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英国文学史及选读复习8 summary of the Age of Elizabeth

Summary of the Age of Elizabeth ( I )

This period is generally regarded as the greatest in the history of English literature. Historically, we note in this age the tremendous impetus received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation, and from the exploration of the New World. It was marked by a strong national spirit, by patriotism, by religious tolerance, by social content, by intellectual progress, and by unbounded enthusiasm.

Such an age, of thought, feeling, and vigorous action, finds its best expression in the drama; and the wonderful development of the drama, culminating in Shakespeare, is the most significant characteristic of the Elizabethan period. Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry; and the poetry is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthful and romantic feeling. Both the poetry and drama were permeated by Italian influence, which was dominant in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The literature of this age is often called the literature of the Renaissance, though, the Renaissance itself began much earlier, and for a century and a half added very little to English literary possessions.

In the study of the age we have noted:

1.The non-dramatic poets

The poets who did not write for the stage.

a. The center of this group is Edmund Spenser whose Shepherd’s Calendar(1579) marked the appearance of the first national poet since Chaucer’s death in 1400. His most famous work is The Faery Queen .

The Shepherd’s Calendar is about his love and his melancholy over the lost love. The themes are generally rural life, nature, love in the fields; and the speakers are shepherds and shepherdesses. It consists of twelve pastoral poems, or eclogues, one for each month of the year.

The Faery Queen. The original plan of the poem included twenty four books, each of which was to recount the adventure and triumph of a knight who represented a moral virtue. Spenser completed only six books, celebrating holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy. For The Faery Queen, Spenser invented a new verse form, which has been called since his day the Spenserian stanza. It is in nine lines, eight of five feet each and last of six feet, riming ababbcbcc. Characteristics of Spenser’s po etry:

1. perfect melody;

2.a rare sense of beauty;

3. a splendid imagination;

4. a lofty moral purity and seriousness;

5.a delicate idealism

A Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,

Ycladd in mightei armes and silver shielde,

Wherein old dints of deepe woundes did remaine.

The cruell markes of many a bloody fielde;

Yet armes till that time did he never wield:

His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,

As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:

Full iolly knight he seemed, and faire did sitt,

As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.

b. minor poets associated with Spenser

1. Thomas Sackville 1536-1608 earl of Dorset and Lord High Treasurer of England. In imitation of Dante’s Inferno, he formed the design of a great poem called The Mirror for Magistrates. He wrote also, in connection with Thomas Norton, first English tragedy, Ferrex and Porrex = Gorboduc

2. Michael Drayton 1563-1631 most voluminous, chief work is Polyolbion, an enormous poem of many thousand couplets, describing the towns, mountains, and rivers of Britain, with the interesting legends connected with each. Two other long works Baron’s Wars , Heroic Epistle of England and “Ballad of Agincourt”.

3. George Chapman 1559-1634, wrote chiefly for the stage. His plays, which were for the most part merely poems in dialogue, fell far below the high dramatic standard of his time and are now almost unread. His most famous work is the metrical translation of the Iliad and of the Odyssey. He is also remembered as the finisher of Marlowe’s Hero and Leander, in which, apart from the drama, the Renaissance movement is seen at perhaps its highest point in English poetry.

4. Philip Sidney 1554-1586, the ideal gentleman, more interesting as a man than as a writer. His life expresses, better than any single literary work, the two ideals of the age,--- personal honor and national greatness. As a writer, he is known by three principal works, all published after his death. Arcadia is a pastoral romance. Apologie for Poetrie = Defense of Poesie , appeared in answer to a pamphlet by Stephen Gosson called The School of Abuse, in which the poetry of the age and its unbridled pleasure were denounced with puritan thoroughness and conviction. Astrophel and Stella is a collection of songs and sonnets addressed to Lady Penelope Devereux, to whom Sidney had once been betrothed.

2.The rise and development of the drama in England

First the need, then the story, then the play; that seems to be the natural development of the drama in its simplest form. The great deeds of a people are treasured in its literature and later generations represent in play or pantomime certain parts of the story which appeal most powerfully to the imagination. To act a part seems as natural to humanity as to tell a story; and originally the drama is but an old story retold to the eye, a story put into action by living performers, who for the moment “make believe” or imagine themselves to be the old heroes.

In Europe, as in Greece, the drama had a distinctly religious origin. The first characters were drawn from the New Testament, and the object of the first plays was to make the church service more impressive, or to emphasize moral lessons by showing the reward of the good and the punishment of the evil doer. In the latter days of the Roman Empire the church found the stage possessed by frightful plays, which debased the morals of a people already fallen too low. So the corrupt drama was driven from the stage, and plays of every kind were forbidden. But mankind loves a spectacle, and soon the church itself provided a substitute for the forbidden plays in the famous Mysteries and Miracles.

a. Miracle and Mystery plays

In France the name miracle was given to any play representing the lives of the saints, while the mystery represented scenes from the life of Christ. In England this distinction was almost unknown; the name miracle was used indiscriminately for all plays having their origin in the Bible or in the lives of the saints; and the name mystery, to distinguish a certain class of plays, was not used until long after the religious drama had passed away. By the year 1300 the miracles were out of ecclesiastical hands and adopted eagerly by the town guilds.

b. Morality plays

The second period of drama is shown by the increasing prevalence of the morality plays. In these the characters were allegorical personages,--- life, death, repentance, goodness, love, greed, and other virtues and vices. The morality marks a distinct advance over the miracle in that it gave free scope to the imagination for new plots and incidents. Of the known authors of moralities, two of the best are John Skelton, who wrote Magnificence and David Lindsay. They satirize or denounce abuses of church and state, and introduce living personages thinly disguised as allegories; so that the stage first becomes a power in shaping events and correcting abuses.

c. Interludes

It is impossible to draw any accurate line of distinction between the moralities and interludes. In general we may think of the latter as dramatic scenes, sometimes given at banquets and entertainments where a little fun was wanted. The interludes originated, undoubtedly, in a sense of humor and was raised to the distinct dramatic form known as comedy by Heywood 1497?-1580? The Play of the Weather, The Fou r P’s

d. Artistic period of the drama

The artistic is the final stage in the development of the English drama. It differs radically from the other in that its chief purpose is not to point a moral but to represent human life as it is. The first true play in English is the comedy, Ralph Royster Doyster by Nicholas Udall. The story is that of a conceited fop in love with a widow, who is already engaged to another man. Gammer Gurton’s Needle, a domestic comedy, representing the life of the peasant class.

The first English tragedy, Gorboduc, was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. It is the first play to be written in blank verse.

e. Dramatic unities

In the classic play the so-called dramatic unities of time, place, and action were strictly observed. Time and place must remain the same, the play could represent a period of only a few hours, and whatever action was introduced must take place at the spot where the play began. The severe simplicity of the classical drama seemed only to hamper the exuberant English spirit. The English drama, on the other hand, strove to represent the whole sweep of life in a single play.

f. Two schools of drama

The university wits generally upheld the classical ideal and ridiculed the

crudeness of the new English plays. Sackville, Norton, Sidney were of this class. Lyly, Greene, Peele, Marlowe, these popular playwrights were against these. They recognized the English love of action and disregarded the dramatic unities in their endeavor to present life as it is.

John Lyly 1554?-1606, known as having developed the pernicious literary style called euphuism. His two prose works Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit; Euphues and His England. The style is affected and overelegant, abounds in odd conceits, and uses hopelessly involved sentences.

Thomas Kyd. Spanish Tragedy, melodrama of passion, copied by Marlow and Shakespeare.

Robert Greene 1558-1592, plays the chief part in the early development of romantic comedy. Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay

Christopher Marlowe 1564—1593. In addition to Hero and Leander, he is famous for four dramas, known as one-man type of tragedy, each revolving about one central personality who is consumed by the lust of power. Tamburlaine, is the story of Timur, the Tartar. Faustus is of a scholar who longs for infinite knowledge.

The Jew of Malta, is a study of lust for wealth. Edward II , is a tragic study of a king’s weakness and misery.

Marlow is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare.

When we remember that he died at 29, probably before Shakespeare had produced

a single great play, we must wonder what he might have done had he outlived his

wretched youth and become a man. Here and there his work is remarkable for its splendid imagination, for the stateliness of its verse, and for its rare bits of poetic beauty; but in dramatic instinct, in wide knowledge of human life, in humor, in delineation of woman’s character, in the delicate fancy----in a word, in all that makes a dramatic genius, Shakespeare stands alone. Marlow simply prepared the way for the master who was to follow.

g. Variety of the early drama

1. chronicle plays, founded on historical events and characters. Of Shakespeare’s

37 plays, ten are true chronicle plays of English kings.

2. The domestic plays began with crude home scenes introduced into the miracles

and developed in a score of different ways, from the coarse humor of Gammer Gurton’s Needle to the comedy of manners of Jonson and the later dramatists.

Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew , Merry Wives of Windsor belong to this class.

3. The so-called court comedy was marked by elaborate dialogues, jests, retorts,

and endless plays on words, rather than by action. It was made popular by Lyly’s success, and was imitated in S hakespeare’s “Lylian” comedies,such as Love’s Labour’s Lost , Two Gentlemen of Verona

4. Romantic comedy and tragedy suggest the most artistic and finished types of

the drama, brought to perfection in The Merchant of Venice , Romeo and Juliet , The Tempest .

5. a. classical plays, favored by cultivated audiences. b. melodrama, favorite of

the groundlings. c. tragedy of blood, such as Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus ,

Hamlet Lear , Macbeth .

3. Conclusion: Shakespeare is the only dramatist whose plays cover the whole range of the drama. He raised the drama from a blundering experiment to a perfection of form and expression which has never since been rivaled.

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外研版七年级上册Module9知识点整理

外研版七年级上册Module9知识点整理重点短语： 1.stand in line 排队 2.take a photo of... 给......照相 3.wait for a bus 等公共汽车 4.walk on the Great Wall 在长城上走 walk to school/work 走着去学校/上班walk home 走着回家 5.talk with sb on the phone 在电话里和......说话 6.right now =at the moment =now 现在 7.be with sb 和......在一起 8.be on sale 在出售 9.lie in the sun 躺在阳光下 10.send sth to sb by email 通过电子邮件发送某东西给某人 11.enjoy the trip a lot 非常喜欢这次旅游 12.it’s time to do sth 该做......的时间了 it’s time for sth 该......的时间了 13.go/be on a trip to +地点参加到......的旅游 14.get off / on 下/上（车，船......） 15.leave work 下班 16.drive to school/work 开车去学校/上班drive home 开车回家

17.have afternoon tea 喝下午茶 18.have a drink 喝酒，喝饮料 19.go to the theater 去剧院看戏 20.watch a film=see a film 看电影 21.go home from work 下班回家 22.start lessons 开始上课 23.see friends=visit friends 拜访某人，看望某人 24.call home 给家人打电话 25.a few+可数复数一些...... 26.enjoy doing sth 喜欢做....... 27.go back to... 回...... 28.hi from... 来自......的问候 29.thank sb for sth 因某事谢谢某人thank sb for doing sth 因做某事谢谢某人 30.enjoy the sun 享受阳光 31.look at the homes of ...... 观赏......的房屋 32.a movie star 电影明星 33.a postcard from sb 来自于......的明信片 34.call sb 给......打电话 35.visit the Forbidden City 参观故宫 36.look at maps 看地图 37.have a good time =have fun =enjoy oneself 玩的高兴，过的愉快

英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

外研版七年级上册Module8知识点整理

外研版七年级上册Module8知识点整理重点短语： 1.have a birthday party for sb 为某人举行生日派对 2.go to one’s birthday party 去参加某人的生日派对 3.at a Chinese birthday party 在中国人的生日聚会上 4.at the birthday dinner 在生日宴会上 5.make a birthday cake for sb 为某人制作生日蛋糕 6.give/send birthday cards 送生日贺片 7.get birthday presents 收到生日礼物 8.on one’s birthday 在某人的生日（那天） 9.a box of chocolates 一盒巧克力 10.a cinema ticket 一张电影票 a concert ticket 一张音乐会入场券 11.choose a birthday present for... 为......选择生日礼物 12.stay/keep healthy 保持健康 13.get some exercise 进行体育锻炼 14.every day 每天 15.eleven silk scarves 11条丝绸围巾 16.人spend +时间/钱+on sth 在某物上花费时间/ 钱人spend +时间/钱+(in) doing sth 在做某事上花费时间/ 钱 17.read magazines=read a magazine 阅读杂志 18.go to the cinema. 去看电影

19.watch sports 观看体育赛事 20.go to concerts=go to the concert 去听音乐会 21.the CDs of one’s favourite songs 某人最喜爱的歌曲的唱片 22.go to the football match 去看足球赛 23.watch football matches on TV 在电视里看足球比赛 24.at weekends = at the weekend 在周末 25.watch AC Milan 看AC米兰（的比赛） 26.watch films=watch a film 看电影 27.stay at home 待在家里 28.on Saturday evening 在星期六晚上 29.hear from sb 收到某人的来信 30.watch sb play football 观看某人踢足球重点句子 1.Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你愿意来参加我的生日派对吗? Yes, I’d love to./ I’d love to,but....\ 是的，我愿意。/ 我很愿意，但是...... 2.My mother never makes a birthday cake for me. 我母亲从不给我制作生日蛋糕。 3.Do you sing it in Chinese or in English? 你用中文还是英文唱这首歌呢？ 4.What would you like for your birthday?

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

外研版七年级上册英语 Module1 知识点及练习

Module1 M1：How old几岁 be from=come from 来自年龄+years old ……岁（例:five years old） in Class Four Grade One 在一年级四班(首字母大写) the capital of ……的首都/省会 first name=given name 名字 last name=family name 姓氏 1.Where are you from?=Where do you come from?你来自哪？I am from…=I come from… 2.Hello,what about you ?你好，你呢? 3.Nice to meet /see you .=Glad to meet /see you. 很高兴见到你。答语：Nice to meet you ,too. 4.How do you do ?您好答语：How do you do ? 5.Welcome to Class4 Grade7. 欢迎到七年级四班。 6.How old+be+sb?=What+be+one’s age? 例：How old are you ?=What is your age?你多大了?I’m…years old.=My age is +数字 7.Wang Hui is in Class One.(画线提问)Which class is Wang Hui in ? 8.I’m Chinese.我是中国人。 9.Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。 10.Tony is my first name and Smith is my last name.托尼是我的名字，史密斯是我的姓。Module 1 —be 动词说明身份，年龄，状态等。【I】 am 【They/we/you】 are （be 动词的三种形式）【He/she/it 】 is M1：中国________中国人，汉语n._______；中国的，中国人的adj.________ 从……来，来自_______在哪里________ 年龄，年______ 关于;大约，几乎_______ 女士 ______ 美国；美洲________美国人，美洲人n.________ 美国的，美国人的，美洲的adj.________ 英格兰________大家；每人________首都，省会_________ 然而，但是_____城市______大的_____小的_______第一（位）的，首要的；adj._______ 先，首先adv.________最后的，最末的______每个，全体_____ sheep（复数）_______ 单项选择。 ( ) 1. What’s this in English? It’s __________. A. an orange B. a orange C. orange D. the orange ( )2. Mary and Joy are ____ Class One. They are ____ the USA. A. from; in B. in; from C. to; from D. in; to ( )3. —____ —Yes, I am. A. What’s your name? B. What are you? C. How are you? D. Are you Mike? ( )4. —Is this ____ car? —Yes, it’s ____ English car. A.a; an B. a; a C. an; an D. an; a ( )5. —What are those? —____ are cakes. A. That B. These C. It D. They ( )6. —What’s that ____ English? —It’s a desk.

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