当前位置：文档库 › 高速铣削英文加中文翻译中英文对照

高速铣削英文加中文翻译中英文对照

High-speed milling

Saut Genc, Robert W. Messler Jr and Gabriele Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering ＆Mechanics; Department of Materials Science ＆Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

High-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.

1 One of the advantages of high-speed machining

High-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.

1.1 Increase productivity High-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reduced by 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the

surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.

1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface quality High-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um. 1.3 Cutting reduce the heat Because the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.

1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled parts

High-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate,

or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate on the business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.

1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processing

High-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs . High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement,

streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.

2 High-speed milling

High-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.

2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machining General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:

General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas: High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 10 0000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled. High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m /

min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.

2.2 High-speed machining tool

High-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting tool HRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but the hardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys,

titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.

2.3 High-speed processing technology High-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.

3 Die in high-speed milling processing of Milling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,in

Mould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work

efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.

High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAM technology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.

[1] K.-M. Lee, D.K. Shah, IEEE J. Robot. Automn 4 (3) (1988) 354-360.

[2] K.-M. Lee, D.K. Shah, IEEE J. Robot. Automn 4 (3) (1988) 361-367.

[3] M. Hashimoto, Y. Imamura, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1994, pp. 2457-2462.

[4] Z. Huang, W.S. Tao, Y.F. Fang, Mech. Mach. Theory 31 (8) (1996) 999-1007.

[5] D. Basu, A. Ghosal, Mech. Mach. Theory 32 (3) (1997) 375-389.

[6] Y. Fang, Z. Huang, Mech. Mach. Theory 32 (7) (1997) 789-796.

[7] F. Pierrot, A. Fournier, P. Dauchez, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1991, pp. 1288-1293.

[8] K. Miller, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1995, pp. 532-537.

[9] J. Hesselbach, H. Kerle, in: Proc. 9th Wld Congr. Theory Mach. Mech, 1995, pp. 1935-1939.

[10] S. Kawamura, W. Choe, S. Tanaka, S.R. Pandian, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1995, pp. 215-220.

[11] G.L. Long, C.L. Collins, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1992, pp. 390-395.

[12] C.L. Collins, G.L. Long, IEEE Trans. Robot. Automn 11 (5) (1995) 661-669.

[13] M. Giordano, R. Benea, in: Proc. 9th Wld Congr. Theory Mach. Mech., 1995, pp. 1729-1733.

[14] Y. Takeda, H. Funabashi, H. Ichimaru, JSME Int. J. Ser C 40 (2) (1997) 299-308.

[15] M. Sorli, C. Ferraresi, M. Kolarski, B. Borovac, M. Vukobratovic, Mech. Mach. Theory 32 (1) (1997) 51-77.

[16] H. Funabashi, M. Horie, T. Kubota, Y. Takeda, JSME Int. J. Series III 34 (3) (1991) 382-387.

[17] L. Yufeng, Y. Tingli, in: Proc. 9th Wld Congr. Theory Mach. Mech., 1995, pp. 1795-1799.

[18] F. Behi, IEEE J. Robot. Automn 4 (5) (1988) 561-565.

[19] R.P. Podhorodeski, K.H. Pittens, Trans. ASME, J. Mech. Des. 116 (1994) 908-914.

[20] M. Husain, K.J. Waldron, Mech. Mach. Theory 28 (6) (1993) 763-775.

[21] M. Husain, K.J. Waldron, Trans. ASME, J. Mech. Des. 116 (1994) 924-929.

[22] L. Notash, R.P. Podhorodeski, Mech. Mach. Theory 30 (3) (1995) 391-404.

[23] M.Z. Huang, S.-H. Ling, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1994, pp. 2180-2185.

[24] Z. Mingyang, G. Tong, C. Ge, L. Qunming, T. Dalong, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1995, pp.

221-226.

[25] M.K. Lee, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1995, pp. 234-240.

[26] K.E. Zanganeh, J. Angeles, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1994, pp. 3043-3048.

[27] K.E. Zanganeh, J. Angeles, in: Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automn, 1994, pp. 3049-3054.

中文翻译

高速铣削

高速切削加工是一种先进制造技术，不同于传统加工方式。它的主轴转速高、切削进给速度高、切削量小，单位时间内的材料切除量却增加3～6 倍。它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征，在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了广泛的应用，取得了重大的经济效益，是当代先进制造技术的重要应用。长期以来，人们对模具的加工一直采用铣削一磨削或者电火花(EDM)加工、打磨、抛光的方法。虽然电火花可加工硬度很高的工件，但较低的生产率使它的应用受到制。随着高速加工技术的发展，采用高速切削取代磨削抛光和电加工进行模具加工已成为可能。使加工周期大为缩短，加工质量得到可靠保证，加工成本降低。

1 高速切削加工的优势

高速切削加工作为模具制造中集高效、优质、低耗于一身的先进制造技术。在常规切削加工中备受困扰的一系列问题，通过高速切削加工的应用得到了解决。

1.1 提高生产率

高速切削的主轴转速、进给速度与传统切削加工相比，发生了本质性的飞跃，其金属切除率提高了30%~40%，切削力降低了30%，刀具的切削寿命提高了70%。还可加工淬硬零件，许多零件一次装夹可完成粗、半精和精加工等全部工序，对复杂型面也能达到零件表面质量要求，进而提高了加工生产率和产品的市场竞争力。

1.2 改善加工精度和表面质量

高速机床普遍具备高刚性和高精度等特点，加工时切削深度小，而进给速度较快，切削力低，工件热变形减少，而加工精度很高，表面粗糙度很小。高速铣削可获得无铣痕的加工表面，使零件表面质量大大提高。加工铝合金时可达

Ra0.40.6um，加工钢件时可达Ra0.2～0.4um。

1.3 减少切削产生的热量

因为铣床主轴高速旋转，切削加工是浅切削，同时进给速度很快，刀刃和工件的接触长度和接触时间非常短，减少了刀刃和工件的热传导。高速切削采用干铣或油一气(油雾)润滑系统，避免了传统加工时在刀具和工件接触处产生大量热的缺点，保证刀具在温度不高的条件下工作，延长了刀具的使用寿命。

1.4 有利于加工薄壁零件

高速切削时的切削力小，有较高的稳定性，可加工高质量同本公司内部员工相比可能是非常优秀的，但是同其他的公司的员工相比工作绩效可能算不了优秀。就我们中国实际来说，我们使用标杆分析法来确定员工培训需求是简单有效的。这种学习标杆对象可以是外部的，也可以是内部和外部的结合。首先要明确企业的发展战略。通过对企业内外部环境和组织资源等分析，明确企业未来发展的目标和业务重点。根据企业的发展战略寻找可以比照的标杆企业，通过比较分析，最后确定标杆企业。在确定标杆企业后，有一项，是了解其发展战略，还是其市场占有率和市场增长率，还是员工各方面的情况等等，这要根据本企业的实际情况来确定。由于企业在不同的发展时期，其着力点是不同的，即企业需要投入的物力人力财力的重点是不同的。所以在一定的时期内，企业要准确地选定其跟标杆企业比较的部门和岗位，这样更加具有实际意义，因为标杆企业并不是处处都好，而且有些方面进行比较没有多少实际意义，再者这样可以更充分地集中利用企业的有限资源。确定标杆企业后，然后拿本企业的相应的部门和员工同标杆企业进行比较，可以发现两者在工作绩效的差距，比较分析，寻找原因，根据本企业的实际，最后确定培训需求。培训是需要成本的，如果没有通过有效的方

式，去确定企业是否需要培训以及培训的方式，而是盲目进行培训，这样的培训是难以取得预期的效果。有比较才有区别，这种培训分析模型简单实用。

1.5 可部分替代某些工艺，如电火花加工、磨削加工

高速切削的一大特点，高速切削已可加工硬度达HRC60 的零件。采用带涂层的硬质合金刀具加工模具，直接将淬硬工具钢一次安装加工成形，有效地避免了零件多次安装造成的装夹误差，提高了零件的几何位置精度。在传统加工模具的工艺中，对热处理硬化后的工件需进行电火花加工，用高速切削加工替代传统切削的加工方法，可以省去模具制造工艺中的电火花加工，简化了加工工艺和投资成本。高速铣削加工可在专用的CNC 机床或加工中心上进行，也可在加装高速主轴的普通机床上进行。后者不仅具有普通机床的加工能力，而且还可进行高速铣削，减少了设备投资，增加了机床柔性。高速切削可以使加工效率提高、质量提高、工序简化，机床投资和刀具投资及维护费用上升，但综合比较，可以显著提高经济效益。

2 高速铣削加工

高速铣削加工的主要技术高速切削技术是切削加工技术的发展方向之一，它随着C N C 技术、微电子技术、新材料和新工艺等技术的发展而迈上更高的台阶。高速机床和高速刀具是实现高速切削的前提和基本条件，在高速切削加工中对高速机床的性能和刀具材料的选择有严格的要求。

2.1 高速铣削加工机床为了实现高速切削加工

一般采用高柔性的高速数控机床、加工中心，也有的采用专用的高速铣、钻床。机床同时具有高速主轴系统和高速进给系统，高的主轴刚度特性，高精度定位功能和高精度插补功能，特别是圆弧高精度插补功能。高速切削加工对机床的工艺系统提出了更高的要求，主要表现在以下几个方面：

高速铣削机床必须具有高速主轴，主轴的转速10000~100000m/min，功率大于15kW。还应具有快速升速、在指定位置快速准停的性能。主轴的轴向间隙不

大于0 .0 0 0 2 m m 。高速主轴常采用液体静压轴承式、空气静压轴承式、混合陶瓷轴承、磁悬浮轴承式等结构形式。主轴冷却一般采用内部水冷或气冷。高速加工机床的驱动系统应能够提供40～60m/min 的进给速度，具有良好的加速度特性，能够提供0.4m/s2 到10m/s2的加速度和减速度。为了获得良好的加工质量，高速切削机床必须具有足够高的刚度。机床床身材料采用灰铸铁，还可以在底座中添加高阻尼特性的混凝土，以防止切削时刀具颤振影响加工质量。具有高速数据传输率，能够自动加减速。加工工艺有利于切削加工和提高刀具寿命。目前高速机床的厂家，通常在普通机床上进行低速、大进给的粗加工，然后进行热处理，最后在高速机床上进行半精加工和精加工，在提高精度和效率的同时尽可能地降低加工成本。

2.2 高速切削加工刀具

刀具是高速切削加工中最活跃重要的因素之一，它直接影响着加工效率、制造成本和产品的加工精度。刀具在高速加工过程中要承受高温、高压、摩擦、冲击和振动等载荷，因此其硬度和耐磨性、强度和韧性、耐热性、工艺性能和经济性等基本性能是实现高速加工的关键因素之一。高速切削加工的刀具技术发展速度很快，应用较多的如金刚石(P C D)、立方氮化硼(C B N)）、陶瓷刀具、涂层硬质合金、(碳)氮化钛硬质合金T I C (N)等。立方氮化硼具有很高的硬度、极强的耐磨性和良好的导热性，与铁族元素之间有很大的惰性，在1300℃也不会发生显著的化学作用，还具有良好的稳定性。实验表明，用CBN 刀具切削硬度HRC35～67 的淬火钢可以达到很高速度。陶瓷材料具有良好的耐磨性和热化学稳定性，其硬度、韧性低于C B N ，可用于加工硬度H R C < 5 0 的零件。硬质合金刀具耐磨性好，但硬度比立方氮化硼和陶瓷低。采用刀具涂层技术，可以提高刀具硬度和切削加工的速度，适合切削硬度在HRC40～50 之间的工件。可用于耐热合金、钛合金、高温合金、铸铁、纯钢、铝合金及复合材料的高速切削，应用最为广泛。精密加工有色金属或非金属材料时，选用聚晶金刚石或金刚石涂层刀具。

2.3 高速加工工艺

高速切削的工艺技术也是进行高速切削加工的关键。切削方法选择不当，会使刀具加剧磨损，达不到高速加工的目的。只有高速机床和刀具没有好的工艺技术指导，高速切削加工设备也不能充分发挥作用。在高速切削加工中，应尽量选用顺铣加工，顺铣时刀具切入工件的切屑厚度为最大，随后逐渐减小。高速切削加工适于浅的切深，切削深度不超过0.2mm，可避免刀具的位置偏差，确保加工零件的几何精度。保证工件上的切削载荷恒定，以获得好的加工质量。高速切削采用单一路径顺铣切削模式，尽量不中断切削过程和刀具路径，减少刀具的切入切出次数，以获得相对稳定的切削过程。减少刀具的急速换向，在换向时NC机床必须立即停止或降速，再执行下一步操作。由于机床的加速度限制，易造成时间浪费，而且急停或急动会破坏表面精度。在

模具的高速精加工中，在每次切入、切出工件时，进给方向的改变应尽量采用圆弧或曲线转接，避免采用直线转接，以保持切削过程的平稳性。

3 高速铣削在模具加工中的应用

高速铣削作为高效切削加工的新方法，在模具制造中得到了广泛应用。在常规生产连杆锻模时，用电火花加工型腔需12～15h，电极制作2h。改用高速铣削后，采用高速立铣刀对硬度H R C 6 0 的淬硬工具钢进行加工。整个锻模加工只需3h20min，工效提高4～5 倍，加工表面粗糙度达Ra0.5～0.6m ，质量完全符合要求。高速切削技术是切削加工技术的主要发展方向之一，目前主要应用于汽车工业和模具行业，尤其是在加工复杂曲面、工件本身或刀具刚性要求较高的加工领域等，是多种先进加工技术的集成，其高效、高质量为人们所推崇。它不仅涉及到高速加工工艺，而且还包括高速加工机床、数控系统、高速切削刀具及C A D / C A M 技术等。模具高速加工技术目前已在发达国家的模具制造业中普遍应用，而在我国的应用范围及应用水平仍有待提高，由于其具有传统加工无可比拟的优势，仍将是今后加工技术必然的发展方向。

中文地址翻译英文详细讲解以及例句

中文地址翻译英文详细讲解以及例句 No.3, Building 2, Jilong Lignum Market, Dalingshan Town, DongGuan City, Guangdong Prov, China 或者 No.3, Building 2,Jilong Mucai Shichang, Dalingshan Town, DongGuan City, Guangdong Prov, China 翻译原则：先小后大。中国人喜欢先说小的后说大的，如**区**路**号而外国人喜欢先说大的后说小的，如**号**路**区，因此您在翻译时就应该先写小的后写大的。例如：中国广东深圳市华中路1023号5栋401房，您就要从房开始写起，Room 401, Buliding 5, No.1023,HuaZhong Road, ShenZhen, GuangDong Prov., China（逗号后面有空格）。注意其中路名、公司名、村名等均不用翻译成同意的英文，只要照写拼音就行了。因为您的支票是中国的邮递员送过来，关键是要他们明白。技术大厦您写成Technology Building，他们可能更迷糊呢。现在每个城市的中国邮政信件分拣中心都有专人负责将外国来信地址翻译成中文地址,并写在信封上交下面邮递员送过来. 重要: 你的邮政编码一定要写正确,因为外国信件中间的几道邮政环节都是靠邮政编码区域投递的。常见中英文对照： ***室/ 房Room *** ***村*** Village ***号No. *** ***号宿舍*** Dormitory ***楼/ 层*** F ***住宅区/ 小区*** Residential Quater 甲/ 乙/ 丙/ 丁 A / B / C / D ***巷/ 弄Lane *** ***单元Unit *** ***号楼/ 栋*** Building ***公司***Com./*** Crop/***CO.LTD ***厂*** Factory ***酒楼/酒店*** Hotel ***路*** Road ***花园*** Garden ***街*** Street ***信箱Mailbox *** ***区*** District ***县*** County ***镇*** Town ***市*** City ***省*** Prov. ***院***Yard ***大学***College **表示序数词，比如1st、2nd、3rd、4th……如果不会，就用No.***代替，或者直接填数字吧！另外有一些***里之类难翻译的东西，就直接写拼音*** Li。而***东（南、西、

英语寓言小故事15则(中英文对照)

英语寓言小故事15则(中英文对照) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1

英语寓言小故事15则（中英文对照）目录 1. Making His Mark “刻舟求剑” (3) 2. To Pull up the Seedlings to Help Them Grow “拔苗助长” (3) 3. Plugging One’s Ears While Stealing a Bell “掩耳盗铃” (4) 4. The Fox and the Crow “狐狸和乌鸦” (4) 5. Draw a Snake and Add Feet to It “画蛇添足” (4) 6. 郭氏之墟 (5) 7. 老鼠和公牛 (6) 8. 男孩和荨麻 (7) 9. 鹦鹉和猫 (7) 10. 一捆树枝 (8) 11. 狼和驴 (9) 12. 野猪和狐狸 (11) 13. 燕雀处室 (12) 14. 山 (12) 15. A Smart Tortoise聪明的乌龟 (13)

1.Making His Mark “刻舟求剑” A man from the state of Chu was taking a boat across a river when he dropped his sword into the water carelessly. Immediately he made a mark on the side of the boat where the sword dropped, hoping to find it later. When the boat stopped moving, he went into the water to search for his sword at the place where he had marked the boat. As we know, the boat had moved but the s word had not. Isn’t this a very foolish way to look for a sword? 楚国有个人坐船渡江时，他不小心把自己的一把宝剑掉落江中。他马上掏出一把小刀，在宝剑落水的船舷上刻上一个记号。船靠岸后，那楚人立即从船上刻记号的地方跳下水去捞取掉落的宝剑。他怎么找得到宝剑呢？船继续行驶，而宝剑却不会再移动。像他这样去找剑，真是太愚蠢可笑了。 2.To Pull up the Seedlings to Help Them Grow “拔苗助长” Once upon a time, there was an old farmer who planted a plot of rice. After he planted the seedlings, every day he went to the field to watch the seedlings grow. He saw the young shoots break through the soil and grow taller each day, but still, he thought they were growing too slowly. Eventually he got impatient with the young plants and suddenly he hit upon an idea that one by one, he pulled up the young plants by half an inch. The next early morning, the young man couldn’t wait to check his “achievement”, but he w as heart-broken to see all the pulled-up young plants dying. 从前，有个农夫，种了稻苗（seedlings）后，便希望能早早收成。每天他到稻田时，都发觉那些稻苗长得非常慢。他等得很不耐烦。想了又想，他终于想到一个“最佳方法”，他将稻苗全都拔高了几分。第二天，一早起身，他迫不及待地去稻田看他的“成果”。哪知，却看到所有的稻苗都枯萎了。

英文翻译中文

Accounting ethics Barron's Kathleen Elliott Abstract Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors. Key words：Accounting Ethics Education Contents 1 Importance of ethics 2 History 3 Teaching ethics 4 Accounting scandals 1.Importance of ethics The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting. Most countries have differing focuses on enforcing accounting laws. In Germany, accounting legislation is governed by "tax law"; in Sweden, by "accounting law"; and in the United Kingdom, by the "company law". In addition, countries have their own organizations which regulate accounting. For example, Sweden has the Bokf?ringsn?mden (BFN - Accounting Standards Board), Spain the Instituto de Comtabilidad y Auditoria de Cuentas (ICAC), and the United States the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). 2.History Luca Pacioli, the "Father of Accounting", wrote on accounting ethics in his first book Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni, et proportionalita, published in 1494. Ethical standards have since then been developed through government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. These various groups have led accountants to follow several codes of ethics to perform their duties in a professional work environment. Accountants must follow the code of ethics set out by the professional body of which they are a member. United States accounting societies such as the Association of Government Accountants, Institute of Internal Auditors, and the National Association of Accountants all have codes of ethics, and

励志小故事(中英文对照)

2上帝那里没有现成的果实三个人千辛万苦找到了上帝，请求他给予帮助。上帝问他们各需要什么。第一个人说他要一座大宅院；第二个人说，他要一个农庄；第三个人说他要一块大金条。上帝说他可以满足他们的需要。于是上帝给了第一个人一堆砖头，给了第二个人一把种子，给了第三个人一把沙子。 No Ready-made Fruit in God’s Hand Three guys finally got the God through trials and errors. They were eager to ask God for help. Right after the God asked what they want, the first man claim a big courtyard, the second a farmstead, and the third a bar of gold. God promised them. At last, the first man was given a pile of bricks, the second a bag of seed and the third a mass of sand. 3虫子的压力有这么一种虫子，它的体长还不到一毫米，也许因为在电子显微镜下看起来像一头黑熊，所以人们叫它雄虫。它主要生活在淡水的沉渣，潮湿土壤以及苔藓植物的水膜中。最近日本冈山大学物理学家小野文久发现了一个惊人的现象：当20只小熊虫被放入密封的容器内，在实验室制造的7.5万个大气压下，20只熊虫只有两只死亡，其余的18只安然无恙。7.5万个大气压！它相当于每平方豪米要承受700多千克重物的压力，它足以上淀粉瞬间变性，生米顷刻为熟饭。自然条件下，地球上也只有180千米的地幔深处才拥有如此大的压力。至今没有人能弄清楚熊虫为何如此能忍。不只是出于对这种超强生命力的尊重还是怀疑，有人叫它地狱之虫。一个长度不超过1毫米的微不足道的虫子，能承受命运给他如此的压力，相比较而言，我们这些自称是高级动物，智慧生命，万物之灵的人呢？在人的现实生活中，有多少小小的心结，小小的压力构成我们所谓的生存压力。在这样的压力下又有多少悲观失落之人将美好的人生称作地狱？现在一比才觉得，其实我们的压力就好比是真空，我饿美女的地狱就是天堂中的天堂。在那一刻，我在心里默默地鞠了一躬，不是为熊虫，而是感谢造物主没有把这样的压力降在人间。 W orm’s Pressure This is a worm whose body is no less than one millimeter. It is called 熊虫(XC) perhaps for the reason that it looks like a black bear under the microscop. The XC usually habited in the slurry of fresh water, wet soil and the 水膜of moss plants. Recently, there was an amazing news discovered by 日本冈山大学物理学家小野文久: when 20 little XC were placed in a sealed container under the 7.5 万个大气压making in experiment condition, there were only two died and the other 18 have no trouble at all. 7.5 万个大气压, equal to over 700 kilogram stress per square meter, which is powerful enough to它足以上淀粉瞬间变性and the rice ready to eat. In natural condition, this pressure can only be found in the 地幔beneath the earth 180 kilogram. Till now, nobody have an idea about the tolerance of XC. Someone also call it worm of hell out of admiration or suspicion. A worm, with its length less than one

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。

经典中文英文翻译

经典中文的英译但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.

合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.

人生故事(中英文对照)

下面是我的一段简易人生故事，主要是用来说明语法的重要性！ My Life Story By Li Yang I was born in a poor family in Jiangsu. I grew up with my grandparents. Because my parents chose to work in Xinjiang to serve the country right after they graduated from university. My mother just came back to Jiangsu to give birth to me, and then returned to Xinjiang. My parents were busy working everyday. They were very devoted to their country. They had no time for me. 我出生在江苏一个贫困的家庭。我跟着外公外婆一起长大。因为我父母大学毕业后志愿去了新疆工作，为国家效力。我母亲只是回到江苏生下了我，就又回新疆去了。我父母每天都忙于工作。他们将全身心献给了国家。他们没有时间照顾我。 I was an extremely shy and introverted child. I had no confidence in myself at all. I was ashamed of my appearance. I was a terrible student. I had few friends. My mother beat me severely. So I hated her very much. I wanted to hit her back. But I didn’t dare. Because I had nowhere else to go. 我那时是个极端害羞和内向的小孩子。我对自己一点信心都没有。

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧

中文地址翻译成英文地址的方法和技巧中文地址的排列顺序是由大到小，如：Ｘ国Ｘ省Ｘ市Ｘ区Ｘ路Ｘ号，而英文地址则刚好相反，是由小到大。如上例写成英文就是：Ｘ号，Ｘ路，Ｘ区，Ｘ市，Ｘ省，Ｘ国。 1.各部分写法 ●Ｘ室：Room Ｘ ●Ｘ号：No. X ●Ｘ单元：Unit Ｘ ●X楼/层：X/F ●Ｘ号楼：Building No. Ｘ ●住宅区/小区：ResidentialQuater ●Ｘ街：ＸStreet ●Ｘ路：ＸRoad East/Central/West东路/ 中路/ 西路芙蓉西二路/ West 2nd Furong Road Central Dalian Rd. /大连中路芙蓉中路的“中”可以用Central，也有用Middle的，一般用Mid比较简洁。 ●Ｘ区：ＸDistrict ●Ｘ镇：ＸTown ●Ｘ县：ＸCounty ●Ｘ市：ＸCity ●Ｘ省：ＸProvince ●国家（State）中华人民共和国：The People’s Republic of China、P.R.China、P.R.C.、 China ●X信箱：M ailbox X 请注意：翻译人名、路名、街道名等，最好用拼音。各地址单元间要加逗号隔开。

2.英文通信地址常用翻译 201室/房Room 201 二单元Unit 2 马塘村MatangVallage 一号楼/栋Building 1 华为科技公司Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

xx公司xx Corp. / xx Co., Ltd. 宿舍Dormitory 厂Factory 楼/层Floor 酒楼/酒店Hotel 住宅区/小区Residential Quater 县County 甲/乙/丙/丁A/B/C/D 镇Town 巷/弄Lane 市City 路Road（也简写作Rd.，注意后面的点不能省略）一环路1st Ring Road 省Province(也简写作Prov.）花园Garden 院Yard 街Street/Avenue 大学College/University 信箱Mailbox 区District A座Suite A 广场Square 州State 大厦/写字楼Tower/Center/Plaza 胡同Alley（北京地名中的条即是胡同的意思）中国部分行政区划对照自治区Autonomous Region 直辖市Municipality 特别行政区Special Administration Region 简称SAR 自治州Autonomous Prefecture

英文翻译成中文

第四部分翻译 Part Ⅰ英译汉练习： Unit 1 1.年轻时，他对学业漫不经心，加之他一直不愿考虑运动员以外的职业，到这时候，这一切终于给他带来了不幸。 2.护士们对不得不日复一日地参与欺骗病人的做法也许深恶痛绝，但要抵制却感到无能为力。 3.我不会在初版的《失乐园》上乱写乱画，就像我不会把一幅伦勃朗的原作连同一套蜡笔交给我的婴儿任意涂抹一样。 4.只有假设地球表面呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。 5.鹿减少生存所需的能耗以增加越冬生存的机会，从生物学的角度看是合情合理的。 6.不论好坏，不论是何结果，美国人不仅会一概接受，还要去铲除那些反对者，尽管对于成千上万的人来说，这决定与自己的意愿背道而驰。 7.你可曾为了接电话在洗澡时从浴室冲出来，或是嚼着饭从饭桌旁站起来，或是昏昏沉沉的从床上爬起来，而结果却是有人打错了。 8.实际上，大把花钱的满足感大于商品本身带给他们的乐趣。 9.但是蓝色也可以表示伤感（我很伤感），白色常代表纯洁，尽管在中国，人们在婚礼上穿白的，在葬礼上穿黑的。 10. 晚上十点到十二点，美国处在权力真空状态——除了纽约广播公司总部和两家大的新闻机构之外，全国范围内就再没有别的信息中心。 Unit 2 1) 1800年英国与法国之间将爆发一场持续15后的大战。 2) 我相信，到1816年，英国将在滑铁卢村附近赢得一场伟大战役的胜利。 3) 然而，到1870年，对于英国来说，德国将成为一个比法国更具危险性的国家。 4) 在20世纪初，俄国、美国和日本将成为大国，而英国将不再是世界上最强大的国家了。 5) 反过来，农民的业绩大小取决于农业的组织形式，经济环境，市场结构这些与之息息相关的因素。 6) 他被接回来时，不停地跟人讲，一些可怕的怪物瞪着眼睛盯着他，把他带到了一个宇宙飞船上。 7) 烫伤大多数发生在老人和孩子身上，往往是由于浴室里水温太高而造成的。 8) 尽量多地了解可能发生的事情，这样你可以提前做好准备。 9) 市场的变化迫使很多网站关闭，而其它网站也仅是勉强维持。 10）因为在农民生产率低下的国家，需要劳动人口中大多数人种粮食，因此就没有多少人从事投资货物的生产或进行经济增长所必须的其它活动。 Unit 3 1. 在牛顿之前，亚里士多德已经发现物体的自然状态是静止的，除非有力作用于物体。所以运动着的物体会停下来。 2．人们在家中或是类似家的地方感觉最为亲密——和一个或几个亲近的人呆在一起——也就是在私人交谈的时候。 3．当一个人长时间在干道或高速公路上驾车行驶，就会存在两个问题：一是如何保持稳定的车速；二是如何确保他不撞上前面的车。 4．这个系统尤其适用于汽车拥挤的情况，因为电脑不仅能够控制车速，与前面车子的距离，还能够控制方向。

幽默英语小故事(中英文对照)

A Soldier's Brilliant Idea Mr. Robinson had to travel somewhere on business, and as he was in a hurry, he decided to go by air. He liked sitting beside a window when he was flying, so when he got on to the plane, he looked for a window seat. He found all of them had already had been taken except for one. There was a soldier sitting in the seat beside this one, and Mr. Robinson was surprised that he had not taken the one by the window; but, anyhow, he at once went towards it. When he reached it, however, he saw that there was a notice on it. It was written in ink and said, "This seat is preserved for proper load balance, thank you." Mr Robinson had never seen such an unusual notice in a plane before, but he thought that the plane must be carrying something particularly heavy in it, so he walked on and found another empty seat, not beside a window, to sit in. Two or three people tried to sit in the window seat beside the soldier, but they too read the notice and went on, when the plane was nearly full, a very beautiful girl hurried into the plane. The soldier, who was watching the passengers coming in, quickly took the notice off the seat beside himself and in this way succeededin having the company of the girl during the whole trip. 英语幽默：士兵坐飞机有美女陪伴的高招由于生意方面的事，罗宾逊先生得出趟门。因为有点紧急，他决定坐飞机。乘机旅行时，他喜欢靠窗坐，故而一登机，他就寻找一个靠窗的座位。他发现只有一个靠窗的座位还空着。在那空座位边坐着一名士兵。令罗宾逊先生纳闷的是，这位士兵没有坐靠窗的位置。罗宾逊先生不管那些，他马上径直朝那个空座位走去。然而，等到了那儿，他看见座位上有则启事，是用钢笔写的：“为保持装载平衡，特预设该位置，谢谢合作。”罗宾逊先生还从来没有在飞机上见过如此不同寻常的启事。不过，他想飞机上一定装了什么特别重的物品，于是他找了个不靠窗的位置。又有两三个乘客试图坐在那个士兵旁的靠窗座位上，他们看到那则启事就走开了。当快满座时，一位非常美丽的姑娘匆匆走进机舱。一直在注意进舱旅客的那个士兵赶紧拿掉他旁边空座位上的启事。士兵用这种办法，成功地找到了一位姑娘一路作伴。

中英文小故事

中英文小故事 One day, a little monkey is playing by the well. 一天，有只小猴子在井边玩儿。 He looks in the well and shouts : 它往井里一瞧，高喊道： “Oh !My god! The moon has fallen into the well!” “噢！我的天！月亮掉到井里头啦！” An older monkeys runs over, takes a look,and says, 一只大猴子跑来一看，说， “Goodness me! The moon is really in the water!” “糟啦！月亮掉在井里头啦！” And olderly monkey comes over. 老猴子也跑过来。 He is very surprised as well and cries out: 他也非常惊奇，喊道： “The moon is in the well.” “糟了，月亮掉在井里头了！” A group of monkeys run over to the well . 一群猴子跑到井边来， They look at the moon in the well and shout: 他们看到井里的月亮，喊道： “The moon did fall into the well!Come on!Let’get it out!”

“月亮掉在井里头啦！快来！让我们把它捞起来！” Then, the oldest monkey hangs on the tree up side down ,with his feet on the branch . 然后，老猴子倒挂在大树上， And he pulls the next monkey’s feet with his hands. 拉住大猴子的脚， All the other monkeys follow his suit, 其他的猴子一个个跟着， And they join each other one by one down to the moon in the well. 它们一只连着一只直到井里。 Just before they reach the moon, the oldest monkey raises his head and happens to see the moon in the sky, 正好他们摸到月亮的时候，老猴子抬头发现月亮挂在天上呢 He yells excitedly “Don’t be so foolish! The moon is still in the sky!” 它兴奋地大叫：“别蠢了！月亮还好好地挂在天上呢！” 英语寓言故事《狗和狼》 (类别：英语故事浏览人数：11297) A wolf was almost dead with hunger. A house-dog saw him, and asked, "Friend, your irregular life will soon ruin you. "Why don't you work steadily as I do, and get your food regularly?" "I would have no objection," said the wolf, "if I could only get a place." "I will help you," said the dog. "Come with me to my master, and you shall share my work."

中文名字的英文写法

中文名字最标准的英文写法就是直接翻译成汉语拼音：Li Leyang或Lee Yeyang 西方人的习惯是名字在前，姓在后，二者间如果有中间名（Middle name），Middle name一般用简写，中国人如果有英文名字，在正式的场合可以参照这种格式。比如，搜狐创始人、董事局主席张朝阳的英文名字就写成：Charles CY. Zhang. 搜狐所有英文正式文件中张朝阳的名字都是这样写的。如果没有英文名字，那么应该按照中国人的习惯（姓在前名字在后）直接把中文名字翻译成汉语拼音作为英文写法！很典型的例子，奥运会上，所有中国运动员的名字在运动衣上都是这样翻译的（以前不是，后来国家颁布了《汉语拼音方案》，并解释到《汉语拼音方案》是拼写中文人名地名唯一标准后，统一改过来了），所以，中国人名字的英文写法，就是汉语拼音：姓在前，名在后，姓和名分开写，姓和名的开头字母均大写！两个字的是：比如：张三就应该写：Zhang San 三个字的是：1.单姓,比如：李小言就应该写：Li Xiaoyan 2.复姓,比如：诸葛亮就应该写：Zhuge Liang 四个字的是：1.单姓,比如：李雨中生就应该写：Li Yuzhongsheng 2.复姓,比如：司马相如就应该写：Sima Xiangru 1. Last Name就是姓，First Name就是名，請勿混淆。 2. "國語羅馬拼音對照表" 乃外交部護照科所採用的中英文姓名翻譯原則，為了保持所有文件的統一，建議同學根據此表來翻譯姓名及地址。 3. 同學的英文姓名，應由中文姓名音譯，並與大學英文畢業證書、英文成績單、TOEFL / GRE / GMAT考試及申請學校、辦理護照及簽證時所用的英文姓名完全一致，如姓名不一致，將造成申請學校、辦護照、簽證時身份的困擾，徒增麻煩。 4. 如果有英文別名 (如John、Mary...等)，可以將別名當做Middle Name。 [例] 王甫平有一個英文別名STEVE，其英文姓名可以下列方式列出： WANG FUPING S Last Name First Name M.I. 5. 如果沒有英文別名，M.I. 處不要填。 6. 如非必要，英文別名最好不要用，只用中文姓名的英譯最為單純。 7. 在國外使用英文姓名的建議：外國人習慣將名放在前面，姓放在後；而中國人的姓名，則是姓在前名在後，有時在國外填寫資料時常會搞錯，建議在打履歷表、印名片或處理資料時，如果填寫姓名的地方沒有註明Last Name時，英文姓名正確表達方法可以如： Fuping Wang 或 Wang, Fuping