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进阶篇——第三章关系从句

本章概述

英语中有三大类从句：名词性从句、副词性（状语）从句和关系从句。国内语法通常很少引入“关系从句”这个名称，通常使用“定语从句”来代指“关系从句”。这种代指并不精确，本章将深入讲解定语、定语从句、关系从句各自定义以及三者之间的相互关系。

一、定语

基础篇中提到，定语是句中修饰性名词性成分的成分，定语的英文是attribute，含义是“属性”，所以定语又可以称为“交代名词属性的成分”。定语有两大类，限定性定语和描述性定语。

限定性定语

限定性定语作用是限定事物范围，缩小中心语的外延，使语言更加准确严密。这种定语越多，中心语所指的人或事物的范围就越小。例如三头牛、三头小牛、三头小黄牛。三头牛仅仅从数量上限制牛；三头小牛不仅从数量上限制牛，而且还从大小上限制了牛，牛的外延缩小了；而三头小黄牛中的牛外延就更小了，它排除了水牛等其它类型的牛。

描述性定语

描述性定语作用主要是描写中心语的情貌，描绘人或事物的性质、状态，使语言更加形象生动。例如：玉带似的河流、风平浪静的港湾、如飞的火车。描述性定语多由形容词性充当。

有些语言可以通过语法结构来区分描述性定语和限定性定语。在西班牙语中，当定语是一个单独的形容词时，如果放在名词前则是描述性定语，如果放在名词后则是限定性定语。例如“勇敢的士兵们”，如果说成los valientes

soldados，则“勇敢的”是描述性的；如果说成los soldados

valientes，则“勇敢的”是限定性的，就排除了不勇敢的士兵，通常还有后半句（不勇敢的士兵…）。

汉语没有用于区分这两种定语的语法结构，必须根据上下文的意思来区分，少数情况下会有歧义。

对于词或词组状的定语，英语也没有固定的语法形式区分限定性与描述性，但是对于定语从句，英语用逗号来区分限定性与描述性，其中描述性定语从句与主句用逗号隔开。

二、定语从句

在初级篇的定语从句中提到过，英语的定语从句放在后头，说的是什么人或什么东西已经在前边交代了，听的人就不着急了，因此英语里的定语可以很长。和定语一样，定语从句也可以划分为两大类。

1.限定性定语从句——众里寻他千百度

限定性定语从句用来限定先行词范围，缩小先行词的外延，使语言更加准确严密，主从句不能用逗号隔开。

2.描述性定语从句（非限定定语从句）——我的眼里只有你

描述性定语从句用来描述先行词（先行词可以是一个句子），主从句需要用逗号隔开。

gardener, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no apples this year.

我家的园丁非常悲观，他说今年将不结苹果。

He will put off the picnic until May

1st, when he will be free.

他将把郊游推迟到5月1号，那时他将有空。

They went to London, where they lived

for six months.

他们去了伦敦，在那儿呆了六个月的时间。

The sun heats the earth, which makes

it possible for plants to grow.

太阳给予大地热，这就使植物的生长成为可能。

Water, which is a clear liquid, has

many uses.

水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。

Our guide, who

was a French Canadian，was an excellent cook.

我们的向导，一个法裔加拿大人，擅长于烹调。

Charles Smith,

who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

3.限定性定语从句与描述性定语从句对比

在说限定性定语从句的时候，说话人脑海里仿佛有几个潜在对象，限定性定语从句定位出了符合要求的对象。在说描述性定语从句的时候，说话人脑海里只有先行词，描述性定语从句使先行词的形象更加鲜明。如果无法区分限定性定语和描述性定语从句，就会写出很多奇怪的表达。

这些奇怪表达产生的原因是：

(1)如果先行词本身就具有特殊性，例如人名、地名，则不必再用限定性定语从句加以限定。

(2)如果先行词完全没有特殊性，通常需要使用限定性定语从句加以限定，如果使用描述性定语从句，主句就会显得多余。

注意，全没有特殊性的一旦先行词被其它定语修饰了，就具备了一定的特殊性，此时往往两种定语从句都可以使用：

关于限定性与修饰性性定语从句有这样一个经典问题：如果你只有5个朋友，你举办了一个小聚会，下面两句话中哪一句表示这5个朋友都参加了你的聚会并且都上课迟到呢？（两个句子就只有逗号的区别）：

(1) All my friends who went to

the party were late for class.

(2) All my friends, who went to

the party, were late for class.

答案：限定性定语从句将“所有朋友”限定为“所有参加了派对的朋友”，暗示还有其它朋友，修饰性定语从句修饰修饰“所有朋友”，没有暗示还有其他朋友。故此题的答案为句2。

4.定语从句的翻译

前文提到，汉语没有用于区分这两种定语的语法结构，必须根据上下文的意思来区分，中文的限制性定语从句通常前置翻译成“…..的”；修饰性定语从句通常不前置，顺着翻译：

5.定语从句与先行词的距离

定语从句一般紧挨着先行词，但有时为了修辞效果，先行词和定语从句会被隔开一定距离。

He laughs best who laughs last.

I was the

only person in my office who was invited.

The days are gone when we used foreign design.

There are a few students in our class who keep coming to class late but they

are always on time for Mrs Chen's lessons.

6.As引导的定语从句

(1)as引导的限定性定语从句

I came the same day as she left.

她走的同一天那天我来了。（和她离开的是同一天）

I have never seen

such kind of girl as she is.

我从未见过她那样的女孩。（和那个女孩一样的女孩）

This is the same

computer as I have bought.

这和我买的那台电脑一样。

(2)as引导的描述性定语从句

As you know, Julia is

leaving soon.

如你所知，茱莉亚马上就走了。（和你了解的一样）

She's very tall, as

is her mother.

她非常高，她妈妈也是。（她妈妈和她一样）

As you can see, we're still working.

如你看到的，我们仍在工作。（和你看到的一样）

As引导的两种定语从句从语法角度上，可以分别用that和which替换，但是语义上没有as 表达效果好。as引导定语从句来源于其副词词组as…as（和…一样）的用法。例如：

You're as tall as your father.

你和你父亲一样高。

I haven't known him

as long as you (= as you have known him).

我没你了解她。（和你了解的程度不一样）

He doesn't earn as

much as me.

他没我挣得多。（他和我挣的不一样多）

7.同位语与同位语从句

一个名词或代词对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明，这个名词或代词就是同位语。这是百度百科对同位语的定义。绝大多数语法书都将同位语从句归在名词性从句之中进行讲解，因为其形式上是个名词，但这种方式很难彻底理解同位语。要彻底搞清楚同位语的来龙去脉，需要将同位语和同位语从句分开理解。

(1)同位语从句

当两个名词连用的之时，前一个名词往往其修饰作用，例如pencil box，swimming room，sports shoes，apple tree等等。同位语从句实质上就是名词性的从句作定语，修饰先行词。所以它和限定性定语从句并没有任何区别，只是句的本身性质不一样而已。

The news (that)

we heard yesterday spread all over the school campus.

我们昨天听到的消息传遍了校园。（定语从句）

The news that

Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.

李先生将是我们的新英语老师的消息是真的.（同位从句）

将同位语从句进行拆分后，其名词性就能体现了：

主句：The news is true.

从句：The news is that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher.

从句是表达是“主语是什么”的名词性表语从句，去掉重复的“The news is”和无实际意义的连词“that”，就合并成了同位语从句。

(2)名词/名词词组状同位语

词/词组状同位语是名词性关系从句省略的结果。例如：

Barack Hussein

Obama, President of the U.S., was born in Hawaii.

简化之前，句子是：

Barack Hussein

Obama, who is President of the U.S., was born in Hawaii.

去掉非限定性定语从句中重复和没有实际含义的部分who is，剩下President

of the U.S.，称之为同位语。再举两例以强化理解：

Mr. Wang, my

child's teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.

王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。

省略前：

Mr. Wang, who is

my child's teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.

I, the oldest

girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.

我，作为家里最大的女孩，总是要照料家中的其他孩子。

省略前：

I, who was the

oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.

因为类似The news is that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher.的从句和类似President of the U.S、my child's

teacher、the oldest

girl in the family的从句残留的名词性，好像与定语的形容词性发生了一定冲突，语法专家们就专门为其起了个名称，叫做“同位语”——和名词同等地位的成分。

最后，我们对同位语进行一个小小的总结：

1.词/词组状的同位语要和同位语从句分开理解；

2.词/词组状的同位语本质是描述性从句的省略；

3.同位语从句的本质仍是限定性定语从句。

三、关系从句

因为某个交叉元素（shared element）而连接在一起的主从句称之为关系从句。主句中的交叉成分称之为先行词，从句中的交叉成分称之为后行词。如果先行词是名词，主从句结合后，从句成为交代先行词属性的词，符合定语的定义，所以这种从句称之为定语从句。换言之，

定语从句是关系从句的子集，是先行词为名词的关系从句。本节将介绍几个较为特殊的关系从句引导词。

1.Than引导的关系从句

例1：

We often advise him

not to drink more wine than is good for his health.

我们经常劝他不要喝过量的酒。

than引导的关系从句的拆分有一定难度：

(1) That amount of wine is good for his health.

(2) We

often advise him not to drink more than that amount of wine.

合并以后，than起连词作用，从句主语被省略了。此时先行词是名词性词组that amount of wine，从句修饰它，所以仍然可以视作限定性定语从句。

例2：

The economic

situation is more serious than was expected.

经济形势比人们预想的更为严峻。

拆分：

(1) We

expected the economic situation to be that serious.

(2) The

economic situation was more serious.

合并以后，than起连词作用，从句主语同样被省略了。此时先行词是形容词词组，此句只能被叫做关系从句，而不应被称为定语从句。

2.But引导的限定性从句

But除了做并列句的连词，表转折，还可以连接关系从句，相当于that…not或who…not。

There was no one but

knows that.

没有人不知道。（没有不知道的人。）

There is no rule but

has exception.

凡规则都有例外。（没有不例外的规则。）

There is no tree but

bears some fruit.

无树不结果。（没有不结果的树。）

3.句型It(This) is/was the first(second,

third……) time that sb have/had done sth.

It(This) is/was the first (second, third……)

time that sb have/had done sth.句型的本质是先行词为副词的关系从句。例1.

It is the first time that Mr. Smooth has visited China.

拆分：

(1) Mr. Smooth has

never visited China before.

(2) This

is the first time.

组合以后，去掉never…before，加上连接词that：

It is the first time that Mr. Smooth has visited China.

例如：

It is the third time that Mr. Smooth has visited China.

拆分：

(1) Mr. Smooth has visited China

twice.

(2)

This is the third time.

组合以后，去掉twice，加上连接词that：

It is the third time that Mr. Smooth has visited China.

定语从句欣赏

限定性定语从句

The flower that blooms in

adversity is the most rare and beautiful one.

逆境中盛放的花朵，才是最美丽的花朵。

The dictionary is the only place

where success comes before work.

只有在字典里，“成功”才会出现在“工作”之前。——布里斯班

描述性定语从句

Behavior is the mirror, in which

everyone shows their true image.

行为是面镜子，反射出每个人的真实自我。

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 2．关系代词which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别。（1）which与as都可以引导非限制性定语从句，which引导定语从句要置于先行词后面，而as引导的定语从句位置相对灵活，可放在句首，也可以放在句后 eg.正像他所意识到的那样，我对他非常有用 As he realized, I was very useful to him. 空气，众所周知，是一种气体 Air, as we know, is a gas. 他是个外国人，正像我从他口音判断的那样。 He was a foreigner, as I know form his accent. 他又来晚了，这一点使老板很生气 He came late again, which made his boss angry. (2)当定语从句位于主句后面，纯粹表示主句所述的内容，往往用which；当定语从句中有“如同……那样”的含义时，用as比用which更常见。 Eg.妈妈老把我当成小孩对待，让我无法忍受 Mummy always treats me just like a baby, which I can’t bear. 事与愿违，这是常有的事 Things will turn out contrary to on e’s wishes, as is often the case. (3)“介词+关系代词”结构的定语从句，必须用which,不能用as. Eg.我们周围有很多氧气，没有他们我们无法生存 There is a great deal of oxygen around us, without which we could not live. 3．引导限制性定语从句时which与as的区别定语从句前面有such, as, the same 时，引导定语从句的关系代词用as,不用which. Eg 所需要的字典有许多都有了

where引导的定语从句修饰抽象名词

where引导的定语从句修饰抽象名词。一、where定语从句修饰抽象名词point You reach a point where medicine can’t help. 你已到了药物无法治疗的地步。 The crisis has reached a point where the receiver will have to be called in. 危机已达到非把破产管理人叫来不可的地步。 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。注：有时point也可以是具体的地点： Let the point where AB cuts CD be called E. 设AB线与CD线的相交点为E。 The accident happened at the point where the A15 joins the M1. 事故发生在A15与M1交叉的十字路口。二、where定语从句修饰抽象名词case There are cases where the word “mighty” is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。 Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。三、where定语从句修饰抽象名词activity Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing. 那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。四、where定语从句修饰抽象名词situation He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。 If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险，那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。五、where定语从句修饰抽象名词position It’s put me in a position where I can’t afford to take the job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。六、where定语从句修饰抽象名词job

定语从句及其引导词用法

一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 关系副词有：when, where, why. 二、关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法： 1．作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door. The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen. 2．作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如： The man (whom/who/that) we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book (which/that) I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。 3．作定语用whose, 如： (a) He is the man whose car was stolen last week. (b) It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down.. (= the back wall of which) He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) 4．作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. （二）关系副词的用法： 1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如： I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,

as引导定语从句的用法

as引导定语从句的用法 as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. ================================ As 的用法例 1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。一、“as / which”特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如： My grandmother’s house was a lways of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。

where引导定语从句的用法

Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点 1、We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly、A、which B、as C、why D、where 2、He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car、 A、which B、as C、why D、where 两道题都选where ,但就是case, situation都不就是地点,如何理解？在“先行词不就是表示地点的名词”的前提下,如何判断就是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题就是一个高频考点。就就是说,关系副词where 所指代的先行词不只就是表示地点的名词。

用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解,当where 引导定语从句时,它的先行词就就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不就是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请瞧以下几个例句: Other research, where siblings have been asked to say who their mother and father favor, suggests that mothers do tend to show a preference for their first-born son, but fathers often show great affection for their youngest daughters、 1、Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other、请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。

定语从句引导词的用法

定语从句引导词的用法 that 和Which 都可以指物，其用法区别：相同点(Similarities) 1.这两个关系代词引导定语从句时，都可以指物； 2.在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语； 3.作宾语，并且前面无介词时都可省略。 The train that/which has just left is for Shanghai．刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语) The book (that/which) you gave me is wonderful. 你以前给我的那本书好极了。(作宾语,可省略) 不同点(Difference) 1.以下情况常用that。（1）当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时（all, something, anything, nothing, everything, none, any, some, few, little, much, many等）。 Is there anything that I can do for you有什么要我做的事吗 He answered few questions that the teacher asked．他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。（2）当先行词被every, no, the only, the very, the right, the last, just修饰时。T hat‘s the only thing that we can do now. 目前我们只能这样了。 Those are the very words that he said. 那就是他的原话。（3）当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。 This is the most int eresting book that I’ve had. 这是我拥有的最有趣的书。 The first thing that should be done is to get some food．该做的第一件事是弄点吃的。（4）当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。 They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory．（5）当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。 China is not the country that it was．中国已经不是过去的中国了。（6）当在以which开头的疑问句中时。 Which is the car that was made in Beijing 哪辆是在北京制造的车 2.以下情况常用which。

定语从句中关系副词的用法

定语从句中关系副词的用法关系副词，顾名思义，是联系先行词和定语从句的词，属于副词。定语从句中的关系副词有三个：when, where和why，它们在定语从句中分别作时间、地点和原因状语。其句法结构如下：表时间的名词+ when + 定语从句 when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。例句：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. I’ll never forget the day when I joined t he army. 表地点的名词+ where + 定语从句 where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。例句：The factory where his father works is in the west of the city. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 表原因的名词reason + why + 定语从句(why只用于reason之后的限制性定语从句中,在定语从句中作原因状语。) 例句：That is the reason why I did the job.(在现代英语中why可以省略) 上句也可以这样表示： That is the reason I did the job. 又如：This was the reason (why )we raised the temperature. 关系副词在定语从句中的用法看似简单，以下注意点不可忽视： 1）“when”、“where”和“why”的运用取就于表时间的名词、表地点的名词和表原因的名词reason在定语从句中所作的成分，比较下面的几组句子： *I will never forget the day when I first met you on the seashore. *I will never forget the days which/that we spent together in Xueyao Middle School. **This is the hospital where my mother works. **This is the hospital which/that we visited the day before yesterday. ***The reason why he did not go to school is that he was ill. ***This is the reason which/that he gave his boss in the office . 2) “when”、“where”和“why”都可以替换成“介词+ which”，介词的选用取就于先行词和定语从句中的动词。例如： Do you still remember the day on which we first met in Nantong?(on which= when) This is the room in which we lived last year.(in which=where) Do you know the reason for which he refused to go to Mary’s birthday party. (for which=why) 有时定语从句中介词短语和动词有意义紧密的修饰关系，尤其在非限制性定语从句中，常使用“介词+ which”结构，而不使用关系副词。例如： My mother works in a factory, in front of which there is a small river. At night the soldiers got to a small hill, at the foot of which stood a farmhou se. 3) 关系副词“when”、“where”既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。

限制性非限制性定语从句详解+练习(附答案)

定语从句用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。一．词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分用于限制从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句代替人代替物代替人或物主语 Who which that 主语 Whom which that 宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which) 例1：This is the detective who came from London. 例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy. 例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old. 例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. 2．关系代词的用法 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如： All the people that are present burst into tears. (2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如： (3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：

非限制性定语从句的引导词

、先行词指人,在句中作主语who: John,who is only five,has an inborn talent for music. (约翰是一外5岁大的孩子,有着天生的音乐才能。) 2、先行词指人,在句中作宾语whom: His wife,whom you met at my home,was a teacher. (他的妻子，就是你在我家遇见的那个，是一位老师。) 3、先行词指物,在句中作主语或宾语which: Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.(那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。) 注意：无论先行词指人或者指物,在句中作主语或者作宾语，非限制性定语从句的引导词都不能用that。 4、先行词在句中作定语，无论指人或者指物,引导词都用whose: The girl,whose name is Kate,is the top of the students in our school.(那个女孩是我们学校最优秀的学生，她的名字叫Kate。) The book,whose cover is red,is mine.(封面是红色的那本书是我的。) 5、先行词指物，在句中作时间状语用when： The sports meeting will be put off till next month,when we will have made all the preparations.(运动会将被推迟到下个月，那时我们做好一切准备。) 6、The next day we arrived in New York,where we were inerviewed on the radio.（第二天我们到达纽约，在那里我们接受了电台的采访。） 7、如果先行词作介词的宾语，先行词指人，介词提前的结构是：介词＋whom；先行词指物，介词提前的结构是：介词＋which: President Wilson,with whom he had not the same intimate relations,is treated much less sympathetically.(威尔逊总统与他没有同样的亲密关系，所以就没有被很同情地对待。) The Second World War,in which millions of people were killed,ended in 1945.(第二次世界大战造成数百万人的死亡，于1945年结束。) 8、as也可以引导定语从句，常与such连用： Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.(象你所描绘的那种人现在已经很少见了。) Let's disscuss only such questions as concern us.(让我们只讨论那些和我们有关的问题吧。) 注意：the same that+从句，意思是：正是那一个人或物；the same as+从句，意思是：就像某个人或物： He is the same man that you are looking for.(他就是你要找的那个人。) He is the same man as you met in the street.(他很象你昨天在街上遇见的那个人。实际上并不是那个人。) This is the same pen that I lost yesterday.(这就是我昨天丢失的那支笔。) This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.(这很像昨天我丢失的那支笔。)

which引导的定语从句的用法

which引导的定语从句的用法 WHICH可以引导定语从句，修饰表示事物的先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。例如：HEWASREADINGABOOK， WHICHWASABOUTWAR.他正在读一本关于战争的书。（关系代词WHICH在修饰BOOK的定语从句中充当主语。） HEWASREADINGABOOK，WHICHHEHADBOUGHTFROMLONDON.他正在读一本书，这本书是从伦敦买回来的。（关系代词WHICH在修饰BOOK的定语从句中充当宾语。） WHICH引导非限定性定语从句时有一个特殊用法，即它所引导的非限定性定语从句修饰主句中更多的部分甚至整个主句（这时被定语从句所修饰的“先行词”要作广义理解），WHICH仍在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。例如：HESETFREETHEBIRDSHAPPILY， WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS.他开心地把鸟放了，这是对他成功的一种庆祝。把非限定性定语从句“WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS”的先行词视为主句中的“THEBIRDS”显然不符合整句的语境，被 “WHICHWASACELEBRATIONFORHISSUCCESS”所修饰的是整个主句，WHICH所引导的这类特殊的非限定性定语从句对主句所叙述的情况进行某种意义的补充说明，WHICH常可译为“这一点，这件事”。［考题1］ YOUCANFINDWHATEVERYOUNEEDATTHESHOPPINGCENTRE， ____ISALWAYSBUSYATTHEWEEKEND.（2006上海春） A.THAT B.WHERE C.WHAT D.WHICH ［答案］D

定语从句特殊引导词as, but, than

As、but和than引导定语从句 As、but和than通常都是以介词、连词等身份被大家所熟知，而它们居然可以摇身一变成为关系代词，在定语从句中做主语和宾语。 1. As As最基本的用法是做连词“与……一样”表示同级的比较，介词“作为”。下面是它特殊的用法：例句：1. He does not possess such qualifications as are necessary to be an actor. 他并不具备一名演员应有的资格。 2. She bought the same skirt as I had bought last week so I need to talk to her about it so we don't wear them the same at the same time. 她买的那条裙子和我上周买的一模一样，我要和她商量一下，免得“撞衫”。上面两个例句中定语从句都使用了as作为关系代词，我们可以发现例句1中含有“such…as…”，例句2中含有“the same…as…”，由此可见，我们到底要不要使用as来做关系代词，可以根据句中是否出现了与as搭配的短语进行判断。 3. The murderer who had killed several people on the campus was finally arrested by the police, as was expected. 如我们所愿，那个在校园杀害数人的杀人犯终于被警方逮捕。该句中并未出现与as搭配的短语，此处的用法是as做关系代词指代前面整个句子，在定语从句中做主语。 2. But大家熟悉的but基本都是以转折连词的身份出现，但是它还兼职在做定语从句中的关系代词。例句：There is no man but errs. 没有任何人能够不犯错误。句中的先行词是man，but自然就充当了关系代词的角色，但我们从句意中可以发现，but带有一层否定的意思，相当于“who not”。那么我们可以把例句转换为：There is no man who does not err. 但要注意，只有在but 前有先行词的时候才有此用法！请比较下面这个例句：He did nothing after graduation but spend his parents' money. 他毕业之后无所事事，就知道花爸妈的钱。该句中but是介词的用法，有转折的意义。 3. Than即可以做连词也可以做介词的than都是比较的含义，它居然也可以用在定语从句中。例句：1. Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed. 父母最好别给孩子们太多的钱，够用就可以了。 2. Don't order more food than can be finished. 别点太多吃的，会吃不完的。此处Than以主语的形式出现在定语从句中，其实省略了what，than也就等于than what。例句也可以写作：Parents had better not give kids more money than what is needed 例句2则可以转换为：Don't order more food than what can be finished 不管是做介词、连词也好，在定语从句里做关系代词也罢，than 都表示了一个比较的关系，从上述两个例句来看，句中都出现了比较级的形式。一、but可被看作关系代词，引导定语从句，在句中作主语，在意义上相当于who not或that not，即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后，构成双重否定。如：①There is no mother but loves her children．没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。 ②There was no one present but knew the story already．在场的人都知道这个故事。二、than作关系代词时，一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中，其结构为形容词比较级（more）．．．than＋从句，than在从句中作主语，相当于that，代表它前面的先行词。（这时，它兼有连词和代词的性质，也有学者认为这种用法的than是连词，后面省略了主语what。）如：①The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great deal more luxious than is necessary．室内游泳池过于豪华。 ②He got more money than was wanted．他得到了更多的钱。定语从句中的两个特殊关系代词定语从句是中学阶段一个非常重要的语法项目，在各类考试中都能看到它的身影。它的基本用法，想必读者朋友们已经掌握了吧！现由笔者为大家再介绍两个定语从句中的关系代词——but和than，以飨读者。

定语从句之关系词的选择

定语从句之关系词的选择一、复习： 1.定语从句的定义:在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。 2.先行词：被修饰的名词或者代词叫做先行词。 3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。 4.关系词：关系代词：which,that,who,whom,whose 关系副词：when,where,why Eg. This is the book___________my father bought for me.（物，宾语） This is a book________has 199 pages.(物，主语) He is the man__________bought a book for me.（人，主语） The boy_________his father bought a book for is Bob.（人，宾语） The boy_________father bought a book for him is Bob.（人，定语） The book________color is red is Bob’s.(物，定语) The visited the town________I lived.(地点状语) They visited the town________I liked.(物，宾语) I will never forget the day_______Obama met Bao Zheng.(时间状语) I will never forget the time________I spent on campus.(物，宾语) That was the reason_______he gave me yesterday.(物，直接宾语) That was the reason________I began to learn photoshop.(原因状语) 关系代词和关系副词用法总结关系词先行词关系词在定语从句中的成分which 物主语，宾语（可省略） that 人，物主语，宾语（可省略） who 人主语 whom 人宾语（可省略） whose 人，物定语 when 时间状语 where 地点状语 why 原因状语二、关系词选择两步骤。 1.看先行词是人还是物。 2.看先行词在从句中所处的地位：主语，宾语，定语——关系代词；状语-----关系副词

介词引导的定语从句 -答案

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句是定语从句的一种复杂形式，这类定语从句的关系代词主要有which ,whom , whose , 它们既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。关系代词前该选用什么样的介词，要根据不同的语境、习语、惯用法等来决定。一．介词选择的主要标准 1.介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性搭配 Human facial expressions differ from those animals in the degree to which they can be controlled on purpose.人类的面部表情和动物的面部表情就可控制的程度来说是不一样的。( to a degree ) The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.那场在新年晚会上我学生参加表演的英语剧很成功。( in the play ) The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs for which they are being trained.学校本身承认，并不是所有的孩子都能在他们所接受的培训的职业成功。( be trained for the job ) 2.介词与定语从句中的动词是一种习惯性搭配 Who is the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands? 我们的老师与之握手的那个男士是谁？( shake hands with sb. ) Last month , part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods , from whose effects the people are still suffering. 上个月，东南亚的部分地区发生洪水，人们还在遭受着洪水所带来的影响。(suffer from sth. ) 3.介词与定语从句中的形容词构成一种习惯性的搭配 Ours is a beautiful country , of which we are greatly proud . 我们的国家是一个美丽的国家，我们为之感到很自豪。( be proud of ) The woman to whom Spielberg is married is an actress. 同斯皮尔伯格结婚的女人是一位演员。( be married to ) The woman to whom he was engaged was a doctor. 他与之订婚的那个女士是位医生。(be engaged to ) 4.有时关系代词前用什么介词，要根据句子的意思来决定，此时不但要注意其前的搭配，也要注意其后的搭配 I was a woman running toward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the dark.Before I could recognize who she was , she had ran back in the direction from which she had come.看见一位妇女在黑暗中像我走来，我还没来得及认清她是谁，她已经从她来的方向跑回去了。（如果仅注意先行词，很容易受习惯心里的影响而使用in this direction 的搭配，但考虑到语境后的come ，则应该使用from。） He was educated at the local high school, after which he went on to Beijing University. 他在当地一所高中上学，之后他上了北京大学。（after which 的意思就是“在当地一所高中接受完教育之后”）。 In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm. by which time many have got home.在办公室我好像总是没时间，只有等到下午五点半，而那个时候大家都已经回家了。（此句不能受at 5:30 pm 的通常表达的影响而选用介词at, 而应该依据整个句子的语意来确定介词。）5.表示“所有格”或“整体与部分关系”时，用介词of The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, of which the sailing time was 226 days.这次环球旅行老水手用了9个月，其中航行的时间是226天。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% of which are sold abroad. 这个工厂每年生产50万双鞋，其中的（指50万双鞋）80%销往海外。 I was told that there were about 50 foreign students studying Chinese in the school, most of whom

进阶篇——第三章 关系从句