 12应位于P 14和P 24的连线上;另外,构件1和2组成高副,所以瞬心P 12还应位于构件1和2廓线在接触点处的公法线nn 上,这样就得到了瞬心P 12的位置,如下图所示。 同理可得到瞬心P 23。再应用三心定理,就可以求得瞬心P 13。 (6分) (2)因为构件1的运动为已知,而要求的是构件3的速度,所以应用瞬心P 13来求得构件3的速度为 l P P P v v μω?==14131313,方向向上。 (5分)

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