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八年级下英语复习资料

八年级下英语复习资料
八年级下英语复习资料

八年级下英语复习资料

◆unit 1 Will people have robots?

目标语言:Make predictions

重点句型:People won’t use money. Everything will be free.

Books will only be on computers, not on paper.

Kids won’t go to school. They’ll study at home on computer.

There will only be one country.

People will live to be 200 years old.

Will people use money in 100 years? No, they won’t.

There will be more people.

There will be less free time.

There will be fewer cars.

There will be less pollution.

There will be fewer trees.

I agree.

What do you think Sally will be in five years?

I think she will be a doctor.

Where do you live? I live in an apartment.

知识点:

1.形容词,副词的比较等级考查热点透视:

a)表示A与B在程度上相同时,“as+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构。表示

A不如B时,可用“not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构。

b)表示A比B在程度上“更…..”时,可用“形容词或副词的比较级+than”结

c)表示三者或三者以上的比较,其中一个在程度上“最…..”时,常用“the+形

容词或副词的最高级”结构,后面可带“of/in的短语”来说明比较的范围。

(注意:副词的最高级在句中常省略“the”.)

d)在形容词或副词的比较级前,可以用“a little, even, far, much,still”的等词语来

修饰,以加强语气。

e)表示“越来越….”时,常用“形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比

较级”结构,但要注意,对于多音节和部分双音节形容词,副词而言,若要

表达此意时,要用“more and more+形容词或副词的原级“结构。

f)在表示“其中最….之一“的含义时,常使用“one of+the+形容词最高级形

式+名词复数”结构,其中的定冠词the不可以省略。

g)如果强调“两者中比较…的(一个)”的意思时,可使用“the+形容词比较级

+其它”结构。

h)表示“越….越….”, 可使用“the+形容词或副词的比较级,the+形容词或副词

的比较级”结构。

2.几个相似的“It句型”

a)It’s +adj.+ that从句:在该句型中,it代替that从句,形容词用来说明that从

句内容的性质。如,It’s polite that you always give seats to the elderly on the bus.

b)It’s +adj.+to do sth.在该句型中,it代替to do sth的内容,形容词用来说明to do

sth的性质。如,It’s useful to remember lots of words before the exams.

c)It’s +adj.+for sb. to do sth.在该句型中,it代替to do sth的内容,形容词用来强

调to do sth就sb而言的性质(常见的形容词有possible, important, necessary,

difficult)

d)It’s +adj.+of sb. to do sth.在该句型中,it代替to do sth.的内容,形容词用来强

调of后所接宾语本身的性质(常见的形容词有kind, rude, clever, foolish,

polite).

3.一般将来时

a)一般将来时的构成:由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成,shall用于第一人称。

在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简略为’ll,will not常简略为won’t。这个时态的肯定,否定和疑问结构可表示如下:

肯定句否定句疑问句

I (We)shall(will) go.

You(He, She, They) will go. I(We)shall(will) not go.

You(He, She, They)will not

go.

Shall I(we) go?

Will you (he, she, they) go?

用”be going to +动词原形”也可表示将来时,表示将要发生的事,打算或决定要做的事。

I think it is going to snow.我看要下雪。

b)一般将来时的用法:1)表示将要发生的动作或情况;2)不以人的意志为转移,肯定要发生的事情。The day after tomorrow will be National Day.后天是国庆日。

4. in/after:in是指以现在时间为起点的“在一段时间以后”。也可以表示“在将来多少时间之内”,句子中的谓语动词要用一般将来时态;after常指以过去时间为起点的“一段时间之后”,所以它与过去时态连用。当after指某个特定的未来时刻或日期之后,或指以将来某一时间为起点的若干时间之后时,它可以与将来时态连用。

5.more, less, fewer的用法区别:more为many, much的比较级,意为“更多”,可修饰可数与不可数名词。Less是little的比较级,意为“更好,较少”,修饰不可数名词。Fewer 是few的比较级,意为“更少”,修饰可数名词复数。

【注意】few, little表示否定“几乎没有”。a few, a little表示肯定“一点,几个”。如,Because he often stays at home, he has few friends.

6.there be与have的区别:1)含义不同。there be表示的是“某地(时)有某人(物)”,强调“存在关系”。Have则表示“某人(物)所有”,强调“所属关系”。如,

There is a bus in your factory.(公共汽车不一定属于我们厂所有)

Our factory has a bus.(公共汽车属于我们厂所有)

2)句型不同。there be句型为“There be +某人(物)+某时(地)”;have 句型为“某人(物)+have(has)+某物(人)。如There isn’t a cat under the chair. She doesn’t have two brothers.

3)当表示某物的构成和组成部分时,用there be和have 均可。如,Our school has sixty classes.= There are sixty classes in our school.我们学校有60个班。

【注意】there be句型中有两个或多个并列主语时,须根据就近原则,be与最靠近的主语在数上保持一致。如,There are two eggs and a cup of milk on the table.

There be句型的将来时表达方式:肯定:There will be…否定:There won’t be…一般疑问句:Will there be….? Yes, there will. No, there won’t.

7. be worth doing值得;be worthy of doing, be worthy to do值得

8.Seem的用法:1)seem to do似乎…He seems to think so.2)It seems that看来…It seems that he is lying. 3) seem +adj./n.好象是… He seems ill.

9.would like sth意思为“想要某物“;would like to do意思为”想要做某事“。回答would like句型的一般疑问句时,其肯定回答为“Yes, please.”;否定回答“No, thanks”或“I’d like /love to, but….”

10.make sb. do; make +n+adj.; make friends with sb.; make +n./ pron.+n.

11. Such作形容词,意思是“如此的”“这样的”,修饰各种名词。

Such这样的。如It is such bad weather.天气如此恶劣。

Such常和as搭配,表示一种类别。如We enjoy such a voice as hers.我们喜欢象她那样的嗓子。

Such常和表示结果的that从句搭配,表示“如此….以至于…”如

It was such a hot day that we all had to stay at home.

Such…that…和so…that…都可用来引出一个结果状语从句。由于such是形容词,所以that从句前有一个受such修饰的名词;而so 是副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,因此that从句前一般不出现名词。如

They are such kind-hearted teachers that people in the village all respect them.

The exam was so difficult that many students failed to pass it.

a)如果名词是可数名词的单数形式,such和so的位置不同:

such+a/an+形容词+单数名词

so+形容词+a/an+单数名词

b)如果名词是不可数名词或名词复数,只可用such,不能用so.:

such+形容词+不可数名词或复数名词

c)如果被修饰的不可数名词被much, little, 或复数名词被many, few等表示量的形容

词修饰时,用so,不用such.

d)当little表示“年纪小的”时,可用such+little+名词

There were such little children that they couldn’t clean the room.

12. people, person, folks, human: people“人们“全体;person “人”(不分年龄,性别它包括men, women, children.它可做people的单数形式可以说every person但不能说one people. Person指“人们”时着重个体;folks“人们”,指一般人或特殊年龄位置,境遇等特殊级的人;human主要用来区别于其他动物。

13.be able to 为“能,会”,表示能力,在这个意义上与can的意思相同,一般情况下两者可以互换,但can只有现在式和过去式(could)而be able to则用于更多的时态,主要体现在be的变化。两者在用法上有一些差异:can (could)表示主观能力不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to而be able to表示主观意愿强调克服困难做某事。14.Fee-fed-fed. Feed sth to sb把…食物给…;feed sb on sth

15可数名词复数的构成有如下规则:

①一般加-s,如:desk→desks

②s, x, ch, sh结尾加-es,如:bus→buses, watch→watches

③以f, fe结尾,改f, fe为v,再加-es,如:leaf→leaves

④以“辅音字母+y”结尾,改y为i,再加-es,如city→cities

⑤以“辅音字母+o”结尾,加-es,如:tomato →tomatoes

⑥一般复合名词,只将主体名词变复数,如:boy student→boy students

⑦以man, woman开头和结尾的复合名词,规则不同:

Frenchman→Frenchmen, woman teacher→women teachers

⑧不规则变化:foot→feet, child→children

单、复数同形的情况:sheep→sheep, Chinese→Chinese(中国人)

只有复数形式的情况:people, clothes, trousers

需要背诵的是:第6页的3a

◆unit 2 What should I do?

目标语言:talk about problems and give advice

重点句型:P10-1a;P11-2a and 2b; P12-3a ,3b and 4;P13-1a and2a

需要背诵的是第12页的3a和第14页的3a

知识点:1.argue with sb about sth.与某人辩论某事

2..loud是形容词,loud-louder-loudest意思是“响亮的”;作副词时,常与talk, sing, laugh 等词连用,如speak loud; loudly “大声地”带有喧闹的意味,常用来修饰shout, cry, call, knock 等动词,通常没有比较级和最高级,作状语;aloud 副词,出声地,大声地,仅指发出声音(以使能被听得见)。

3.Enough为形容词,意思是“足够的”;enough +n.修饰名词enough money; adj/adv+enough修饰形容词或副词;enough to do 足够做某事

4.call sb up给某人打电话= give sb a call ; call sb ; ring sb up; phone sb;

write sb a letter= write a letter to sb. 给某人写信;write to sb写给某人;get/receive a letter from sb.收到某人的来信

5.give sb sth=give sth to sb把某物给某人。当sb. sth都为代词时只能用give sth to sb 6.present, gift礼物:gift带有一定的感情色彩,通常指昂贵的“礼物”,强调送礼人的诚意,有时有“捐赠”之意,多用于正式场合;present指为表达情谊,敬意或出于礼节,在某特定时刻或场合赠送的“礼物”,此礼物价值不一定高。make sb a present of 把…作为礼物送给

7.borrow, lend: borrow“借入,借给”即说话人向他人借东西borrow sth from sb.; lend-lent-lent“借出,借给”即说话人把自己的东西借给他人lend sb sth= lend sth to sb

8. join sb in sth; join sb in doing sth与…一起(做某事);join…to …把…和…连接起来

9 except,besides除…之外: except除了…都,besides强调“除了…之外还有…”在no one, nobody, nothing等词后加介词but也表示“除了”。

10.find out, find, look for: find out“找出,发现,查明”多指通过调查,询问,打听,研究之后搞清楚,弄明白或指找出较难找到的,无形的抽象的东西;find“找到,发现”通常指找到或发现有形的东西也可指偶然发现某物的某种情况,强调找的结果;look for “寻找”强调动作。

11.talk about谈到,谈论;talk of谈到,说到;have a talk with与..谈谈,做报告;talk to sb对…谈话;talk with sb与…交谈;talk to sb和talk with sb 均表示“和某人谈话”,

“讲话”。talk to sb比较常用,侧重一方谈,一方听;talk with sb侧重双方交谈;talk about sb则表示“谈论某人”

12.miss 和lose:miss意思为“发现丢失”“觉得不在”;lose意思为“丢失”“失去”。在本质上,miss是一种主观感觉,而lose是一种客观结果。

13.be used to doing习惯于做某事;used to do过去常常,暗含与现在明显的不同,只用于过去时;be used to do是use的被动语态,意思是….被用来做某事。

14.own 与have: own强调的是拥有,占有某物为自己的财产,但所占有的东西目前不一定是由人使用,强调所有权;have为普通动词,表示的所有关系。own +n. egWho owns the dog? ;own +宾语+宾补eg. He owns himself wrong.;own+从句eg. He owns that he is wrong. ;of one’s own完全属于某人自己的;on one’s own独立地,自愿地;with one’s own ears亲耳

15. attend, join, take part in: attend“出席,参加,上学”attend school 上学,attend meeting 出席会议;take part in 参加,是指参与某项活动take an active part in积极参加;join 参加,当join用于加入某个团体或组织,成为其中的一员,后面直接跟名词,当join表示参加某项活动时后面跟介词in .

◆unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?

目标语言:talk about past events and tell a story

重点句型:P19-2b, P20-4,P21-1,

要求背诵的是P20-3a, P22-3

知识点:

1.过去进行时

a)过去进行时由“was/were+动词ing形式”构成。以动词work为列,其肯定

式,否定式,疑问式以及简略答语见下表:

肯定式:I/He/She/It was working. We/You/ They were working.

否定式:I/He/She/It was not working. We/You/They were not working.

疑问式和简略答语:Was I working? Yes, you were.

Was he working? No, he wasn’t.

【注意】was not常简略为wasn’t; were not常简略为weren’t

b)过去进行时的用法:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的

动作。这一特定的过去时间,除有上,下文暗示以外,一般用时间状语来表

2.not …until直到…才。表示动作在某时之前尚未开始,直到此时动作才开始。

not…until可以用after或when来代替,但主句谓语动词要用肯定形式。Until为连词时后接时间状语从句,until作介词时,后面接表示时间的名词。Until 用于肯定句多表示动作或状态一直延续到until所表示的时间为止,意思为“直到…”

from..till…中till往往表示不太具体的时间。From …to…或from…until常用来表示具体的时间。

3.find it…to do,it在此句中为形式宾语代表动词不定式,动词不定式为真正的宾语,常用于这种用法的动词有find, feel, think, make等。

4.“疑问词+不定式“结构相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替。

改写时,只需在疑问词后面加一个适当的主语(这个主语一般与主句的主语一致),并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语即可。如,Where to go is still a question.= Where we should go is still a question.

5.alien 和foreigner “外国人”:alien指住在一个国家,但不是该国公民的人,即侨民;foreigner指生于或来自他国者尤其指有不同语言,文化的人。

6.when 与while:when连接的状语从句是个特殊句型,“前一个分句(谓语动词用过去进行时)+when(作并列连词,意思为“这时,突然”)+后一个分句(谓语动词用一般过去时)”表示在前一个动作正在进行的过程中突然发生了后一个动作,when 强调动作的突然性,when后面的动词为非延续性动词;while表示“在….过程中”,强调在一段时间内,所以while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须为延续性动词。在状语从句中,若从句放在句首时,应用逗号与主句隔开。

7.感叹句的构成:What +a/an+形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语!What a good book it is!

What+形容词+复数可数名词+主语+谓语!What easy questions they are!

What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!What cold weather it is!

How+形容词+主语+be动词!How nice the watch is!

How +副词+主语+谓语!How hard they are working!

8.take place, happen“发生”:take place指“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”;happen指“一切客观事情或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生”。两者都是不及物动词或短语,后面不能跟宾语,也不能用于被动语态;happen的意义很广泛,而take place 仅用于历史上的事件,集会等,是先行布置而后发生或举行的事件,它不用于地震等自然界的现象。happen to do 巧遇sth happens to sb某人遭遇某事

9.不定代词all, both, each,every与not连用时,只表示部分否定,在否定句中用and连接两个宾语,表语,定语,状语时,只表示部分否定,并且否定and后面的部分;如用or连接句中两个部分,则表示全部否定。如,She isn’t a bright and beautiful girl.她并不是一个既聪明又漂亮的女孩。(部分否定)She isn’t a bright or beautiful girl.她是一个既不聪明又不漂亮的女孩。(全部否定)

10. remember, recall, remind:remember指“过去的事情仍在记忆中,不必费劲就能想起。”;recall比remember正式,指“对自己或他人的过去进行有意的回忆。”;remind 指“由于受到提醒或启发而想起往事。

11.in hospital, in the hospital: in hospital指某人生病住院;in the hospital可以指某人在医院里工作。

◆unit 4 He said I was hard-working.

目标语言:report what someone said

重点句型:P27-2a,2b

要求背诵的是P30-3a

知识点:1.在称述句中直接引语和间接引语的转换:

a)直接引语:说话人直接引用别人的原话。

b)间接引语:说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来。

c)直接引语一般前后要加引号;间接引语不用引号。

d)规则:1)人称变化:从句中的第一人称多改为第三人称;第二人称根据情

况改为第一或第三人称;第三人称不变。2)时态变化:如果主句的谓语动

词是一般过去时,直接引语变为间接引语时从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做

以下变化:

直接引语间接引语

一般现在时一般过去时(客观真理除外)

一般将来时过去将来时

现在进行时过去进行时

如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的动词时态保持不变;直接引语如果是客观真理变为间接引语时,时态保持不变。3)其他指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词等的变化。直接引语中的一些指示代词,时间状语和地点状语须作相应的变化:

直接引语间接引语

指示代词this这these这些that那those那些

now现在then那时

today 今天that day 那天

tonight 今晚that night那天晚上

this week 这星期that week那个星期

yesterday 昨天the day before前一天

last week 上星期the week before前一个星期

ago以前before 以前

tomorrow明天the next/following day第二天

next week 下星期the next week 第二个星期

地点状语here 这里there 那里

动词come来go 去

【注意】1)直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时,有时不需要改变,如tomorrow。如果转述的动作发生在当天,无需改变;如果转述的动作不在当天,则需将tomorrow变为the next day.

2.habit, practice, custom: habit指“个人由于自然条件,社会环境,爱好或经常接触而导致可以为常的行为或特性”;practice语气比habit弱,指“个人或大家都习惯了的做法或工作与生活的方式。”;custom指“经过一段时期在某人,地区或社会中形成的传统习惯或风俗。”

3.bring, take, fetch, get, carry: bring指“从别处把东西或人带来”“拿来”,表示将人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的位置的这个动作;take指“把东西带走或拿走”,表示将人或物拿开或带离说话者所在的位置的这个动作;fetch指“到别处去把某人或某物带来或拿来”;get是常用词,多用于口语,与fetch同义;carry指“随身携带(不说明方向)有时含有“负担”的意思。

4.Surprise用法:1)surprise作名词,表示“惊奇,诧异”;2)surprise作几物动词(后接某人作宾语)表示“使…惊奇”;surprise的过去分词作表语,表示“感到惊奇”;to one’s surprise表示“使…吃惊的是”;be surprised at sth/sb表示“对…感到惊奇”。5.however 与but:两者均可作“但是,然而”,而且都引出并列分句。从语义上看,but 所表示的是非常明显的对比,转折的意味较however要强;从语法上看,but是并列连词,而however却是连接副词;从语序上看,but总是位于所引出的分句前,而however 却可位于句首,句中和句末,但是译成汉语时一定要把它放在分句之首;从标点符号上看,but之后一般不使用逗号,而however则必须用逗号分开。However当连词用时,“无论以何种方式,不管怎样”,引导让步状语从句。

6.at, in与on: 这些用在表示时间方面的瓷前,使用时有一定的规律。1)at表示在某个时间点或某些节日或用于一些习惯用法中;2)in表示在某个时间段,可指在一天的某部分或较长时间(如上午,下午,晚上),月份,季节,年份,世纪,人生的某个时间,或比表示某事再过多久将要发生。;3)on表示在具体的几月几号,星期几或生日,节日或在某一具体日子的上午,下午,晚上。

7.first, at first与first of all:1)first可以做副词,意思是“首先,第一次,最初地”,指第一次做某事或首先做某事,first还可以用作形容词,意思是“第一的,最初的,主要的,一流的”,first作名词,意思是“首要,第一,最初”2)at first的意思是“起初,当初”,指刚刚开始做某事的时候,暗示后来的情况有所改变3)first of all的意思是“第一,最初,首先”,同first的用法相同,但语气上比first要强,常常用来加强语气。8.true, real: true意思为“真的”“真正的”,强调与实际相符,而不是杜撰的,它与real 相对。与to连用,意思是“忠实的”,true用作名词,与定冠词the连用,表示“真实,真理”等;real无此意。Real是形容词,强调客观存在的“真实”“实在”,不是想象的。9.above, on,over:三者都有“在…上”之意。1)on表示两者上下紧贴在一起2)over 表示一种直接的垂直概念,但没有上下紧贴的意思,反义词为under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念,也无相互紧贴的意思,反义词是below.

◆unit5 If you go to the party, you’ll have a great time.

目标语言:talk about consequences

重点句型:P34-1a,P35-2b,P36-3a,P37-2b

要求背诵的是P36-3a

知识点:

1.If引导的条件状语从句:1)构成:if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果…”。构成形式为“主句+一般将来时时态+if从句+一般现在时态”,或“If从句+一般现在时态,主句+一般将来时态”。2)用法:表示假设或条件

2.half 与half of的用法:1)half the class中的“half”为形容词,意思“一半的,半个的”2)“half of+代词/the+名词”中的half为名词,意思为“一半,半个”。当该结构在句子作主语时,谓语动词必须和该词组中的代词或名词保持数的一致。即当

代词或名词为单数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;若所接名词或代词为复数,则谓语动词用复数形式。

3. all the time与always: all the time是个副词性的短语,意思为“一直”“始终”,表示某一特定阶段开始一直到结束,不表示频度,多置于句末。除此,all the time还有“不断”的意思;always为表示频度的副词,意思为“总是”,表示动作的反复,状态的继续,中间没有间断,其反义词为never。它与进行时态连用时,常翻译成“总是”,“老是”,带有赞美,厌烦,不满等感情色彩。

4.Enough的用法:1)enough to do sth表示“足够…可以做…”2)enough也可以用“for+宾语+to do sth的结构”3)enough修饰名词时前面不用冠词4)当主语是代词时,enough 可以作表语。当主语是名词时,enough不能做表语。

5.Choose的用法:1)choose+名词意思为“选择…”;2)choose+between/from从…中选择;3)choose to do选择做某事

6.Exercise的用法:1)运动,锻炼,是不可数名词2)体操,练习,是可数名词。3)动词,使….运动

7.wear, put on, have on, dress: wear“穿着”“戴着”,表示状态,是延续性动词,一般现在时表示经常状态,现在进行时表示暂时状态;put on“穿上”“戴上”,表示动作,是非延续性动词;have on“穿着”“戴着”,表示状态可以与wear互换;dress“穿上”“穿着”,既表示状态,也表示动作,既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。Dress 作及物动词,表示“给自己或别人穿(衣服)”,宾语是人,常用被动语态。dress oneself 给。。穿衣服。dress up化装

8.a lot, a lot of与lots of三者都有“许多,很多”的意思。a lot of, lots of一般用于肯定句,后接可数名词复数或不可数名词;a lot作名词时=a lot of thins,作副词,修饰动词或形容词,副词比较级。

◆unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells?

目标语言:talk about how long you have been doing things 重点句型:P44-1c,P45-2a,P47-1b,P48-4a

要求背诵的是P46-3a,P48-3a,P49-2

知识点:

1.现在完成时的意义:1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有already, yet,ever, never, just等2)表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常常和表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的表示一段时间的状语有:for+一段时间,since+时间点。如,We have learned English for 4 years. Miss Zhao has been at this school since2002.2)构成形式:助动词have/has+动词的过去分词3)a.It is the first / second time….that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city.

It was the third time that the boy had been late.

b.This is the…that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.

这是我看过的最好的电影。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。词构成:注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

2.怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时现在让我们来比较一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时。在比较这两个时态时,关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解,因为对于现在完成时我们已经有了一个基本的理解了。

现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。

现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较:

(1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如:

We have been cleaning the classroom.(a)

We have cleaned the classroom.(b)

(a)句可译为“我们打扫教室来着。”其直接结果可能是:我们身上都是灰。(b)句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了。”其结果是:现在教室很清洁,可以用了。又,(a)句表示教室刚刚打扫过,(b)句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的。

Be careful! John has been painting the door.(a)

John has painted the door.(b)

(a)句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心。(b)句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了。

(2)现在完成进行时有时有延续性,现在完成时往往没有。如:

They have been widening the road.(a)

They have widened the road.(b)

(a)句的意思是他们在加宽马路,但尚未完工。(b)句的意思则是已完工了。有时现在完成时有延续性(如一些属于持续体的动词),但无临时性质。如:Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978.(a)

Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b)

(a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有。

(3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质,如:

My moth! er has been teaching English for twenty years.(a)

My mother has taught English for twenty years.(b)

(a)句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化。(b)句则较为正式。又,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并将延续下去,(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。

(4)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如:Have you been meeting her lately?(a)

Have you met her lately?(b)

(a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复。

(5)现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言。如:What have you been doing?(a)

What have you done?(b)

(a)句表示惊异。(b)句只是一个问题。

Have you been waiting long?(a)

Have you waited long?(b)

(a)句较(b)句生动。又,(a)句比较口语化。

I have been wanting to meet you for long.(a)

I have long wanted to meet you.(b)

(a)句比(b)句更亲切,更有礼貌。

Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly.(a)

Recently Mary has done her work regularly.(b)

(a)句显然是在表扬玛丽。(b)只说明一个事实。

下面还有一例,颇为有趣:

Who's been eating my apples?(a)

Who's eaten my apples?(b)

(a)句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,(b)句只是希望回答的一个问题。又,(a)句兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,(b)句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”。

3.现在完成进行时的含义:表示过去某一时间开始到现在经常重复的动作。

现在完成进行时的构成:助动词have/has been+v.ing形式。当主语为第三人称单数十,助动词用has,其他人称用have.

现在完成进行时的用法:主要表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作,这个动作可能仍然在进行,也可能停止了一会儿。

4。for 的用法:1)在回答How long…?的问句时,for表示所指时间或距离的全部,在这个含义上与表示“特定期间中某个长度”的during 不同。2)可以用在过去时,现在时,将来时中,但是若表示持续进行到现在为止时,则不能用现在时,而要用现在完成时。如,I have known him for years.我认识他很多年了。3)表示某事物在所述时间要发生。如,The next meeting was arranged for the fifth of June.下次会议定为6月5日举行。5.since 用法:1)conj.自…以后;自从,后接从句表示以过去的某个时间为起点,持续到现在或过去的某个时候。Since之后可以接过去时的句子,也可以接表示过去的时间点。如,I have been at his bedside since he became ill.自从他生病以来我一直在他床边陪伴着他。2)prep.自…来,从…(至今)如,I have been in this business since 1980.自从1980年以来,我一直经营这个生意。

【注意】since除了可以与现在完成时连用外,还可以与过去完成时,现在完成进行时连用。

【扩展】since, for都可以与完成时态连用。Since用来说明动作的起始时间,而for用来说明动作延续时间,因此,since后跟表示某一时间点的名词短语,for后面跟表示一段时间的名词短语。

6.each 的用法:1)adj.各个的,各自的,每一个的。置于单数可数名词之前。如,Each car has a steering wheel.每辆汽车都有方向盘。2)pron.各个,各自。谓语动词用单数形式。如,Each has his own task.每个人都有自己的工作。Each, every: each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every指三个以上的人或事物的全体,和all的意思相近;every只修饰单数名词,谓语动词用单数,each为形容词修饰单数名词,谓语动词为单数。作代词,单独使用,接单数动词,放在复数名词和代词后作同位语,接复数谓语动词;代表each与every的物主代词可以用his也可以用their.

【扩展】each of之后接名词或代词的复数形式,接名词时一定要附加the或my等词,即“each of+代词的复数形式”或“each of+the/my+名词的复数形式”,但谓语动词要用单数形式。如,Each of them has an idea of that.对此每个人各有见解。

7.a pair of一双,一对,一条,后面用名词复数。当含有pair的名词短语做主语时,谓语动词要与pair的数保持一致。

8.ago与before“以前”:ago表示从现在算起一段时间“以前”,和动词的一般过去时连用。放在所修饰词的后面。Before则表示从过去某时算起若干时间以前,用于完成时。ago,before前可以与具体时间连用“多少时间之前”

9.含有half的表达方式:数词+名词(单/复数)+and +a half; 数词+and+a half+名词(复数)

10.Because, since, as, for:四个词都表示“原因”的连词。以上连词的语气由强到弱依次为because-since-as-for其中because,since,as从属连词,引导原因状语从句;for为并列连词,连接两个并列句。a)because“因为”,表示直接原因回答why的提问,一般放在主句之后,可单独存在。b)since“因为”“既然”,侧重主句从句表示虽然的或已知的理由。如,Since everyone is here, let’s begin.c)as“由于”,主从句并重,从句说明原因,主句说明结果。As it was late, I must hurry up.d)for“因为,由于”,表明附加或推断的理由,引导的从句前常有逗号,for从句不放在句首。He must be ill, for he isn’t here today.

11.thank you for +n./v.ing感谢某人(做)某事,多用于事情已发生的场合;与will连用,表示请求,要求;thank you to +v. 感谢做某事,多用于事情未发生的场合;thanks to+n.多亏…,由于

12.Probably副词,相当于almost certainly,意思为“或许,大概,很可能”一般不放在

not等含有否定意义的词之后。

13.run out, run out of: run out“用完了”,主语通常为时间,食物,金钱,不用于被动语态;run out of“用完了”,表示主动含义,主语一般为人,多用于进行时和完成时。14.Teach的用法:teach sb sth教某人学某事;teach doing教导做…, 教…;teach sb to do 教某人做某事;teach sb+that从句教育人….

15.被动语态:1)被动语态的基本构成形式:主语+助动词be+构成形式2)被动语态的时态:被动语态的时态是通过助动词be的变化拉力体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。现在以teach为例,将被动语态常用时态列表如下:

一般时态进行时态完成时态

现在am

is taught

are am

is being taught

are

has

been taught

have

过去was

taught

were was

being taught

were

had been taught

将来shall

be taught will -------------

shall

have been taught

will

过去将来should

be taught would ---------------

should

have been taught

would

3)主动语态和被动语态的结构相比(箭头表示动作方向)

主动语态:主语(动作发出者)→谓语(及物动词)→宾语(动作承受者)

被动语态:主语(动作承受者)←谓语(be+动词过去分词)←宾语(动作发出者)He wrote the letter.→The letter was written by him. 4)主动句变被动句的基本句式:

a) 主:主语+助动词(情态动词)+谓语+宾语

被:主语(原宾语)+助动词(情态动词)+be+动词过去分词+by+原主语

如,We will help him.→He will be helped by us.

b)主:主语+动词短语+宾语

被:主语(圆宾语)+be+动词短语的过去分词+by+原主语

如,They looked after the babies.→The babies were looked after by them.

c)主:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

被:主语(间接宾语)+be+动词过去分词+原直接宾语

主语(直接宾语))+be+动词过去分词+to(for)+原间接宾语+(by+原主语)

如,We gave him some magazines.→He was given some magazines.

Some magazines were given to him by us. 【注意】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句中的主语。

d)主:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

被:主语(原宾语)+be+过去分词+原宾语补足语

如,They elected him their monitor.→He was elected their monitor.

We told her to have a rest.→She was told to have a rest.

We heard the baby crying.→Thy baby was heard crying.

【注意】如果主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变成被动语态后一般要加to.

I saw him go to the church.→He was seen to go to the church.

The boss made Tom work day and night.→Tom was made to work day and night. 【扩展】一般在以下几种情形时,需要使用被动语态。

1)不知道动作的执行者,只知道动作的承受者时。

When we got there, the room had been cleaned already.

2)不必要说出或出于礼貌不便说出动作的执行者时。

I was told that you were not honest enough.

3)有必要突出或强调动作的承受者时。

You were asked to answer this question.

16.if与whether:if和whether均可用于宾语从句中,意为“是否”;if用于条件句中,表示“如果”,不能和or连用;whether常与or连用,表示两种条件或情况。Whether it rains or not, they decide to go.

【扩展】if not..如果不是…,表示惊讶或憎恶等情绪;if only意为“若…那就好了,我多么希望…”相当于how I wish;only..if..意为“决不…除非…”

If it hadn’t been for the doctor’s care, I should not be speaking to you now.如果不是医生的照顾,我现在就不会和你说话了。

If only he arrives in time!若他及时到达就好了。

I’ll only come if you promise me that you won’t invite Henry.除非你答应不请亨利,否则我不会来。

◆unit7 Would you mind turning down the music?

目标语言:make requests and apologize.

重点句型:P52-1a,P53-2a&2b,P55-1a,

要求背诵的是P54-3a, P56-3a

知识点:

1.基本用法:1)Would you mind doing?=Do you mind doing..?“你介意…?”“请你…好不好?”是一种比较客气的表达方式。Would you mind opening the window?

2)如果要表示“请你不要做…好吗?”只需在doing 前面加not. Would you mind not sitting in front of me?;应答用语:1)如果同意表示不介意时,可用如下用语来表达:Certainly not.; Of course not.;No,not at all.;Not at all.

“好,可以”2)如果不同意表示介意时,常用“Sorry.”“I’m sorry, but…”

及陈述某种理由来表示拒绝或反对。;这一句型中的逻辑主语只能是谈话的对方you,如果想要对方允许自己做某事,可以用“Would you mind my doing..?句型。2.形容词与副词之间的转化:1)以le结尾去e变y,possible→possibly;2)在形容词后直接加ly,usual→usually;3)在以辅音字母+e结尾直接加ly,wide →widely;4)以元音字母+e结尾,去e加ly,true→truly;5)以辅音字母+y 结尾变y为i+ly,happy→happily

3.not at all“一点也不”用在否定句中,加强语气。表示程度,还可以用于口语交际中作否定回答。

4.put on, wear, dress,have on, in: put on强调动作过程“穿上”为瞬间动词;

wear表示结果或状态“穿着”,持续动词;dress强调穿的动作,后面不能跟宾语(衣服)等,还可以作名词,意思是“服装”,dress up化装,dress oneself 给某人穿衣服,dress in穿衣服,have on表示“穿…”,相当于wear,但没有进行时态;in介词,后跟表示颜色的名词,表示穿着某种颜色的衣服。

5.just, just now ,right now: just“刚刚”,用于完成时;just now“刚才”,用于过去时;right now“立刻”,用于将来时。

6.in a minute, soon等多用于将来时,表示即将去做某事

in+时间段,after+时间段:1)“in+时间段”只能用于一般将来时,“after+时间段”可以用于过去时和将来时2)当二者都用于将来时的时候“in+时间段”表示从现在算起在一定时间内,动作将在未来一周之内的某一个具体时间内发生。

“after+时间段”是从这段时间之后算起,动作将在这段时间之后发生。7.very, too, so, quite以上几个副词均修饰形容词,副词表示程度,“很,太,非常”;very应用最普遍“很”,只是一个表示程度的副词,它表示的程度比quite 要强得多,very只用来修饰形容词和副词的原级;too“太”,一般表示“相对某人而言”;so“如此…,那么…”,往往表明某一事物的程度时,会引起另一种后果。

换言之,so所修饰的人或物表示原因后面会有表示结果的句子。So…that…如此…

以致于;quite既可以表示充分肯定,意思是“完全;十分”,也可以表示程度,意思是“完全,十分”,也可以表示程度,意思是“相当”,quite可修饰动词,v.ing,形容词,副词,分词等。quite a +adj+n. a very+adj.+n

8.move from…to …从…搬到…,迁移;move on继续向前走

9.yet, already,still:yet用于疑问句中,意为“现在,已经”;用于否定句中,意为“还没”;already与still用于肯定句中,already意为“已经”,still意为“还,仍然”,already若用于疑问句中,表示惊讶或意外;yet与still都可以修饰比较级,意为“更加,益发”。

10.put away收好,储蓄,放弃;put down放下,扑灭,写下;put…into…把…

翻译成…;put off延期;put up举起,张贴,修建;put on穿上,上演

11.See的用法:1)see+从句,意为“看到…,留意…”如,I saw that you weren’t among the students.2)see sb do sth.看到某人做某事;see sb doing 看到某人正在做某事;see+名词看到

12.voice, sound, noise:在这组词中,voice可以作名词或动词;sound可以作名词,动词,形容词和副词;noise只能用作名词。这里仅就它们作名词表示“声音”时的用法进行辨析。1)voice专指人的声音(如说话,唱歌,笑的时候发出的声音等)。偶尔也指禽,虫鸣叫的声音,但一般不用于指其他动物的叫声。2)sound 表示能听见的任何声音。3)noise通常是指大而令人不快的噪音,嘈杂声,喧闹声等。4)sound和noise常与动词make连用,而voice则不能和make连用。

13.take care意为“当心”,可单独使用或后接从句和动词不定式。同义词组为be careful和look out;take a seat坐下同义词组为sit down;take an interest in对…感兴趣;take away拿走,使离开,消失;take back收回(语言,话语);

take care of照顾,注意,保养;take charge of负责,接管;take down拿下来,取下来,记下来,拆除;take for granted 想当然,认为,后接宾语从句,此时常以it作形式宾语;take hold of抓住;take in接受,理解,包括;take off 脱下,匆匆离开,起飞,停止使用;take office就职;take on接受,雇佣;take out取出,带。..出来;take part in参加;take place发生,没有被动语态;

take pride in为。..感到自豪;take sb’s place代替某人;take up从事,占用;take it easy不要过于紧张,别着急◆unit8 Why don’t you get her a scarf?

目标语言:compare qualities

重点句型:P60-1c,p61-2c,p62-3a,p63-2c,

知识点:

1.get, receive,accept:get有“得到”“获得”的意思,在表示“获得”某物时,可能是被动接受也有可能是主动争取;receive指收到了什么东西,不一定接受,receive a letter from…收到…的来信;accept着重指以愉悦的态度或经过自己的争取而得到或取得某物。

2.情态动词should:1)表示义务,意为“应该,应当,最好”,比must较为委婉;2)与疑问词连用,表示意外,纳闷,惊讶等,意为“究竟是…;到底…”. 3.表示建议:1)How/What about+名词/代词/动词-ing形式?2)Why don’t you +动词原形?=Why not+动词原形?3)Let’s…以let’s开头的祈使句,表示建议对方和自己一起做某事。Let’s后接动词原形。4)Shall we…?以Shall we…?开头的疑问句,用于建议对方和自己一起做某事。回答时如赞成,常用Yes, let’s.

4.too…to……而不能…,to后面接动词原形具有否定含义。这一句型常可以转换成so…that…句型。当这种too…to…句型转换成so…that句型时,为保持句意的一致,that引导的结果状语从句要根据时态用情态动词can’t或couldn’t加动词原形,that从句中的谓语动词要带宾语。

The boy is too young to go to school.=The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.

The box is too big for me to carry.= The box is so big that I can’t carry it.

【注意】当动词不定式和主语在逻辑上构成动宾关系时,该动词后面不能再用it 或them作宾语,该动词如果是不及物动词,则必须在其后面加上相当的介词或副词,方可与主语构成搭配。如,The ice is too thin for me to skate on.

5.instead, instead of: instead为副词,在句中独立作状语,instead of为介词短语,后面一般接名词,代词,介词和接动词-ing形式。

6.for example, such as: for example例如,诸如。多作插入语,当它表示“例如“时,其后面必须有逗号;such as相当于like,意思为“象…那样,例如,诸如”,其后面直接加名词。

7.contest, compete,contend三者都有“竞争”的含义,均为动词:contest 指在竞争中毫无保留地展示自己;compete指在体育或辩论等需要竞争的活动中,为征服或取胜而进行的努力。有时暗指在奖赏的鼓励或刺激下进行竞争;

contend暗示竞争的紧张程度。通常指双方成功的机会相等,所以为取胜或征服对方就需要艰苦的努力。强调奋斗或斗争的必要性。

8.contest,competition:contest指双方或多方对垒比赛,多指体育比赛,并且在比赛中的每一个人或每一个队都力图战胜对方;competition多指能力,技巧,知识等方面的比赛,竞争。

9.By的用法:by后跟表示交通工具的名词,意思为“乘,坐”;by意思为“凭借,用,靠”,表示方法或手段,常与v.-ing连用;by意思为“在…旁边”,用来表示地点,意义和用法近似于beside;by意思为“按照…,根据…”;

by意思为“经过”,后常跟go, run, walk之类的动词;by用于被动语态中,后跟的名词表示行为的执行者,意思为“被,由”;by意思为“按…(计算)”,用来表示计量;by oneself独自;by the way顺便

10.as well的同义词为too,意思是“也”;as well as意思为“同,和,也”。用来连接名词和代词等。谓语动词用单数还是复数形式,要根据as well as前的名词或代词确定。与动词连用时,用v-ing形式;as well as同义词组为not only…but also…但侧重顺序不同。

◆unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park?

目标语言:talk about past experiences 重点句型:P69-2b,p71-1a&2a

要求背诵的是P72-3a

知识点:

1.现在完成时表示发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常

表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词(非延续性动词,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用;也可以表示过去开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。也就上说,现在完成时虽与过去有关,但实际上强调的是对现在的影响或结果,句中谓语动词通常是延续性动词,且常与表示一段时间状语连用(these days,all this year, recently,for+时间段,since+时间点)

2.通常与现在完成时连用的几个副词:already,recently,just,

ever,never,before,yet等。表示不确定时间的时间词连用。Already,just 多用于肯定句;yet,ever,never多用于疑问句或否定句。

3.现在完成时的结构:主语+have/has+动词过去分词

4.have been to, have gone to:have been to“到过某地”说话时此人很可能

不在那里,已经回来,侧重指经历;have gone to“已经去了某地”,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在说话现场。

5.neither开头的倒装句:在英语中“Neither+助动词/情态动词/+主语”这个

倒装结构是一种否定形式,表示“两者都不”。如,I can’t work out the problem. Neither can Li Ming.

6.be from, come from:两者都为“从…来,出自…”;表示“出身于…”,应

用come from

【注意】问别人的出身或叙述自己的出身时,时态一定要用一般现在时,如果时态为一般过去时,则表示“从…地方来”。

7.Population的用法:1)population是个集合名词,意思为“人口,人数”,常用来指人口的总称。被看作一个整体时,一般不加-s,在句中作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。如,The population of China is about1,300,000,000.

2)如果指一个整体中有多少人数是干什么的时候,谓语动词要用复数形式,这时

强调的是一部分人。如,Half of the population in that country are farmers.3)表示“…的人口”时,既可用“the population of+地名”,也可用“the population in +地点”,作主语中心词时谓语动词用单数形式。如,The population in Shenyang is about 8 million.4)表示某国,某城市有多少人口时,用have/has a population of…结构。如,New Zealand has a population of 3,800,000.5)对人口数量提问用what或what large。用large或big表示人口多,用small表示人口少。8.practice doing练习做某事;go doing sth去做某事;like doing sth喜欢做某事;forget doing sth忘记做过事情;remember doing sth记得做过某事;stop doing sth停止做某事;finish doing sth完成做某事;enjoy doing sth喜爱做某事;keep doing sth连续不断地做某事;mind doing sth介意做某事

9.If的用法:if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果…”。构成形式为“主句+一般将来时态+if从句+一般现在时态”,或“If从句+一般现在时态,主句+一般将来时态”;if 还可以引导虚拟语气,表示假设的情况或是发生的可能性不大的情况,从句用过去的某种时态。

10.Sleepy,sleeping:sleepy可作表语或定语,意思为“想睡的,困的”,可用very 修饰;sleeping所修饰的名词可以是人也可以是物。

◆unit10 It’s a nice day, isn’t it?

目标语言:make small talk

重点句型:P76-1c,P77-2b,P78-3a,P79-2b

要求背诵的是P80-3a

知识点:

1.反意疑问句:1)反意疑问句的含义:当对所陈述的某种情况不确定而反问对方时,常用反意疑问句来表达。2)反意疑问句的构成:陈述句+简略疑问句→前部分肯定陈述句+后部分否定疑问句;前部分否定陈述句+后部分肯定疑问句。3)使用反意

疑问句时的注意事项:a.前后两部分要在人称上保持一致。b.时态要保持一致(或动词要保持一致)c.回答的一致性(特别注意中文翻译)。注意:yes与no后面的回答部分要一致。4)使用反意疑问句时的特殊情况:a.在祈使句后进行附加疑问句时,用will you表示请求。b.在Let’s后面,常用shall we,表示征询意见。

c.在Let us…后面进行附加疑问时,用will you,这一点属于祈使句范围。d 在

英语口语中,I am 后面的附加疑问句部分常用aren’t I .e 由nothing作主语的句子,附加问句中人称代词用it.f.由nobody作主语的句子,附加问句中用they 代替nobody.g.如果陈述句部分主语是everyone,someone,anyone,no one等不定代词,其附加疑问句部分的主语可以用he,也可用they.h There be…后面的附加疑问句部分仍用there. i.如果陈述句部分含有否定副词never,few,little等词时,则其附加疑问句部分用肯定形式。J.反意疑问句要求用yes或no来回答,当陈述句部分为否定形式时,回答要特别注意两种语言的表达习惯的不同,注意根据实际情况前后保持一致。

2.cost, price:cost作名词时表示“费用”,通常指服务费,学习费,生活费或房租费等,price通常指具体物品的价格。询问价钱用how much来提问。

3.at lest:至少,最少。其中least为little的最高级,little的比较级为less;

无论如何

4.Prepare的用法:1)prepare for为…做准备,相当于get ready for2)prepare+名词+for +名词,意思为“为…准备…”.3)prepare+名词+to do sth意思为“为…

而做准备。”4)prepare to do准备做某事

最新人教版八年级上册英语《期末考试题》含答案

2020-2021学年第一学期期末测试 人教版八年级英语试题 听力部分 一、听力理解 A.听句子 根据所听句子的内容和所提的问题,选择符合题意的图画回答问题,并将最佳选项的字母编号填涂在答题卷内.每小题听一遍. 1. What ig Tim’s favorite animal? A. B. C. 2. Where did Alice go last Wednesday? A. B. C. 3. When did Tom go to the Great Wall? A. B. C. 4. How many footballs does Sam have? A. B. C. 5.Who is Mandy’s best friend?A. B. C. B.听对话回答每段对话后面的问题,在各题所给的三个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并将其字母编号填

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