四级阅读专项训练

专项一、Beauty and Body Image in the Media

Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts—sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.

Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits.

And it’s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they’re all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women’s Health i n its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.

The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90 to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight).On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.

The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women’s Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar.Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 per cent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way.

Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.”

Unattainable Beauty

Perhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea ( 慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll.

Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder.

The Culture of Thinness

Researchers report that women’s magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, and over three-quarte rs of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery.

Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman’s worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV

situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?”), and 80 per cent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.

There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck ( 抵制，反抗) the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world’s biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women’s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement.

Ethics

Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women’s Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004. Self-Improvement or Self-Destruction?

The barrage of message s about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustment—and that the female body is an object to be perfected.

Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real women’s bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry’s standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate.”

1. Women’s magazines are full of articles to urge women to ___________.

A) eat less sweet food C) marry a rich husband

B) lose weight D) have at least two kids

2. The cosmetic and diet product industries gain profits by ____________.

A) exaggerating the goodness about their products

B) targeting at children and females

C) presenting an ideal image difficult to achieve

D) distributing free samples from home to home

3. Canadian Women’s health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls _____________.

A) at age 5 or 6 C) at age 13 or 14

B) at age 9 or 10 D) at age 16 or 17

4. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that ____________ percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight.

A) 35 to 50 C) 50 to 70

B) 50 D) 90

5. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would _____________.

A) suffer from heart disease C) live a more rewarding life

B) be very popular with males D) die from malnutrition

6. Television and movies emphasize that a woman’s worth can be judged by _____________.

A) the cosmetics she uses C) the thinness of her body

B) the jewelry she wears D) the wealth of her husband

7. Spain has recently undergone a project to _____________.

A) include full-sized women in its fashion magazines

B) standardize clothing sizes

C) ban ultra-thin models from the runway

D) promote weight loss among men

8. In mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004, ______________ were overrepresented.

9. Jean Kilbourne concludes that many women judge themselves by _______________________.

10. The focus on ___________________________ destroys any awareness and action that might help to change the trend.

We call it the "common cold" for good reason. There are over one billion colds in the United States each year. You and your children will probably have more colds than any other type of 1 . Children average three to eight colds per year. They continue getting them 2 childhood. Parents often get them from the kids. Colds are the most common reason that children 3 school and parents miss work.

Children usually get colds from other children. When a new 4 is introduced into a school or day 5 , it quickly travels through the class.

Colds can 6 year-round, but they occur mostly in the winter (even in areas with mild winters). In areas where there is no winter, colds are most 7 during the rainy season.

When someone has a cold, his runny nose is teeming with (充满) cold 8 . Sneezing, nose-blowing, and nose-wiping spread the virus. You can 9 a cold by inhaling（吸入）the virus if you are sitting close to someone who sneezes, or by 10 your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have touched something contaminated (污染的) by the virus.

People are most contagious (会感染的) for the first 2 to 3 days of a cold, and usually not contagious at all by day 7 to 10.

A) care I) catch B) throughout J) moving C) touching K) strain D) occur

L) illness E) abuse M) miss F) sensation N) commonG) tension O) by H) viruses There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals. Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.

The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.

Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action.

1.Our long-term goals mean a lot______.

A.if we complete our short-range goals

B.if we cannot reach solid short-term goals

C.if we write down the dates

D.if we put forward some plans

2.New short-term goals are bulid upon______.

A.two years

B.long-term goals

C.current activities

D.the goals that have been completed

3.When we complete each step of our goals ,______.

A.we will win final success

B.we are overwhelmed

C.we should build up confidence of success

D.we should strong desire for setting new goals

4.Once our goals are drawn up,_______.

A.we should stick to them until we complete them

B.we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities

C.we had better wait for the exciting news of success

D.we have made great decision

5.It is implied but not stated in the passage that ______.

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