NYPE 93中英文对照
NYPE'93(中文对照)
租约代号：“NYPE 93”
波罗的海国际航运公会推荐
美国国家船舶经纪人与代理人协会联合会
定期租船合同
纽约土产交易所格式
美国船舶经纪人与代理人协会发行
1913年11月6日制定，经1921年10月20日，1931年8月6日，
1946年10月3日，1981年6月12日，1993年9月14日修订
本租船合同于-----------年--------月--------日由下述------------船舶的所有人---------与承租人
-----------签订。
船舶说明
船名：-----------；船旗：-------------；于------------年建造；登记港---------；登记号--------；
船舶在---------入级，船级为---------；按夏季干舷高度，船舶海水吃水为---------，载重量
（货物和燃料，包括不超过-----------长吨*/公吨*的淡水和物料）为-----------长吨*/公吨*；
散装容积为--------------立方英尺；包装容积为---------------立方英尺；船舶吨位为----------
总吨/总登记吨；在良好天气条件下，风力达到包括最大风力蒲福----------级，船舶满载航行时船速大约-----------节，消耗大约-----------长吨*/公吨*的--------（燃油）。
*适当地删除。
1．租期
上述出租人同意出租，上述承租人同意租用上述船舶，从交船时起算，租期为-------，并在下述航行区域内使用船舶。
2．交船
船舶在--------（地点）置于承租人控制之下。在交船时，船舶应作好接受货物的准备，货舱须打扫干净，船体紧密，坚实，牢固，并在各个方面适合于普通货物的运输。船舶应装备有压载水舱，同时具有启动所有装货设备的足够的动力。
出租人应在---------天之前向承租人递交预计交付船舶的日期的通知。
3．交船/还船检验
除另有约定外，在交船和还船前，双方当事人应自负费用指定各自的验船师，分别在船舶到达第一个装货港/最后一个卸货港之前进行交船/还船联合检验，以确定船上所存的燃油量和船舶状态。每次检验后应作出一份联合检验报告，并由每名验船师签字，该报告并不妨碍验船师提交一份其上列有其不同意见的事项的独立报告的权利。如果一方当事人未能派代表参加检验，并未能在联合检验报告上签字，该当事方应受另一当事人方作出的任何报告中的调查结果的约束。交船检验由承租人承担时间损失，还船检验由出租人承担时间损失。
4．危险货物/除外货物
（1）船舶应被用于运输合法货物，不包括任何危险性，伤害性，易燃性或者腐蚀性的货物，但根据船舶登记国，装货港，卸货港和船舶必经水域的港口或国家的主管当局的要求或者指示运输的除外。此外，在不影响上述一般原则的情况下，下列货物应明确除外：任何品名的牲畜，武器，弹药，爆炸物，核材料和放射性材料，--------------------。
（2）如果协议运输国际海事组织所属的货物，该货物的数量不应超过----------------吨，承租人应向船长提供其可能合理要求的表明货物已经根据国际海事组织的规定进行包装，加标，装船和积载的任何证据，否则，船长有权拒绝该货物，或者，如果货物已经装船，船长有权将货物卸下，并由承租人承担风险和费用。
5．航行区域
船舶应在--------------------范围内的安全港口和安全地点之间，但不包括-----------------------------，根据承租人的指示，从事合法贸易。
6．出租人负责的事项
除另有约定外，出租人应负责并支付船舶保险费，全部供应品，舱室，甲板，机舱和其他必要的物料，包括锅炉用淡水；并支付船员的工资，上船和离船的领事费，以及有关船员的港口服务费；维持船级并使船体，船机和设备在租期内处于充分有效状态，配备足够的胜任的高级船员和普通船员。
7．承租人负责的事项
除另有约定外，在租期内，承租人应当提供并支付所有燃油，港口使费（包括强制看管人，货物看管人和强制垃圾处理费），与承租人的经营成本有关的所有通讯费用，引航费，拖带费，代理费，佣金，领事费（有关船员或船旗的领事费除外），以及第6条所述费用以外的所有其他通常费用，但是，当船舶由于其本身应负责的原因（并非由于恶劣天气）而进港时，则所产生的所有费用由出租人支付。船舶由于船员生病而被指令熏舱时，由出租人负担费用。由于船舶按本租船合同进行营运期间所装运的货物或者所挂靠的港口的原因，船舶被指令熏舱时，由承租人负担费用。
承租人应提供并支付必要的垫舱物料，以及特殊运输或特殊货物所需的任何额外设备，但出租人应允许承租人使用船上已有的任何垫舱物料。在还船前，承租人应自负费用和时间将其提供的垫舱物料和设备移走。
8．航次的履行
（1）船长应使船舶在航次中尽快速遣，并会同船员提供习惯性帮助。船长应精通英语，并且（尽管由出租人任命）在有关船舶使用和代理方面应服从承租人的指示和命令；承租人在船长的监督下，自负风险和费用负责全部货物的操作，包括但不限于装载，积载，平舱，绑扎，加固，垫舱，解绑，卸载和理货；（2）如承租人有合理的原因对船长或者高级船员的行为表示不满，出租人在收到对此种抱怨的反映时，应调查事实，如有必要，对人员的任命予以更换。9．燃油
（1）承租人在交船时，出租人在还船时，应接受并支付下述船上所述的所有燃油和柴油。交船时船上所存燃油为-----------------长吨*/公吨*，油价为------------/每吨；柴油为---------吨，油价为---------/每吨。还船时船上所存燃油为-------------吨，油价为-----------/吨；柴油为------------吨，油价为----------/每吨。
*本条使用相同的吨。
（2）承租人应提供质量适合发动船舶主机和辅机的燃油，并符合附件A所列的规定。
对由于承租人使用不适合的燃油或者不符合协议约定的燃油造成船舶的主机和辅机的任何损害，出租人保留其向承租人提出索赔的权利。而且，如果承租人提供的燃油与协议的规定不一致，或者不适合发动船舶主机或辅机，则出租人对任何营运中船速的降低和/或燃油消耗量的增加不负责任，对任何时间损失和任何其他后果亦不负责任。
10．租金率/还船区域和还船通知
承租人对该船舶的租用，应按每日---------美元，或者按------夏季干舷时的船舶总载重量，包括燃料和物料，以每吨---------------美元的费率每30天向出租人支付租金，从船舶按前述规定交付之日起算，对于一个月中的任何部分时间，以同一费率支付；租金应付至船舶以交船时的同样良好状态（正常损耗除外），在--------------还给出租人（除非已灭失）时为止，双方另有约定者除外。
承租人应在------------天之前向出租人发出预计还船的时间和可能的地点的通知。
为了计算租金，交船，还船或合同终止的时间应以格林尼治平时为准。
11．租金的支付
（1）支付
上述租金应按日以------货币，或以美元现金支付给出租人或其指定的在-----------的受款人，即---------------，且每半个月预付一次。对于最后一个月或其中部分时间，应支付估计的租金数额，当其不足以支付实际租用时间的租金时，如经出租人要求，差额租金应按时每天支付。如承租人未能按时支付租金，或对本租船合同有任何的根本违反，出租人有权将船舶从承租人营运中撤回，而不影响其（出租人）可能拥有的向承租人索赔的任何权利。
在本条第2款规定的宽限期届满后的任何时间，并在租金未付情况下，出租人有权中止履行其任何和全部义务，而不影响其撤船的权利，并且对由此产生的任何后果不负责任，承租人应赔偿出租人因此而遭受的损失，而且租金仍需照付；出于出租人中止履行其义务而产生的任何额外费用，由承租人支付。
（2）宽限期
由于承租人或其银行一方的疏忽，过失或错误而未能准时支付租金时，出租人应向承租人发出书面通知，要求其在-------------净银行工作日（为协议的支付地点所承认）补交未付的租金，当承租人根据出租人通知在-----------天内予以补交时，应视为其准时支付租金。
如承租人在收到出租人通知的-------天内未能支付租金，出租人享有本条第1款所规定的撤船权。
（3）最后一期租金的支付
在最后一期租金和/或倒数第二期租金应付之时，船舶在驶往还船港的航程中，对出租人和承租人可能同意的为完成该航程所估计的必要时间，应支付租金。对于船上实际储存的燃油，由出租人接收，还船前预计的费用由出租人负担。该租金不足以支付实际租用的时间时，差额租金应按时每天支付。还船后有余额的，由出租人退还；不足的，由承租人支付。
（4）现金垫付
经出租人要求，承租人应现金垫付船舶在任何港口的日常费用，并收取2.5%的佣金，该垫款从租金中扣除。但是，承租人对该垫款的使用不负责任。
12．泊位
船舶在承租人或其代理人指示的任何安全码头或任何安全泊位或地点装货和卸货，但以船舶能在任何潮汐情况下安全地驶入，靠泊，驶离并保持永久漂浮为条件。
13．可以使用的舱容
（1）船舶的所有货舱，甲板和通常装货地点（不超过其能合理安全地积载和装运的范围），以及押运员（如有的话）舱室的全部容积，除仅为高级船员，普
通船员，船具，属具，家具，供应品，物料和燃料留有适当和足够的舱室外，均归承租人使用。
（2）在装运甲板货的情况下，对此种装载所造成的船舶的任何灭失和/或损害和/或任何性质的责任，以及如果没有装运该甲板货，就不会发生的灭失和/或损害和/或责任，由承租人负责赔偿出租人。
14．押运员及伙食
在承租人负担风险的情况下，承租人有权指派一名押运员随船观察航次是否尽快速遣。船舶应向押运员提供免费居住的舱室，以及与船长相同标准的伙食，承租人按每天-----价格支付。出租人应当向引航员和海关官员供应膳食，经承租人或其代理人授权，也应向理货员，装卸工人的领班等供应膳食，而由承租人按每顿---------价格支付所有这些人员的伙食费用。
15．航行指令和航海日志
承租人应随时向船长用英文书面提供所有必要的指示和航行指令，船长应在甲板日志及轮机日志上完整和正确地记录航次的情况，供承租人或其代理人查阅；并且，如经要求，向承租人，其代理人或押运员提供甲板日志和轮机日志的真实副本，以表明船舶航向和航行里程，以及燃油的消耗情况。承租人所要求的任何航海日志的摘要应以英文提供。
16．交船/解约
如经承租人要求，在---------之前不计算租期；如果在--------之时或之前，但不晚于-------时，船舶未能做好交船准备，承租人有解除本租船合同的选择权。
延期解约
如果出租人确定，尽管其尽到谨慎处理，船舶仍不能在解约日之前做好交船准备，只要出租人能明确一个船舶将做好交船准备的合理的确定的日期，则最早在船舶预计驶往交船港口或地点的前七天，出租人可以要求承租人宣布是否解除本租船合同。如果承租人选择不解除合同，或在两天内或解约日之前（以两者中较早者为准）未作出答复，则以出租人通知的预计做好交船准备之日后的第七天代替原来的解约日。如果船舶进一步延期，出租人根据本条规定有权要求承租人再次作出声明是否解约。
17．停租
如果由于船员不足和/或船员罢工，或物料不足，船舶发生火灾，船体，船机或设备发生故障或损害，船舶搁浅，船舶被扣押而延误（因承租人，其雇佣人员，代理人或分合同人应负责的事件被扣押时除外），或船舶或货物发生海损事故而延误（因货物的潜在瑕疵，质量或缺陷引起的除外），船舶为检验或漆底而入干船坞，或由于任何其他类似原因阻碍船舶的充分工作时，对因此所损失的时间停付租金和加班费（如有的话）。船舶在航行中，非由于货物发生事故或下述第257~~258行允许情况的任何其他原因，违反承租人的指示或命令，而发生绕航或返航，则从船舶绕航或返航之时起，至船舶再次驶回相同航向或距目的港等距离的地点时止，承租人停止支付租金，并且推定航次从那里开始。停租期间所使用的所有燃料由出租人承担。由于恶劣天气，船舶驶往浅水港或带有沙滩的河流或港口，船舶被迫驶入港口或锚泊时，所产生船舶的任何延误和/或由此延误所产生的费用由承租人负担。如果船舶在航行时，由于船体，船机或设备的任何部分的缺陷或故障而使船速下降，因此损失的时间，任何因此额外消耗的燃料费用和全部经证实的额外费用，可以从租金中扣减。
18．转租
除另有约定外，承租人有权在本租船合同包含的全部时间或任何一部分时间内将船舶转租，但承租人仍负有履行本租船合同的责任。
19．干船坞
船舶最后进干船坞--------------------------------------------
*（1）在履行本租船合同期间，需清洗和油漆船底和/或因船级或环境要求船舶需进行修理时，出租人享有在双方协议的方便时间和地点将船舶置于干船坞的选择权。
*（2）除紧急情况外，在履行本租船合同期间，船舶不得入干船坞。
*适当地删除。
20．全损
如船舶灭失，则预付但未取得的款项（从船舶灭失或最后一次收到报告之日起算）应立即退还给承租人。
21．免责
天灾，敌人，火灾，君主，统治者或人民的扣留，海上，内河，船机，锅炉和航行中的所有危险和事故，以及本租船合同租期内的航行错误，双方均免责。22．航行自由
无论是否有引航员在船，船舶均有航行的自由，有拖带与被拖带救助遇难船舶的自由，以及为救助人命和财产而绕航的自由。
23．留置权
出租人得因根据本租船合同应得的任何款项，包括共同海损分摊，而对所有货物和所有转租运费和/或转租租金行使留置权；承租人得因所有预付但未收取的款项，以及任何超额支付的租金或本应立即退还的多余保证金而对船舶行使留置权。
承租人不应直接或间接地招致可能对出租人在船舶的物权和利益具有优先权的任何留置权或债权，也不允许继续招致此种权利。承租人保证，在本租期内，不需出租人支付费用或花费时间来获取任何供应品或必需品或服务，包括任何港口费用和燃料。
24．救助
所有无主物和救助报酬，在扣除出租人和承租人所花费用及船员应得比例部分后，由出租人和承租人平均分享。
25．共同海损
共同海损应按1974年约克—安特卫普规则1990年修正案或任何其以后的修正案在---------进行理算，并用------------货币解决。
承租人应保证在本租船合同租期内签发的所有提单，包括一条共同海损应根据1974年约克—安特卫普规则1990年修正案或其以后的修正案进行理算的规定，并包括如第31条的“新杰森条款”。
定期租船的租金不应参加共同海损分摊。
26．航行
本租船合同所述内容对定期承租人来说不应被解释为光船租赁。出租人应对船舶的航行，引航员和拖船的行为，船舶保险，船员及所有其他事项负责，如同船舶为其自己营运一样。
27．货物索赔
出租人和承租人之间的货物索赔，应根据1970年2月纽约土产交易所协会内部协议1984年5月修正案或其以后的任何修正案或代替物解决。
28．起货设备和照明
出租人应维修下列船舶起货设备---------，提供具有所规定的起重能力的起货设备（所有起重机），出租人还应提供船上的夜间工作照明灯，但除船上已有照明外的所有附加照明灯，由承租人承担费用。承租人可使用船上的任何起货设备。如经承租人要求，船舶应昼夜工作，在装卸货物期间，所有起货设备均由承租人使用。如起货设备不能使用，或无足够动力启动起货设备，对承租人实际损失的时间应对船舶停付租金，并由出租人支付由此产生的装卸工人的待工费，但因承租人的装卸工人造成的起货设备不能使用或动力不足者除外。如经承租人要求，出租人应支付租用岸上替代起货设备的费用，在此情况下，船舶应照收租金。
29．船员加班
对支付给高级船员和普通船员根据承租人或其代理人命令而工作的任何加班费，由承租人按每月-------租金或不足一月者按比例支付给出租人。
30．提单
（1）船长应签发所呈递的与大副收据或理货员收据一致的提单或运单。但是，在有出租人事先书面授权的情况下，承租人可代表船长签发与大副收据或理货员收据一致的提单或运单。
（2）所有提单或运单不应与本租船合同有抵触，对由于承租人签发的或经其要求由船长签发的提单或海运单与本租船合同之间的任何不一致可能造成的所有后果或责任，由承租人赔偿给出租人。
（3）包含有甲板货的提单应列有：“货物装载于甲板由承租人，托运人和受货人承担风险，对此装载所造成的任何灭失，损害，费用或延误，船舶或出租人一方不负责任。
31．保护条款
本租船合同受下列条款约束，并且应将其包括在所签发的所有提单或运单内：
（1）首要条款
“本提单应根据适用的美国海上货物运输法，海牙规则或海牙—维斯比规则，或由于提单上的起运港或目的港可能强制适用的其他类似国内立法而发生效力，该法律或海牙规则或海牙—维斯比规则应视为并入本提单，并且，本提单中的任何规定均不应视为承运人对其根据该法案所享有的任何权利或豁免的放弃，或对其根据该法案所承担的责任或义务的增加。如本提单的任何条款与该法案相抵触，则该种条款无效，但仅以所抵触者为限。”
（2）双方互有责任碰撞条款
“如船舶由于他船疏忽以及本船船长，船员，引航员或承运人的雇佣人员在驾驶或管理船舶中的行为，疏忽或不履行职责而与他船碰撞，则本船所载货物的所有人应补偿承运人的一切损失或对他船亦即非载货船舶或其所有人的赔偿责任，此种损失或赔偿责任是指已由或应由他船亦即非载货船舶或其所有人支付给上述货物所有人的其货物灭失或损坏的任何索赔，且已由他船亦即非载货船舶作为其向载货船舶或承运人提出索赔的一部分，将其抵消，扣除或追回。
当出租人，经营人或除碰撞船舶或物体以外的任何船舶或物体的主管人员对碰撞或触碰有过失时，上述规定同样适用。”
（3）新杰森条款
“由于任何原因，不论因疏忽与否，船舶在开航之前或开航以后，发生事故，危险，损害或灾难，而承运人根据法规，合同或其他规定对此或其后果不负责任，则货物，托运人，收货人或该货物所有人应同承运人一起在共同海损中分摊可能产生或引起的具有共同海损性质的任何牺牲，灭失或费用，并应支付所发生的与货物有关的救助报酬和特殊费用。
如果救助船舶由承运人所拥有或经营，救助报酬应全额支付，如同该救助船属于他人一样。如经要求，承运人或其代理人认为是以支付估计的货物的共同海损分摊和任何救助费用以及特殊费用的现金保证金，应由货物，托运人，收货人或货物所有人在提货前向出租人提供。”
（4）美国贸易—药物条款
“根据1986年美国毒品法案或任何其重新制定的法案的规定，承租人保证尽最大的谨慎防止无舱单的麻醉药和大麻被装上船舶或被隐藏在船上。
对本条规定的不服从等于对此项保证的违反，承租人对其后果应承担责任，并应使出租人，船长和船员不受伤害，对单独地或被连带地向出租人，船长和船员
可能提起的或已经提起的任何索赔负赔偿责任。而且，对由于承租人违反本条规定所产生的全部时间损失和费用包括罚金，应由承租人负担，但船舶租金仍应照付。
如由于承租人不服从本条规定使船舶被扣押，则承租人应自负费用采取所有合理的措施使船舶在合理的时间获释，并且，为保证释放船舶，应自负费用提供保释金。
如在船上人员的占有物或财物中发现无舱单的麻醉药和大麻，出租人对由此产生的全部时间损失和费用包括罚金承担责任。
（5）战争条款
“（a）禁止装运战争违禁品。无论宣战与否，当任一港口或地区被卷入战争，类似战争行为或敌对行为，民众骚动，暴动或海盗状态，而且能合理地预见到船舶，货物或船员在该港口或地区可能遭受捕获，抓捕或扣押，或交战力量（“力量”一词指任何法律上或事实上的权力当局或任何声称拥有海，陆，空三军支持的政府组织）的敌对行为时，如果没有出租人的同意（出租人不应不合理地拒绝），船舶不应被要求驶入该港口或地区。
（b）如果没有出租人同意，承租人应支付投保船舶战争险的可证明的附加保险费，数额等于普通船舶保单上的价值，但不超过价值--------------。另外，出租人可以投保战争险的附加险，如租金，运费损失险，全损险，封锁与诱捕险等，而由承租人支付保险费。如果从商业上或通过某一政府计划不能取得该种保险，船舶不应被要求驶入或继续停留在任何这样的港口或地区。
（c）如在本租船合同签订之日后或按本租船合同船舶在租期间发生（a）项所规定的情况，则对关于驶往任何港口或地区的航次，确实因该战争，类似战争行为或敌对行为而产生的与船长，高级船员和普通船员有关的工资及保险费的可证明的附加费用，应由承租人承担。
（d）因船舶营运或载运的货物支付给高级船员和普通船员的任何战争津贴，应由承租人承担。
32．战争解约
在下列----------国家中的任何两国或多国之间爆发战争（不论交战与否）的情况下，出租人或承租人均可解除本租船合同。因此，根据第10条的规定，承租人应将船舶归还给出租人；如果船上有货物，则卸货后，在目的港还船，或者，如根据本条规定船舶不能抵达或进入目的港，则在出租人指示的附近的一未封锁并安全的港口还船；或者，如果船上无货物，就在船舶当时所在的港口还船；或者如果船舶在海上，则在出租人指示的附近的一未封锁并安全的港口还船。根据第11条的规定，在所有情况下，租金应继续支付，除前述规定外，本租船合同所有其他规定应适用到还船时止。
33．冰冻
船舶不应被要求进入或继续停留在任何冰封的港口或区域，或由于冰冻原因，其灯标或灯船已经或将被撤除的任何港口或区域，或根据通常事态发展，由于冰冻原因，存在船舶不能安全进入和继续停留或装货或卸货结束后不能安全驶出风险的港口或区域。根据出租人事先同意，按船舶大小，结构和冰冻等级，经合理要求，船舶应跟随破冰船航行。
34．征用
如船舶在本租船合同租期内被船旗国政府征用，在此征用期间船舶应被视为停付租金，并且，在此征用期间由该政府所支付的任何租金应由出租人留有。船舶被政府征用的期间应作为本租船合同规定的租期的一部分。
如果征用的期间超过--------月，任何一方均有解除本租船合同的选择权，并且，任何一方均不可以提出由此而发生的索赔。
35．装卸工人造成的损坏
尽管有与此相反的规定，只要船长在发现任何损坏后但不超过48小时书面通知承租人和/或其代理人，则承租人应赔偿装卸工人对船舶造成的任何和全部损坏。该通知应详细说明船舶损坏情况，并要求承租人指派一名验船师以确定该损坏的程度。
（1）如果任何和全部损坏影响到船舶的适航和/或船员的安全和/或影响船舶的营运能力，承租人应自负费用对该损坏立即安排修理，并且，到该修理结束时和如经要求，
通过船级检验时为止，应照付船舶租金。
（2）对上述第（1）款未提及的任何和全部损坏，根据承租人的选择，在还船之前或还船之后同出租人要做的修理一起进行。在此情况下，不应向出租人支付租金和/或费用。除非承租人负责修理所需的时间和/或费用超过半数完成出租人修理所需的必要时间和/或费用，并仅以此超过时间为限。
36．货舱的清洁
如果船员能够承担航次与航次间和/或货物与货物间的货舱清扫和/或清洗和/或清洁工作，并且当地规定允许的话，承租人应提供该项工作，并以每货舱--------费率支付额外费用。
如果船舶货舱未被港口或任何其他机构接受或通过，出租人对有关的任何该项作业不负责任。承租人在整笔支付------------以代替清洁货舱的条件下，具有船舶货舱未经清洁（未经清扫）而还船的选择权。
37．税款
承租人应支付由其指示引起的无论在履行本租船合同期间或其后船舶或其所有人所征收的全部地方税，州税，国家税和/或应付税，包括向货物和/或运费和/或转租运费和/或租金所征收的任何税款和/或应付款（不包括由船旗国或出租人所征收的税款）。
38．承租人的标志
承租人具有悬挂其自己的公司旗，并将其公司的标志油漆在船舶上的权利。在本租船合同届满前，应以出租人自己的颜色重新油漆船舶。由于这些变化而进行
油漆，维持和重新油漆船舶而发生的时间和费用，由承租人负担。
39．停泊退保费
当船舶在港内停留最短期间30天，如对此期间已全额支付租金或实际租用时间已按比例支付租金时，则承租人对出租人从其保险人处可领取的任何退还保险费享有利益。
40．证书
出租人应提供允许船舶在约定的航行区域营运所可能要求的与船舶有关的任何证书，包括但不仅限于船舶的油污财政责任证书（只要该油污证书能够从出租人互保协会处获得），有效的国际吨位证书，苏伊士和巴拿马吨位证书，有效的登记证书以及与船舶强度和/或船舶起货设备可用性有关的证书。
41．偷渡者
（1）（a）承租人保证尽适当的谨慎防止偷渡者以秘密藏在其装运的货物和/或集装箱中的方式上船。
（b）如尽管承租人已尽适当的谨慎，但偷渡者仍以秘密藏在其装运的货物和/或集装箱中的手段上船，应视为对本租船合同的违反，对由此产生的后果由承租人负责，并应使出租人不受损害；对向出租人可能提起的或已经提起的所有种类的索赔，由承租人赔偿给出租人。而且，对全部时间损失和不管如何发生的何种性质的全部费用应由承租人负担，船舶的租金照付。
（c）如根据本条第（1）款（b）项规定，因承租人违反本租船合同而使船舶被扣押，则承租人应采取所有合理措施保证船舶在合理时间内获释，并自负费用提供保释金以保证船舶的释放。
（2）（a）如尽管出租人已尽适当谨慎，但偷渡者仍以秘密藏在承租人装运的货物和/或集装箱中以外的手段上船，则对全部时间损失和不管如何发生的何种性质的全部费用应由出租人负担，并应停付租金。
（b）如因偷渡者以秘密藏在承租人装运的货物和/或集装箱中以外的手段上船而使船舶被扣押，则出租人应采取所有合理措施保证船舶在合理的时间内获释，并自负费用提供保释金以保证船舶的释放。
42．走私
如船长，高级船员和/或普通船员走私，出租人应承担任何罚款，税款或征收的进口税费用，对由此所产生的任何时间损失，应停付租金。
43．佣金
船舶和出租人应按照本租船合同已赚取和已支付的租金，以及本租船合同延续期间所付租金的-----------%，向--------------支付佣金。
44．仲裁
（1）纽约
由本租船合同引起的任何争议应以下列方式并适用美国法律在纽约仲裁：
双方当事人各指定一名仲裁员，第三名仲裁员由该指定的两名仲裁员指定。三名或其中任何两名仲裁员所作裁决是终局的。为执行任何裁决，按本协议当事方可申请法院作出裁定。仲裁员应为商人，熟悉航运事务。该仲裁将根据海事仲裁员---------规则进行。
对任何一方当事人提出的索赔总额未超过--------------美元**的争议，应根据海事仲裁员--------------简易程序进行仲裁。
（2）伦敦
除双方当事人立即同意由一名独任仲裁员仲裁外，由本租船合同引起的任何争议应提交给两名在伦敦从业的仲裁员进行终局仲裁，该两名仲裁员应由双方当事人各指定一名，且是波罗的海商品及航运交易所成员并从事航运；该两名仲裁员具有指定一名首席仲裁员的权利。除在裁决作出之前对其行为表示了反对外，不应由于任何仲裁员不具有上述资格而使裁决有疑问或无效。由此引起的任何争议应受英国法调整。
对任何一方当事人提出的索赔总额不超过--------美元**的争议，应根据伦敦海事仲裁员协会小额索赔程序进行仲裁。
*适当删除（1）或（2）。
**如空格内未填数字，该项规定无效，但本条其他规定具有全部效力。
如经相互同意，此处所附的第------条至第-------条（包括第--------条和第-------条）视为全部并入本租船合同。
NYPE'93
Time Charter
New York Produce Exchange Form
Issued by the Association of Ship Brokers and Agents (U.S.A.), Inc.
Nov ember 6th, 1913-Amended October 20th, 1921;
August 6th, 1931; October 3rd, 1946;
Receiv ed June 12th, 1981; September 14th 1993
This Charter Party, made and concluded in xxxxxxxx this xxxxxxxx day of xxxxx Between xxxxx Owners of the Vessel described be low, and xxxxxx Charterers.
Description of Vessel
Name xxxxxxxx Flag xxxxxxxx Built xxxxxxxx (y ear).
Port and number of Registry xxxxxxxx Classed xxxxxx in xxxxxx
Deadweight xxxxxx long/metric tons (cargo and bunkers, including f reshwater and stores not exceeding xxxxxx long/metric tons) on a salt water draft of xxxxx on summer f reeboard.
Capacity xxxxx cubic f eet grain xxxxx cubic f eet bale space.
Tonnage xxxxx GT/GRT.
Speed about xxxxx knots, fully laden, in good weather conditions up to and including maximum Force xxxxx on the Beauf ort wind scale, on a consumption of about xxxx long/metric tons of xxxxx
Delete as appropriate.
For f urther description see Appendix "A" (if applicable )
1. Duration
The Owners agree to let and the Charterers agree to hire the Vessel f rom the time of deliv ery f or a period of xxxxxxxx within below - mentioned trading limits.
2. Deliv ery
The v essel shall be placed at the disposal of the Charterers at xxxxxx the v essel on her deliv ery shall be ready to receiv e c argo with clean- swept holds and tight, staunch, strong and in ev ery way f itted f or ordinary cargo serv ice, hav ing water ballast and with suff icient power to operate all cargo- handling gear simultaneously.
The owners shall giv e the Charterers not less than xxxx day s notice of expected date of deliv ery.
3. On-Off Hire Surv ey
Prior to deliv ery and redeliv ery the parties shall, unless otherwise agreed, each appoint surv ey ors, f or their respectiv e accounts, who shall not later than a f irst loading port/last discharging port respectiv ely, conduct joint on -hire /off -hire surv ey s, f or the purpose of ascertaining quantity of bunkers on board and the condition of the Vessel. A single report shall be prepared on each occasion and signed by each surv ey or, without prejudic e to his right to f ile a separate report setting f orth items upon which the surv ey ors cannot agree. If either party fails to hav e a representativ e attend the surv ey and sign the joint surv ey report, such party shall nev ertheless be bound f or all purposes by the findings in any report prepared by the other party. On -hire surv ey shall be on Charterers' time and off hire surv ey on Owners' time.
4. Dangerous Cargo/Cargo Exclusions
(a) the v essel shall be employ ed in carry law f ul merchandise excluding any goods of a dangerous, injurious, f lammable or corrosiv e nature unless carried in accordance with the requirements or recommendations of the competent authorities of the country of the Vessel's registry and of ports of shipment and discharge and of any intermediate countries or ports through whose waters the Vessel must pass. Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, in addition the f ollowing are specif ically excluded: liv estock of any description, arms, ammunition, explosiv es, nuclear and radioactiv e materials, xxxxxxxx (b) in IMO- classif ied cargo is agreed to be carried, the amount of such cargo shall be limited to xxxxxx tons and the Charterers shall prov ide the Master with any ev idence he may reasonably stowed in accordance with IMO regulations, f ailing which the Master is entitled to ref use such cargo or, if already loaded, to unload it at the charterers' risk and expense..
5. Trading Limits
The v essel shall be employ ed in such law f ul trades between saf e orts and saf e places within xxxxxxxx excluding xxxxxxxx as th e charterers shall direct.
6. Owners to Prov ide
The Owners shall prov ide any pay f or the insurance of the Vessel, except as otherwise prov ided, and f or al prov isions, cabin, deck, engine-room and other necessary stores, including boiler water; shall pay f or wages, consular shipping and discharging f ees of the crew and charges f or port serv ices pertaining to the crew; shall maintain the v essel's class and keep her in a thoroughly eff icient state in hull, machinery and equipment f or and during the serv ice, and hav e
a f ull complement of off icers and crew.
7. charterers to prov ide
the charterers, while the v essel in on hire, shall prov ide and pay f or all the bunkers except as otherwise agreed; shall pay f or port charges (including compulsory watchmen and cargo watch men and compulsory garbage disposal ), all communication ex penses pertaining to the Charterers' business at cost, pilotages, towages, agencies, commissions, consular charges(except those pertaining to indiv idual crew members or f lag of the Vessel), and all other usual expenses except those stated in Clause 6, but when the Vessel puts into a port f or causes f or which the Vessel is responsible (other than by stress of weather), then all such charges incurred shall be paid by the Owners. Fumigations ordered because of illness of the crew shal l be f or the Owners' account.
Fumigations ordered because of cargoes carried or ports visited while the v essel is employ ed under this Charter Party shall be f or the Charterers' account. All other f umigations shall be f or the Charterers' account after the v essel had been on charter f or a continous period of six months or more. The charterers shall prov ide and pay f or necessary dunnage and also any extra f ittings requisite f or a special trade or unusual cargo, but t he Owners shall allow them the use of any dunnage already aboard the Vessel. Prior to redeliv ery the Charterers shall remov e their dunnage and f ittings at their cost and in their time.
8. Perf ormance of Voy ages
(a) the master shall perf orm the v oy ages with due dispatch, and shall render all customary assistance with the Vess el's crew. The master shall be conv ersant with eth English language and (although appointed by the Owners) shall be under the orders and directions of the Charterers as regards employ ment and agency; and the Charterers shall perf orm all cargo handling, including but not limited to loading, stowing, trimming, lashing, securing, dunnaging, unlasing, discharging, and tally ing, at their risk and expense, under the superv ision of the Master.
(b) If the Charterers shall hav e reasonable cause to be dissatisf ied with the conduct of the Master or off icers, the Owners shall, on receiv ing particulars of the complaint, inv estigate the same, and, if necessary, make a change in the appointments.
9. Bunkers
(a) the Charterers on deliv ery, and the Owners on redeliv ery, shall take ov er and pay f or all f uel and diesel oil remaining on board the Vessel as hereunder. The v essel shall be deliv ered with:
xxxxxx long/metric tons of f uel oil at the price of xxx per ton; xxxx tons of diesel oil at the price of xxx per ton. The v es sel shall be redeliv ered with: xxxx tons of f uel oil at the price of xxxxxx per ton; xxxx tons of diesel oil at the price of xxxx per ton.
Same tons apply throughout this clause.
(b) The charterers shall supply bunkers of a quality suitable f or burning in t he v essel's engines and auxiliaries and which conf orm to the specif ication(s) as set out in Appendix A.
The owners reserv e their right to make a claim against the Charterers f or any damage to the main engines or the auxiliaries c aused by the use of unsuitable f uels or f uels not comply ing with the agreed specif ication(s). additionally, if bunker f uels supplied do not conf orm with the mutually agreed specif ication(s) or otherwise prov e unsuitable f or burning in the Vessel's engines or auxiliaries, the Owners shall not be held responsible f or any reduction in the Vessel's speed perf ormance and /or increased bunker consumption, nor f or any time lost and any other consequences.
10. Rate of Hire/Redeliv ery Areas and Notices
The charterers shall pay f or the use and hire of the said Vessel at the rate of $xxxx U.S. currency, daily, or $xxxxx U.S. currency per ton on the Vessel's total deadweight carry ing capacity, including bunkers and stores, on xxxxx summer f reeboard, per 30 day s, commencing on and f rom th e day of her deliv ery, as af oresaid, and at and af ter the same rate f or any part of a month; hire shall continue until the hour of the day of her redeliv ery in like good order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted, to the Owners (unless Vessel lost) at xx xxx unless otherwise mutually agreed.
The charterers shall giv e the Owners not less than xxxxxx day s notice of the Vessel's expected date and probable port of rede liv ery.
For the purpose of hire calculations, the times of deliv ery, redeliv er or termination of charter shall be adjusted to GMT.
11. Hire Pay ment
(a) Pay ment
Pay ment of Hire shall be made so as to be receiv ed by the Owners or their designated pay ee in xxx, v ia xxxxxx in xxxxx curren cy, or in United States Currency, in f unds av ailable to the Owners on eth due date, 15 days in adv ance, and f or the last month or part of same the approximate amount of hire, and should same not cov er eth actual time, hire shall be paid f or eth balance day by day as it becomes due, if so required by the Owners. Failing the punctual and regular pay ment of the hire, or on any f undamental breach whatsoev er of this Charter Party, the Owners shall be at liberty to withdraw the Vessel f rom the serv ice of the charterers without prejudice to any claims they (the Owners ) may ot herwise hav e on the Charterers.
At any time after the expiry of the grace period prov ided in Sub-clause 11 (b) hereunder and while the hire is outstanding, the Owners shall, without prejudice to the liberty to withdraw, be entitled to withhold the perf ormance of any and all of their obligations hereunder and shall hav e no responsibility whatsoev er f or any consequences thereof, in respect of which the Charterers hereby indemnify the Owners, and hire shall continue to accrue a nd any extra expenses resulting f rom such withholding shall be f or the Charterers' account.
b) .Grace Period
Where there is f ailure to-make punctual and regular pay ment of hire due to ov ersight, negligence, errors or omissions on the part of the Charterers of their bankers, the Charterers shall be giv en by the Owners clear banking day s (as recognized at the agreed place of pay ment) written notice to rectify the f ailure, and when so rectif ied within those days f ollowing the Owner's notice, the pay ment shall stand as regular and punctual.
Failure by the Charterers to pay the hire within day s of their receiv ing the Owners' notice as prov ided herein, shall entitle t he Owners to withdraw as set f orth
in Sub-clause 11 (a) abov e.
(c) Last Hire Payment
Should the Vessel be on her v oy age towards port of redeliv ery at the time the last and/or the penultimate payment of hire is/are due, said pay ment(s) is/are to be made f or such length of time as the Owners and the Charterers may agree upon as being the estimated time necessary to comp lete the v oy age, and taking into account bunkers actually on board; to be taken ov er by the Owners and estimated disbursements for the Owners' acc ount bef ore redeliv ery. Should same not cov er the actual time, hire is to be paid f or the balance, day by day, as it becomes due. When the Vessel has been redeliv ered , any
diff erence is to be ref unded by the Owners or paid by the Charterers, as the case may be
(d) Cash Adv ances
Cash f or the Vessel's ordinary disbursements at any port may be adv anced by the Charterers, as required by the Owners, subject to 2 ~ percent commission and such adv ances shall be deducted f rom the hire. The Charterers, howev er, shall in no way be responsible f or the application of such adv ances.
12. Berths
The Vessel shall be loaded and discharged in any saf e dock or at any saf e berth or saf e place that Charterers or their agents may direct, prov ided the Vessel can saf ely enter, lie and depart alway s af loat at any time of tide.
13. Spaces Av ailable
(a) The whole reach of the Vessel's holds, decks, and other cargo spaces (not more than she can reasonably and saf ely stow and carry) , also accommodations f or supercargo, if carried, shall be at the Charterers' disposal, reserv ing only proper and suff icient space f or the v essel" s ott1cers, crew, tackle, apparel, f urniture, prov isions , stores and f uel.
(b) In the ev ent of deck cargo being carried, the Owners are to be and are hereby indemnif ied by the Charterers for any loss and/or damage and/or liability of whatsoev er nature caused to the Vessel as a result of the carriage of deck cargo and which would not hav e arisen had deck cargo not been loaded.
14. Supercargo and Meals
The Charterers are entitled to appoint a supercargo, who shall accompany the Vessel at the Charterers' risk and see that v oy a ges are perf ormed with due despatch. He is to be f urnished with f ree accommodation and same f are as prov ided f or the Master's table. the Charterers pay i ng at the rate of per day. The Owners shall v ictual pilots and customs officers. and also. when authorized by the Chart erers or their agents. shall v ictual tally clerks. stev edore's f oreman. etc. , Charterers pay ing at the rate of per meal for all such v ictualing.
15. Sailing Orders and Logs
The Charterers shall f urnish the Master f rom time to time with all requisite instructions and sailing directions. in writing. in the English language. and the Master shall keep f ull and correct deck and engine logs of the v oy age or v oy ages. which are to be patent to the Charterers or their agents. and f urnish the Charterers, their agents or supercargo, when required, with a true copy of such deck and engine logs, showing the course of the Vessel , distance ru n and the consumption of bunkers. Any log extracts required by the Charterers shall be in the English language.
16 Deliv ery/ Cancelling
If required by the Charterers, time shall not commence bef ore and should the Vessel not be ready f or deliv ery on or bef ore but not later than hours, the Charterers shall hav e the option of cancelling this Charter Party..
If the Owners warrant that, despite the exercise of due diligence by them, the Vessel will not be ready f or deliv ery by the cancelling date, and prov ided t he Owners are able to state with reasonable certainty the date on which the Vessel will be ready, they may, at the earliest sev e n days bef ore the Vessel is expected to sail f or the port or place of deliv ery, require the Charterers to declare whether or not they will cancel the Charter Party. Should the Charters elect not to cancel, or should they f ail to reply within two 'IS or by the cancelling date, whichev er shall.first occur, then the sev enth day after the expected date of readiness f or deliv ery as notif ied by the Owners shall replace the original cancelling date.. Should the Vessel be f urther delay ed, the Owners shall be entitled to require f urther declarations of the Charterers in accordance with this clause.
17 .Off. Hire
In the ev ent of loss time f rom def iciency and/or def ault and/or strike of officers or crew, or def iciency of stores , fire, b reakdown of, or damages to hull, machinery or equipment, grounding, detention by the arrest of the Vessel ( unless such arrest is caused by ev ents f or which the Charterers, their serv ants, agents or subcontractors are responsible), or detention by av erage accidents to the Vessel or cargo unless resulting. from inherent v ice, quality or def ect of the cargo, dry docking for the purpose of examination or painting bottom, or by any other similar cause prev enting the f ull working of the Vessel , the pay ment of hire and ov ertime, if any, shall cease for the time thereby lost. Should the Vessel dev iate or put back during a v oy age, contrary to the orders or directions of her Charterers, f or any reason other than accident to the cargo or where per-mitted in lines 257 to 258 hereunder, the hire is to be suspended f rom the time of her dev iating or .putting back until she is again in the same or equidistant position from the destination and the v oy age resumed theref rom. All
bunkers used by the Vessel while off hire shall be f or the Owners' account. In the ev ent of the Vessel being driv en into port or to anchorage through stress of weather, trading to shallow harbors or to riv ers or ports with bars, any detention of the Vessel and/ or expenses resulting f rom such detention shall be
f or the Charterers' account. If upon the v oy age the speed be reduced by def ect in, or breakdown of, any part of her hull, machinery or equipment, the time so lost, and the cost of any extra bunkers consumed in consequence thereof, and all extra prov en expenses may be deducted from the hire.
18 Sublet
Unless otherwise agreed, the Charterers shall hav e the liberty sublet the Vessel for all or any part of the time cov ered by t his charter Party, but the Charterers remain responsible f or the fulf illment of this Charter Party. ,
19.Dry docking
The Vessel was last dry docked …..
(a) The Owners shall hav e the option to place the Vessel in dry dock during the currency of this Charter at a conv enient time and place, to be mutually agreed upon between the Owners and the Charterers, f or bottom cleaning and painting and/ or repair as required by class or dictated by circumstances.
* (b)Except in case of emergency no dry docking shall take place during the currency of this Charter Party.
*Delete as appropriate. "'
20). Total Loss
Should the Vessel be lost, money paid in adv ance and not earned (reckoning f rom the date of loss or being last heard of) shall be returned to the Charterers at once.
21. Exceptions
The act of God , enemies, f ire, restraint of princes, rulers and people, and all dangers and acc idents of the seas, riv ers, machinery, boilers, and nav igation, and errors of nav igation throughout this Charter, alway s mutually excepted.
22. Liberties
The Vessel shall hav e the liberty to sail with or without pilots , to tow and to be towed, to assist v essels in distress, and to dev iate f or the purpose of
sav ing .lif e and property.
23.. Liens
The Owners shall hav e a lien upon all cargoes and all sub-f reights and/or sub-hire f or any amounts due under this Charter Party, including general av erage contributions, and the Charterers shall hav e a lien on the Vessel for all monies paid in adv ance and not earned, and any ov erpaid hire or excess deposit to be returned at once.
The Charterers will not directly or indirectly suff er, nor permit to be continued, ally lien or encumbrance, which might hav e priority ov er the title and interest of the Owners in the Vessel. The Charterers undertake that during the period of this Charter Party, they will not procure any supplies or necessaries or serv ices, including any port expenses and bunkers, on the credit of the Owners or in the Owners' time.
24Salv age
All derelicts and salv age shall be f or the Owners' and the Charterers' equal benef it af ter deducting Owners' and Charterers' expenses and crew's proportion.
25 General Av erage
General av erage shall be adjusted according to York-Antwerp Rules 1974, as amended 1990, or any subsequent modif ication thereof, in and settled in currency.
The Charterers shall procure that all bills of lading issued during the currency of the Chart er Party will contain a prov ision to the eff ect that general av erage shall be adjusted 'according to York- .Antwerp Rules 1974, as amended 1990, or any subsequent modif ication thereof and will include the "New Jason Clause" as per Clause
31 Time charter hire shall not contribute to general av erage.
26 Nav igation
Nothing herein stated is to be construed as a demise of the Vessel to the Time Charterers. The Owners shall remain responsibl e f or the nav igation of the Vessel , acts of pilots and tug boats, insurance, crew, and all other matters, same as when trading f or their account.
27 .Cargo Claims
Cargo claims as between the Owners and the Charterers shall be settled in accordance with the Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement
0?February 1970, as amended May, 1984, or any subsequent modif ication or replacement thereof.
28. Cargo Gear and Lights
The Owners shall maintain the cargo handling gear of the Vessel which is as follows: prov iding gear (f or all derricks or cranes) capable of lif ting capacity as
described. The Owners shall also prov ide on the Vessel f or night work lights as on board, but all additional lights ov er thos e on board shall be at the Charterers' expense. The Charterers shall hav e the use of any gear on board the Vessel. If required by t he Charterers, the Vessel shall work night and day and all cargo handling gear shall be at the Charterers' disposal during loading and discharging. In the ev ent of disabled cargo handling gear, or insuff icient power to operate the same, the Vessel is to be considered to be off hire to the extent that time is actually lost to the Charterers and the Owners to pay
stev edore stand-by charges occasioned thereby, unless such disablement or insufficiency of power is caused by the Charterers' stev edores. If required by the Charterers, the Owners shall bear the cost of hiring shore gear in lieu thereto, in which case the Vessel shall remain on hire.
29 Crew Ov ertime
In lieu of any ov ertime pay ments to off icers and crew of work ordered by the Charterers or their agent s, the Charterers shall pay the Owners, concurrently with the hire xxxxxxxx per month or pro rata.
30 Bills of Lading
(a) The Master shall sign the bills of lading or way bills for cargo as presented in conf ormity with mates or tally clerk's receipts. Howev er, the Charterers may sign bills of lading or way bills on behalf of the Master, with the Owner's prior written authority, always in conf ormity with mates or tally clerk's receipts.
(b) All bills of lading or way bills shall be without prejudice to this Charter Party and the Charterers shall indemnify the Owners against all consequences or liabilities which may arise f rom any inconsistency between this Charter Party and any bills of lading or way bills signed by t he Charterers or by the Master at their request.
( c ) Bill of lading cov ering deck cargo shall be claused " Shipped on deck at Charterers' , Shippers' and Receiv ers' risk, expense and responsibility, without liability on the part of the Vessel , or her Owners f or any loss, damage, expense or delay howsoev er caused. "
31.Protectiv e Clause
This Charter Party is subject to the f ollowing clauses all of which are also to be included in all bills of lading or way bills issued hereunder:
(a) CLAUSE PARAMOUN T
"This bill of lading shall hav e effect subject to the prov isions of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act of the United States, the Hague Rules, or the Hague- Visby Rules, as applicable, or such other similar national legislation as may mandatorily apply by v irtue of origin or destination of the bills of lading, which shall be deemed to be incorproated herein and nothing herein contained shall be deemed a
surrender by the carrier of any of its rights or immunities or an increase of any of its responsibilities or liabilities under said applicable Act. If any term of this bill of lading be repugnant to said applicable Act to any extent, such term shall be v oid to that extent, but not f urther. "
and
(b) BOTH- TO-BLAME COLLISION CLAUSE
"If the ship comes into collision with another ship as a result of the negligence of the other ship and any act, neglect or def ault of the master, mariner, pilot or the serv ants of the carrier in the nav igation or in the management of the ship, the owners of the goods carried hereunder wil l indemnify the carrier against all loss or liability to the other or non-carry ing ship or her owners insof ar as such loss or liability represents loss of, or damage to, or any claim whatsoev er of th e owners of said goods, paid or pay able by the other or non-carry ing ship or her owners to the owners of said goods and set off, recouped or recov ered by the other or non-carry ing ship or her owners to the owners of said goods and set off, recouped or recov ered by the other or non-carry ing ship or her owners as part of their claim against the carry ing ship or carrier.
The f oregoing prov isions shall also apply where the owners, operators or those in charge of any ships or objects other than, or in addition to, the colliding ships or objects are at f ault in respect to a collision or contact. "
and
(c) NEW JASON CLAUSE
"In the ev ent of accident, danger, damage or disaster bef ore or after the commencement of the v oy age resulting f rom any cause whatsoev er, whether due to negligence or not, f or which, or for consequences of which, the carrier is not responsible, by s tatute, contract, or otherwise, the goods, shippers, consignees, or
owners of the goods shall contribute with the carrier in general av erage to the pay ment of any sacrif ices, losses, or expense s of a general av erage nature that may be made or incurred, and shall pay salv age and special charges incurred in respect of the goods.
If a salv ing ship is owned or operated by the carrier, salv age shall be paid f or as f ully as if salv ing ship or ships belonged to strangers. Such deposit as the carrier or his agents may deem sufficient to cov er the estimated contribution of the goods and any salv age and special charges thereon shall , if r equired be made by the good, shipper, consignees or owners of the goods to the carrier bef ore deliv ery. "
and
(d) U.S. TRADE-DRUG-CLAUSE
"In pursuance of the prov isions of the U. s. Anti Drug Abuse Act 1986 or any re-enactment thereof, the Charterers warrant to exercise the highest degree of care and diligence in prev enting unmanif ested narcotic drugs and marijuana to be loaded or concealed on board the Vessel.
Non-compliance with the prov isions of this clause shall amount to breach of warranty f or consequences of which the Charterers sha ll be liable and shall hold the Owners, the Master and the crew of the Vessel harmless and shall keep them indemnif ied against all claims whatsoev er which may arise and be made against them indiv idually or jointly. Furthermore, all time lost and all expenses incurred , including f ines as a result of t he Charterers' breach of the prov isions of this clause shall be f or the Charterer's account and the Vessel shall remain on hire.
Should the Vessel be arrested as a result of the Charterers' non-compliance with the prov isions of this clause, the Charterers shall at their expense take all reasonable steps to secure that within a reasonable time the Vessel is released and at their expense put up the bails to secure release of the Ves sel.
The Owners shall remain responsible f or all time lost and all expenses incurred, including f ines, in the ev ent that unmanif es ted narcotic drugs and marijuana are f ound in the possession or effects of the Vessel's personnel. "
and
(e) WAR CLAUSES
"(i) No contraband of war shall be shipped. The Vessel shall not be required, without the consent of the Owners which shall not be unreasonably withheld, to enter any port or zone which is inv olv ed in a state of war, warlike operations, or hostilities, civ il strif e, insurrection or piracy whether there be a declaration of war
or not, where the Vessel , cargo or crew might reasonably be expected to be subject to capture, seizure or arrest, or to a ho stile act by a belligerent power (the term "power" meaning any de jure or def acto authority or any purported gov ernmental organization maintaining nav al, military or air f orces).
(ii) If such consent is giv en by the Owners, the Charterers will pay the prov able additional cost of insuring the Vessel against hull war risks in an amount equal to the v alue under her ordinary hull policy but not exceeding a v aluation of In addition, the Owners may purchase and t he Charterers will pay f or war risk insurance on ancillary risks such as loss of hire, f reight disbursements, total loss , blocking and trapping, etc. If such insurance is not obt ainable commercially or through a gov ernment program, the Vessel shall not be required to enter or remain at any such port or zone.
(iii) In the ev ent of the existence of the conditions described in (i) subsequent to the date of this Charter, or while the Vessel is on hire under this Charter, the Charterers shall , in respect of v oy ages to any such port or zone assume the prov able additional cost of wages and insurance properly incurred in connection with master , officers and crew as a consequence of such war, warlike operations
or hostilities.
(iv) Any war bonus to off icers and crew due to the Vessel's trading or cargo carried shall be f or the Charterers's account. "
32. War Cancellation
In the ev ent of the outbreak of war ( whether there be a declaration of war or not) between any two or more of the f ollowing countries:xxxxxxxxxxx, either the Owners or the Charterers may cancel this Charter Party .Whereupon, the Charterers shall redeliv er the Vessel to the Owners in accordance with Clause 101 if she has cargo on board, after discharge thereof at destination, or, if debarred under this Clause f rom reaching or entering it, at a near open and saf e port as directed by the Owners; or , if she has no cargo on board, at the port at which she then is lor , if at sea, at a near open a nd saf e port as directed by the Owners. In all cases hire shall continue to be paid in accordance with Clause 11 and except as af oresaid all other prov isions of this Charter Party shall apply until redeliv ery.
33. Ice
The Vessel shall not be required to enter or remain in any icebound port or area, nor any port or area where lights or lights hips hav e been or are about to be withdrawn by reason of ice, nor where there is risk that in the ordinary course of things the Vessel will not be able on acco unt of ice to saf ely enter and remain in the port or area or to get out af ter hav ing completed loading or discharging. Subject to the Owners' prior approv al the Vessel is to f ollow icebreakers when reasonably required with regard to her size, construction and ice class.
34. Requisition
Should the Vessel be requisitioned by the gov ernment of the Vessel's f lag during the period Of this Charter Party, the Vessel shall be deemed to be off hire during the period of such requisition , period any hire paid by the said gov ernment in respect of such requisition period shall be retained by the Owners. The period during which the Vessel is on requisition to the said gov ernment shall count as part of the period prov ided f or in this Charter Party.
If the period of requisition exceeds months, either party shall hav e the option of cancelling this Charter Party and no consequential claim may be made by either party.
35. Stev edore Damage.
Notwithstanding any thing contained herein to the contrary, the Charterers shall pay f or any and all damage to the Vessel caus ed stev edores prov ided the Master has notif ied the Charterers and/ their agents in writing as soon as practical but not later than 48 hours after any damage is discov ered. Such notice to specify the damage in detail and to inv ite Charterers to appoint a surv ey or to as the extent of such damage.
(a) In case of any and all damage(s) aff ecting the Vessel's seaworthiness and/or the saf ety of the crew and/or aff ecting the trading capabilities of the Vessel, the Charterers shall immediately arrange f or repairs of such damage(s) at their expense and the Vessel is remain on hire until such repairs are completed and if required passed by the Vessel's classif ication society.
( b ) Any and all damage ( s ) not described under point ( a) abov e shall be repaired at the Charterers' option, bef ore or af ter redeliv ery concurrently with the Owners' work. In such case no hire and /or expenses will be paid to the Owners except and insof ar as the time and/or the expenses required f or the repairs
f or which the Charterers are responsible, exceed the time and/or expenses necessary to carry out the Owners' work.
36. Cleaning of Holds
The Charterers shall prov ide and pay extra f or sweeping and/or washing and/ or cleaning of holds between v oy ages and/ or between cargoes prov ided such work can be undertaken by the crew and is permitted by local regulations, at the rate of per hold.
In connection with any such operation, the Owners shall not be responsible if the Vessel's holds are not accepted or passed by the port or any other authority. The Charterers shall hav e the option to re-deliv er the Vessel with unclean/unswept holds against a lumpsum payment of in lieu of cleaning.
37. Taxes
Charterers to pay all local, State, National taxes and/ or dues assessed on the Vessel or the Owners resulting f rom the Chart erers' orders herein, whether assessed during or after the currency of this Charter Party including any taxes and/or dues on cargo and/or f reights and/or sub-f reights and/or hire {excluding taxes lev ied by the country of the f lag of the Vessel or the Owners).
38. Charterers' Colors
The Charterers shall hav e the priv ilege of f ly ing their own house f lag and painting the Vessel with their own markings. The Vessel shall be repainted in the Owners' colors bef ore termination of the Charter Party. Cost and time of painting, maintaining and repainting those changes eff ected by the Charterers shall be f or the Charterers' account.
39. Laid Up Returns
The Charterers shall hav e the benef it of any return insurance premium receiv able the the Owners f rom their underwriters as an d when receiv ed f rom underwriters by reason of the Vessel being in port f or a minimum period of 30 day s if on f ull hire f or this period or pro rata f or the time actually on hire.
40. Documentation
The Owners shall prov ide any documentation relating to the Vessel that may be required to permit the Vessel to trade within the agreed trade limits, including, but not limited to certif icates of financial responsibility f or oil pollution, prov ided such oil pollution certificates are obtainable f rom the Owners' P &. I club, v alid international tonnage certif icate, Suez and Panama tonnage certif icates , v alid certificate of registry and certif icates relating to the strength and/or
serv iceability of the Vessel's gear
41. Stowaway s. ,
(a) (i) The Charterers warrant to exercise due care and diligence in prev enting stowaway s in gaining access to the Vessel by mean of secreting away in the goods and/ or containers shipped by the Charterers.
(ii) If, despite the exercise of due care and diligence by the Charterers, stowaway s hav e gained access to the Vessel by mean s of secreting away in the goods and/ or containers shipped by the charterers, this shall amount to breach of charter f or the consequences of which the Charterers shall be liable and shall hold the Owners sharmless and shall keep them indemnif ied against all claims whatsoev er which may arise and be made against them. Furthermore, all time lost and all expenses whatsoev er and howsoev er incurred , including f ines, shall be f or the Charterers' account and the Vessel shall remain on hire. (iii) Should the Vessel be arrested as a result of the Charterers' breach of charter according to sub-clause (a) (ii) abov e the Charterers shall take all reasonable steps to secure that, within a reasonable time, the Vessel is released and at their expense put up bail to secure release of the Vessel.
(b) (i) If, despite the exercise of due care and diligence by the Owners, stowaway s hav e gained access to the Vessel by means other than secreting away in the goods and/or containers shipped by the Charterers, all time lost and all expenses whatsoev er and howsoev er incurred, including f ines, shall be f or the Owners' account and the Vessel shall be off hire.
(ii) Should the Vessel be arrested as a result of stowaway s hav ing gained access to the Vessel by means other than secreting away in the goods and/or containers shipped by the Charterers. the Owners shall take all reasonable steps to secure that. within a reasonable time. the Vessel is released and at their expense put up bail to secure release of the Vessel.
42Smuggling
In the ev ent of smuggling by the Master. Officers and/or Crew. the Owners shall bear the cost of any f ines. taxes. or imposts lev ied and the Vessel sha ll be off hire f or any time lost as a result thereof .
43. Commissions
A commission of percent is pay able by the Vessel and the Owners to... on hire
earned and paid under this Charter. and also upon any continuation or extension of this Charter .
44. Address Commission
An address commission of percent is pay able to on hire earned and paid under this Charter .
45. Arbitration
(a) NEW YORK ,
All disputes arising out of this contract shall be arbitrated at New York in the f ollowing manner, and subject to U. S. Law:
One Arbitrator is to be appointed by each of the parties hereto and a third by the two so chosen. Their decision or that of any two of them shall be f inal, and f or the purpose of enf orcing any award , this agreement may be made a rule of the court. The Arbitrators shall be commercial men, conv ersant with shipping matters. Such
Arbitration is to be conducted in accordance with the rules of the Society of Maritime Arbitrators Inc. For disputes where the total amount claimed by either party does not exceed US $ * * the arbitration shall be con-
ducted in accordance with the Shortened Arbitration Procedure of the Society of Maritime Arbitrators Inc.
(b) LONDON
All disputes arising out of this contract shall be arbitrated at London and, unless the parties agree f orthwith on a single A rbitrator, be ref erred to the final arbitrament of two Arbitrators carry ing on business in London who shall be members of the Baltic Mercantile & Shipping Exchange and engaged in Shipping, one to be appointed by each of the parties, with power to such Arbitrators to appoint an Umpire. No award shall be questioned or inv alidated on the ground that any of the Arbitrators is not qualif ied as abov e, unless objection to his action be taken bef ore the award is made. Any dispute arisi ng hereunder shall be gov erned by English Law.
For disputes where the total amount claimed by either party does not exceed US $ * * the arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the Small Claims Procedure of the London Maritime Arbitrators Association.
If mutually agreed, clause xxxxx to xxxxxx ,both inclusiv e, as attached hereto are f ully incorporated in this Charter Party.
* Delete para (a) or (b) as appropriate.
* * Where no f igure is supplied in the blank space this prov ision only shall be v oid but the other prov isions of this clause shall hav e f ull f orce and remain in eff ect.
钟表中英文对照术语表
钟表中英文对照术语表，希望对各位表迷有所帮助 10J - 10天动力储备 Abbreviation for 10 days power reserve in the Patek Philippe typology.在百达翡丽而言是“10 days power reserve - 10天动力储备”的缩写。 24H - 24小时表盘 Abbreviation for "24-hour dial", in the Patek Philippe typology.在百达翡丽而言是“24-hour dial - 24 小时表盘”的缩写。 Amplitude - 摆幅
Measurement in degrees of the movement of a balance and spring assembly: amplitude is the angle between the position of equilibrium and its maximum elongation.测量摆轮游丝装置的摆动角度：摆幅即是游丝装置的平衡位置与最大距角之间的角度。 Analogue - 指针式时间显示 Refers to time display using hands.指采用指针来显示时间。 Aperture - 视窗、孔径
Dial opening revealing the indications provided on discs rotating under the dial.表盘上的开孔，可看见表盘下的转盘的显示信息。 Applique - 镶刻 Raised numeral or hour-marker, applied to or riveted to the dial. At Patek Philippe, appliques are always in gold and are sometimes diamond-set.固定在表盘上的凸起数字或时间刻度。百达翡丽钟表的镶刻通常用金打造，有时亦会镶嵌钻石。 Appropriage - 抛磨修整 An activity carried out by the Grand Complications workshop. The watchmakers themselves perform certain finishing operations such as polishing steel parts or
wow材料中英文对照
血色修道院Scarlet Monestary (SM) 斯坦索姆Stratholme (STR) 通灵学院Scholomance (SCH) 死亡矿井Deadmines (VC) 影牙城堡Shadowfang Keep (SFK) 奥达曼Uldaman (UDM) 黑石深渊Blackrock Depths (BRD) 黑石塔上层Uper Blackrock Spirits (UBRS)(T2) 黑石塔下层Lower Blockrock Spirits (LBRS)(T1) 暴风城监狱The Stockades (Stockade) 沉没的神庙Temple of Atal'Hakkar(The Sunken Temple)(ST) 黑暗深渊Blackfathom Deeps (BFD) 怒焰裂谷Ragefire Chasm (RFD) 哀嚎洞穴Wailing Caverns (WC) 玛拉顿Mauradon (Mauradon) 厄运之槌Dire Maul (DM) 剃刀沼泽Razorfen Kraul(RFK) 剃刀高地Razorfen Downs(RFD) 祖尔法拉克Zul'Farrak(ZF) 祖尔格拉布Zul'Gurub (ZG) 安其拉Ahn'Qiraj (AQ) 安其拉神庙Temple of Ahn'Qiraj (TAQ) 安其拉废墟Ruins of Ahn'Qiraj (RAQ) 通灵学院Scholomance (Scholo) 熔核之心Molten Core (MC) 黑翼之巢Black Wing Lair (BWL) 纳克萨玛斯Naxxramas (NAXX) 裁缝篇： 亚麻布（Linen Cloth） 亚麻布卷（Bolt of Linen Cloth ） 毛料（Wool Cloth） 毛布卷（Bolt of Wool Cloth） 丝绸（Silk Cloth） 丝绸卷（Bolt of Silk Cloth） 魔纹布（Mageweave） 魔纹布卷（Bolt of Mageweave ） 符文布（Runecloth）
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尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。任何一州的众议员有缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员; 只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。 第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之，参议员的任期为六年，每名参议员有一票表决权。参议员於第一次选举後举行会议之时，应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。第一组参议员的任期，到第二年年终时届满，第二组到第四年年终时届满，第三组到第六年年终时届满，俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选; 如果在某州州议会休会期间，有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺，该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员，等到州议会下次集会时，再予选举补缺。凡年龄未满三十岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满九年，或於某州当选而并非该州居民者，均不得任参议员。合众国副总统应为参议院议长，除非在投票票数相等时，议长无投票权。参议院应选举该院的其他官员，在副总统缺席或执行合众国总统职务时，还应选举临时议长。所有弹劾案，只有参议院有权审理。在开庭审理弹劾案时，参议员们均应宣誓或誓愿。如受审者为合众国总统，则应由最高法院首席大法官担任主席; 在末得出席的参议员的三分之二的同意时，任何人不得被判有罪。弹劾案的判决，不得超过免职及取消其担任合众国政府任何有荣誉、有责任或有俸给的职位之资格;但被判处者仍须服从另据法律所作之控诉、审讯、判决及惩罚。 第四款各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地
缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血患者血常规检验的对比
缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血患者血常规检 验的对比 本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！ 摘要：目的：对比分析缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血患者血常规检验的结果，总结其临床价值。方法：选取血常规检测结果560例进行回顾性分析，其中抽取结果检测正常60例，设为对照组，检验为缺铁性贫血52例，设为观察组A，检验为轻型地中海贫血34例，设为观察组B，对比分析三组的血常规结果。结果：观察组A的RDW在＞%，相符率为100%，观察组B的RDW在＜%，对照组的RDW在%～%，轻型α地贫的相符率为%，轻型β地贫的相符率为%，观察组A、B间的筛查相符率差异有统计学意义（P＜）。结论：利用血常规中红细胞体积分布宽度筛查方法可用于鉴别诊断缺铁性贫血和轻型地中海贫血，操作简便，准确率高。 关键词：血常规；红细胞体积分布宽度；鉴别诊断 目前，临床上通常应用血常规中的MCV和RDW 对缺铁性贫血与地中海贫血进行鉴别诊断。文章通过
对比分析缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血患者血常规检验的结果，总结其临床价值，现报告如下。 1 资料与方法 一般资料：选取我院2009年12月～2010年2月间血常规检测结果560例进行回顾性分析。其中抽取结果检测正常60例，设为对照组，其中男37例，女23例，年龄19～66岁，平均岁；检验为缺铁性贫血52例，设为观察组A，其中男31例，女21例，年龄18～64岁，平均岁；检验为轻型地中海贫血34例，设为观察组B，其中男18例，女16例，年龄16～61岁，平均岁。对比分析三组的血常规结果。三组在年龄、性别方面比较，差异无统计学意义（P＞），具有可比性。 方法：①采集血液样本：统一使用血常规的专用管以真空采血法进行采样，抽取受检者静脉血2ml，然后与抗凝剂混匀后备用；②检测：采用同一质控物在检测前进行校正，采用全自动血细胞分析仪（厂家：XXX，型号：XXX）及其专用试剂包进行检测。 血常规参数观察标准：正常PDW（%）的参考值范围为～；按照MCHC、MCV、MCH的分类法：MCHC（g/L）在300以下，MCV（fl）在79以下，MCH（pq）在28以下为地中海贫血的参考值[1]。按
血常规常识
1.血常规简介 血常规包括血红蛋白测定、红细胞计数、白细胞计数及白细胞分类计数4项。 a.血红蛋白(Hb)：正常男性为120～160g/L，女性为110～150g/L，新生儿170-200g/L。 *增高：真性红细胞增多症,严重脱水,肺原性心脏病,先天性心脏病,高山地区的居民,严重烧伤,休克等. 降低：贫血,出血* b.红细胞(RBC)计数：正常男性为400-550万/μL，女性为350～500万/μL，新生儿为600～700万/μL； *增高：真性红细胞增多症,严重脱水,肺原性心脏病,先天性心脏病,高山地区的居民,严重烧伤,休克等. 降低：贫血,出血* c.白细胞(WBC)计数:正常成人为4000～10000/μL，新生儿为15000～20000/μL，6个月至2岁婴儿为11000～12000/μL。 *升高：各种细胞感染,炎症,严重烧伤.明显升高时应除外白血病. 降低：白细胞减少症,脾功能亢进,造血功能障碍,放射线,药物,化学毒素等引起骨髓抑制, 疟疾,伤寒,病毒感染,副伤寒. *白细胞增多常见于炎性感染、出血、中毒、白血病等。其减少常见于流感、麻疹等病毒性传染病及严重败血症、药物或放射线所致及某些血液病等。* d.白细胞分类计数(DC，以比值计）：白细胞分为5类。 一是中性粒细胞(Gran)，正常为0.50～0.70，增高或减少的原因与白细胞计数相同； *增高：细菌感染,炎症; 降低：病毒性感染* 二是淋巴细胞(Lym)，正常为0.20～0.40，增多时常见于中性白细胞减少、结核、百日咳等；其减少常见于中性白细胞增多； *增高：百日咳,传染性单核细胞增多症,病毒感染,急性传染性淋巴细胞增多症,淋巴细胞性白血病; 降低：免疫缺陷* 三是嗜酸性粒细胞，正常为0.005～0.05，增多见于寄生虫病、过敏性疾病及某些皮肤病；*增高：慢性粒细胞白血病及慢性溶血性贫血.* 四是嗜碱性粒细胞，正常为0～0.01，临床意义不大； 五是单核细胞，正常为0.03～0.08，增多时见于急性传染病恢复期。 *增高：结核,伤寒,疟疾,单核细胞性白血病.* e.血小板（PLT）:正常情况：(100-300)%
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常用机床术语中英文对照 机床中英文对照表 （您可以使用CTRL+F来查找） （1）：按英文字母排序 3-Jaws indexing spacers 三爪、分割工具头 A.T.C.system 加工中心机刀库 Aluminum continuous melting & holding 连续溶解保温炉furnaces Balancing equipment 平衡设备 Bayonet 卡口 Bearing fittings 轴承配件 Bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机 Bearings 轴承 Belt drive 带传动 Bending machines 弯曲机 Blades 刀片 Blades,saw 锯片 Bolts,screws & nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝 Boring heads 搪孔头 Boring machines 镗床 Cable making tools 造线机 Casting,aluminium 铸铝 Casting,copper 铸铜 Casting,gray iron 铸灰口铁 Casting,malleable iron 可锻铸铁 Casting,other 其他铸造 Casting,steel 铸钢 Chain drive 链传动
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地中海贫血的诊断方法.doc
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量检测。优点：所需样本量少，自动化程度高，操作简单，快速，能消除人为误差，结果准确。HPLC也可用于胎儿脐带血的产前诊断，可诊断出重型B地中海贫血，但不能区分正常胎儿和杂合子胎儿。近年来，地中海贫血高发地区也采用此法进行携带者检测。 5 基因诊断 近年来，随着分子生物学研究领域的不断发展，从最初的B珠蛋白基因簇限制性酶切多态性检测至目前的聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术结合其他分子生物学方法，B地中海贫血的诊断已逐步改进和完善。基因诊断方法有下列几种： 5．1 限制性片段长度多态性连锁分析(RFLP连锁分析) 原理：DNA限制性内切酶可识别并切割DNA上特定的核苷酸序列，得到一定长度的DNA片段，而碱基的突变可导致酶切位点的丢失或形成，从而改变酶切片段的大小。突变基因在经过相应的限制性内切酶水解后，其电泳条带的数量和大小就会发生改变，根据这些改变可判断出突变是否存在。缺点：由于单独使用该方法，不能直接测出受试者突变基因的类型，必须结合寡核苷酸探针等技术，故其应用范围有一定限制，且操作繁琐。如果母亲或父亲在所有的多态性位点上都为纯合子，无法用此方法进行产前诊断，或者患儿和父母所有位点上都是杂合状态，只能进行50％的排除性诊断。 5．2 探针斑点杂交技术(allele—specific oligonucleotide ASO)应用引物扩增珠蛋白基因，同时合成与正常序列和突变序列完全互补的寡核苷酸探针。将PCR扩增产物点在尼龙膜上，分别与
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血常规白细胞计数的影响因素 白细胞增多的因素: 有炎症的时候，血液，尿液里面的白细胞就会增加。还有一些血液病的白细胞也会增加。 此外医生常常要根据血常规中的白细胞状况进行分析，判断患者是否存在感染。一般来讲感染会引起白细胞增高。但某些白细胞增高不一定就是存在感染。 许多生理因素:可以引起白细胞总数增加。白细胞的生理波动幅度很大，在安静和休息时白细胞数较低，活动和进餐后较高，一日之间的最高值与最低值之间可相差1倍比如：剧烈运动；体力劳动；在冬季长时间暴露于冷空气之后；饱餐、淋浴后也常有白细胞轻微增高。生理性白细胞增高还见于情绪紧张，饥饿时低血糖等。但生理性白细胞增多是暂时的，去除影响因素则很快恢复。产生机制可能是与各种生理因素刺激时，体内儿茶酚胺分泌增多，导致边缘白细胞进入循环所致。 许多药物可以引起白细胞总数增加。比如：某些抗生素(antibiotic)如红霉素、头孢赛曲等；还有儿茶酚胺类药如肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、间羟胺、多巴胺等；另外肾上腺皮质激素氢化可的松、地塞米松、促肾上腺皮质激素等均可引起白细胞总数增多。抗精神病药碳酸锂也可以引起白细胞数量增多。
总之，血常规中白细胞增高不一定是感染，很可能是由于上述生理因素或药物所致.血液病的白细胞也会增加。 白细胞减少的原因看你存在那些因素 （1）药物因素：能引起白细胞减少的药物很多，主要有抗癌药、氯霉素、磺胺类消炎药止痛片，治疗甲亢的药物，治疗糖尿病的药物等。 （2）感染因素：很多感染性疾病可引起血细胞减少，如伤害、病毒感染、支原体肺炎、传染性肺炎、粟粒性肺结核等。（3）血液病：如急性白血病、恶性淋巴瘤、恶性组织细胞病、脾功能亢进、再生障碍性贫血等。 （4）接触放射线：如接触X线、钴60、磷32等。 （5）其他：结缔组织病，系统性红斑狼疮、肝硬化特别是伴有脾肿大者。
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语文课程与教学论 名词术语中英文对照表 the Chinese Course and Teaching and Learning Theory in Chinese and English Teaching materials editing teaching materials /Chinese Teaching Materials /edit teaching materials /Uniformed Chinese Teaching Materials /Experimental Teaching Materials /Mother Tongue Teaching Materials /Teaching Materials of the New Course *textbook *reading book *teaching reference book *exercises book *studying plan Technology /Educational Technology /Modern Educational Technology /Educational Technology in Chinese Teaching /multi-media technology /net technology /cloud serving technology *white board *net meeting *chat room *blog Teaching Basic Theory of the Teaching teaching aim teaching task teaching objective teaching model teaching tactics teaching principle teaching program teaching reform teaching case Courseware teaching resources teaching experiment /mother tongue teaching A Term List of 1. 教材（ JC ） 教材编写 /语文教材 /编写教材 / 统编教材 /实验教材 /母语教材 /新课程教材 * 课本 * 读本 * 教学参考书（教参） * 练习册 *学案 2. 技术（ JS ） / 教育技术 /现代 教育技术 /语文 教育技术 /多媒 体技术 / 网络 技术 /云服务技 术 * 白板 *网 络会议 *聊天室 * 博克 3. 教学 （JX ） 教学基本理论 教学目的 教学 任务 教学目标 教学模式 教学 策略 教学原则 教学大纲 教学 改革 教学案例 教学课件 教学 资源 教学实验 /母语教学
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中国古代格斗兵器:矛、枪和戈等 篇一：中国古代兵器 我花了一天时间编辑的一些关于古代兵器的知识！ 叉的起源很早，六千多年前的陕西半坡村遗址中，就曾发现过原始的骨制鱼叉，用来扎取鱼类。不过，居住在森林旁的猎户们，为了猎杀大型野兽如勐虎、花豹等，需要保持安全距离，所以使用三股长叉，一般称作「虎叉」。 《水浒传》说道解珍、解宝两兄弟，收了知府的捕虎文状，要捉山上大虫，于是「拿了钢叉，两个径奔登州山上」。可见「钢叉」是捉虎的利器。有时为了便于远掷以确保安全，又改成了投掷用的飞叉。 「叉」后来发成兵器，种类很多，大致可按长短分，或以叉股分；历代都不是主要兵器，而与钩、镰、钯等杂兵器并论。宋代有叉竿，长二丈，用来叉飞梯与登城。南宋宗泽的偏将张纯善使飞叉，能在二十步外取人性命，并且教出很多使飞叉的士卒。明代又有丈余长的「马叉」，茅元仪的《武备志》说：「上可叉人，下可叉马。」是步兵所用的长兵. 国剧《金钱豹》里，有飞叉的特技，叉头分成三股，股与叉柄连接处，套上钢片两片，随着演员舞动、抛掷时，铮铮作响，增强了惊险与娱乐的效果。这些其实都是从民国初年江湖杂耍卖艺者学来的身段。
另有一说： 叉之由来，较各种兵器为后，宋元以前，初不见用诸战阵，或谓汉时蛮人，皆以此为利器；又谓叉为古时猎兽之器。如上说，则叉实创自南蛮；如后说，则叉创于猎户；孰是孰非，亦未能断定，始自何时，亦无从稽考，姑置不论。 至飞叉之法，宋代以前，迄无所闻，相传创之者为宗泽偏将张纯。纯为花县人水镜明月老乡也^_^!）力猛侞虎，善使飞叉，能于二十步外取人，发无不中；时行伍中从而习者，颇不乏人。据此说，则叉始于南宋，以法之创始而推诸叉，即谓为叉亦创于是时，亦无不可；惟其法初甚简单，不过抡、盘、飞、掷、打击、抢接诸法而巳；其后代有增减，然皆从以上各法中变化而出；即今日所传之飞叉法，虽分路甚多，皆跳不出此六法，但就此六法杂乱而复叠行之耳。惟习此者，以南人为多，北派武术中习此者甚少；岂发源之处，视为不足贵乎？抑以南渡之后，其法流南方，北方反不得其真传乎？ “干戈”是我国古代最常见的对兵器的总称，它们分别代表两种武器。早在甲骨文和金文中，就已经出现了“干”和“戈”两字。随着文字的演变，“干戈”已成为战争和斗争的代名词，如我们所熟悉的“大动干戈”和“化干戈为玉帛”等。可见干和戈这两种兵器在我国已有着相当久远的历史了。 干，据说是一种分叉的木干，用来抵御野兽和敌人的进犯，是人类最早的防御武器，也是打猎用的猎具。
缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血在血常规中的鉴别诊断效果分析
缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血在血常规中的鉴别诊断效果分析 发表时间：2017-03-17T09:54:29.450Z 来源：《中国蒙医药》2017年2月第2期作者：唐琳 [导读] 缺铁性贫血和地中海性贫血在临床上属于小细胞性低色素性贫血症。 湖南省怀化市妇幼保健院 418000 【摘要】目的：探讨缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血在血常规中的鉴别诊断效果。方法：选取2015年12月-2016年12月在本院接受治疗的44例地中海贫血以及52例缺铁性贫血患者，另选取同期40例健康体检对象进行血常规检验。比较三组对象的血常规检验指标结果。结果：在 Hb、RBC以及RDW指标的检测结果上，A组三项指标明显高于B组，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在MCV、MCH以及MCHC 指标结果上，C组与A、B组均有明显差异，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），但A、B组之间差异无统计学意义。结论：血常规检验在地中海贫血和缺铁性贫血的鉴别诊断有着重要意义，且简单、经济、安全等特点值得其在临床广泛推广应用。 【关键词】血常规检测；缺铁性贫血；地中海贫血；鉴别诊断 Abstract：objective：to study the iron deficiency anemia and Mediterranean anemia in the effectiveness of differential diagnosis in routine blood.Methods：select in December 2015 - December 2016 in our hospital for treatment of 44 cases of Mediterranean anemia and 52 patients with iron deficiency anemia，another selection during the same period in accordance with the object of 40 cases of healthy check-up for routine blood test.To compare index of routine blood test results of three groups of objects.Results：in Hb，RBC and RDW indicators on test results，A set of three indicators are significantly higher than group B，the differences were statistically significant（P < 0.05）.On the MCV，MCH and MCHC index results，group C and A，B group have obvious difference，the difference was statistically significant（P < 0.05），but there was no statistically significant difference between group A and B.Conclusion：routine blood test in the Mediterranean anemia and iron deficiency anemia in the differential diagnosis has important significance，and the characteristics of simple，economic and security worth its widely application in clinical. Key words：routine blood test，Iron deficiency anemia；The Mediterranean anemia；The differential diagnosis 缺铁性贫血和地中海性贫血在临床上属于小细胞性低色素性贫血症。但是两者在发病原因上有较大的区别，缺铁性贫血属于营养性贫血，而地中海性贫血属于免疫性贫血[1]。临床常用电泳法来鉴别区分这两种疾病，但是此方法费时低效，现今临床多以血常规检验鉴别为主要方法[2]。临床应用血常规检验鉴别地中海贫血与缺铁性贫血对这两种贫血症的治疗有着重要意义。本研究应用血常规检测鉴别诊断缺铁性贫血和地中海贫血患者，取得了不错的效果，现报道如下。 1资料与方法 1.1一般资料 本次研究对象选自2015年12月-2016年12月在本院接受治疗的96例地中海贫血以及缺铁性贫血患者。依据贫血类型分组，地中海贫血患者44例设为A组，有女26例，男18例；年龄15-66岁，平均（34.8±5.5）岁；病程3个月-5年，平均（1.7±0.6）年。缺铁性贫血患者52例设为B组，有女28例，男24例；年龄14-64岁，平均（32.6±4.9）岁；病程3个月-4年，平均（1.9±0.7）年。另选取同期进行健康体检的40例无贫血疾病的人员设为C组，其中女22例，男18例；年龄16-68岁，平均（35.2±6.1）岁。三组对象在一般资料上比较均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 1.2方法 三组研究对象均于清晨空腹状态下抽取2 ml左右手肘静脉血，放置在抗凝管中摇晃均匀后采用SYSMEX-1000血球仪进行血常规检验。 1.3观察指标 血常规检测指标包括血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞计数（RBC）、红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）、平均红细胞比容（MCV）、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（MCH）、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）[3]。 1.4统计学方法 采用SPSS21.0进行数据的处理分析，所得计量资料采用t检验，计数资料采用X2检验，组间比较以P＜0.05表示差异有统计学意义。 2结果 在Hb、RBC以及RDW指标的检测结果上，A组三项指标明显高于B组，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。在MCV、MCH以及MCHC 指标结果上，C组与A、B组均有明显差异，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05），但A、B组之间差异无统计学意义。详见表1。 3讨论 地中海贫血相对于缺铁性贫血治疗较为困难。地中海贫血患者存在部分基因缺陷，其体内血红蛋白合成低于正常人水平，属于免疫性贫血[4]。缺铁性贫血发病机制是患者体内的铁元素缺乏，无法为红细胞运转提供必需铁量，属于营养性贫血。临床上地中海贫血患者的治疗不能补充铁剂，大量铁元素会被分解在体内沉积，治疗主要是在进行铁治疗的同时补充维生素E，而缺铁性贫血患者主要依靠补充铁剂进行治疗[5]。此两种贫血疾病需要选择不同的治疗方法，因此快速准确的鉴别诊断方法对这两种贫血患者的早期治疗和预后有着重要的意
血常规镜检标准
血常规镜检标准 1.手工复片镜检标准 1.1单一标准 1.血液病初诊病人； 2.临床医生要求分类者； 3.单核细胞高于16％( 确诊的肿瘤病人除外) 者； 4. 成人淋巴细胞高于60％者； 5.嗜酸性粒细胞高于15％者；嗜碱性粒细胞高于5％者； 6.WBC总数超过30×109/L者。 1.2复合标准 7.机器未分类，WBC散点图异常的；并伴随IP信息提示需要分类者； 8.WBC高于20×109/L，并且伴随血红蛋白降低者； 9.贫血，并且伴随血小板降低者； 10.儿童，白细胞总数高于10×109/L，淋巴细胞高于75％者。 2. 血常规检测项目仪器复检（复查）标准 l、检测项目结果处于危急值。 2、本次结果与上次近期结果差别较大。 3、血细胞分析仪提示需复查，如白细胞、血小板计数结果超出参考范围。 4、血常规白细胞未分类或其它不完整项目，复检后的化验报告“备注栏”注明“已复查”。 3. 血常规复片镜检的方法 必须保证良好的制片及染色效果，首先进行对血细胞数量的评估，选择在红细胞排列很少有重叠的部位进行镜检。 评估的方法：（经验） l、白细胞计数为4.0～7.0×109／L时，每个高倍镜视应见到2～4个白细胞； 2、白细胞计数为7.0～10.0×109／L时，每个高应见到4～6个白细胞； 3、白细胞计数为10.0～13.0×109 ／L时，每个野应见到6～lO个白细胞； 4、白细胞计数为13.0～18.01×109／L L时，每个高倍镜野应见到10～12个白细胞； 5、油镜下每视野见到1个血小板相当于血小板计数10×109／L： 6、如果镜检评估的白细胞数量与仪器计数结果相差很大时，需重复进行计数测定。 7、复片镜检分类计数是根据白细胞数量而决定的，为保证结果的准确性和高效性，采用分类方法是：(1)白细胞计数1.0～30.0×109／L时，油镜下计数100个白细胞；(2)白细胞计数30.0×109／L以上时应计数200个白细胞；（3）WBC<1.0×109/L，不分类。
地中海贫血检查标准值
地中海贫血检查标准值 海洋性贫血又称地中海贫血，是一组遗传性溶血性贫血。地中海贫血筛查在血常规检查时主要看其中的平均红细胞体积(MCV)和平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)等，具体的项目和参考范围如下，通过下面的表格可以参照自己的检查表格来做一个对比哦！ 地中海贫血怎么检查 地中海贫血是怎么检查的呢？做地中海贫血筛查需先抽血做血常规检查，若有异常则需进行肽链检测和基因分析。由于α型地中海贫血的遗传基因病变较为复杂，同属α型轻型贫血者的配偶需要作详细的遗传基因分析才能预测下一代成为中型或重型地中海贫血患者的机会。 1、产前筛查：通过血常规、血红蛋白电泳等方法发现携带者； 2、基因检测：孕前或孕早期通过基因检测技术明确α、β珠蛋白基因的异常位点，为产前诊断做准备； 3、产前诊断：对孕11-14周孕妇取绒毛组织约2-5g，孕15-22周孕妇经羊膜穿刺抽取羊水15-20ml，24-30周孕妇抽取胎儿脐带血0.5-1.5ml，通过基因检测明确胎儿有无α或β珠蛋白基因的缺失或突变以及类型，有效防止重型地贫或畸形患儿的出生。 地中海贫血有哪些症状 怎么样才能判断是否真的患上地中海贫血？其实，可以从一些症状之中猜出一二，但是具体还是要根据检查的结果。 一般地中海贫血患者在刚出生的时候是没有什么特别明显的症状，看上去就像正常的婴儿一样，但是在婴儿期过后，就会出现一些明显的症状了。具体的表现有，贫血、浑身疲乏无力、浑身水肿、肝和脾肿大以及出现轻度的黄疸。 随着年龄的增长，会出现眼睛距离变宽、鼻梁变扁等面容方面的改变，还会出现呼吸道感染，在服用一些药物会出现急性溶血加重贫血的症状，甚至导致溶血危象，有生命危险。这是较为轻型的宝宝出生之后会有的症状。 如果是重度地中海贫血的话，胎宝宝可能会出现死胎的现象，或者在出生后马上死亡。也有一些患者是由中度地中海贫血导致成重度的，只是它的症状比中度的更加严重，直至导致死亡，一般都不可能活到成年。
武器英语
武器英语Weaponry / Enginery English I．Cold weapons 匕首,剑号dagger, dirk, knife, stylet 剑sword, blade, glave, glaive, 军刀,马刀,佩剑sabre 弯刀falchion 刀knife, reamer, broadsword 枪,矛,叉spear, 长枪, 长矛pike, lance 红缨枪red-tasseled spear 戟Halberd, halberd 盾shield, 斧axe, hatchet (小斧,短斧), chopper 钺, 战斧tomahawk, battle-axe 锏, 钉头锤, 狼牙棒mace 棒, 棍stick, wand, rod, cudgel 弓, bow 弩crossbow 箭, 剑号arrow, 箭杆shaft 鞭whip, lash, scourge 锤, 槌hammer, mallet 拐杖crutch, cane, walking stick 戈dagger-axe 镗,钻bore , drill 钩hook, a hook-like sword, hamulus, catch 铲shovel 流星锤bola 耙harrow, rake, 镰刀sickle钩镰brushhook, billhook 链chain, daisy chain 三节棍three-section cudgel 判官笔judge pen 铁尺iron ruler 暗器concealed weapons 梅花针pyonex, plum-blossom needle 飞镖dart 飞旋镖boomerang 铳blunderbuss II．H ot weapons / firearms 1.枪gun 步枪rifle, musket, musketry (步枪射击术) , vandook; [美俚] barndook；气步枪air rifle 半自动步枪Semiautomatic rifle; 标准步枪standard rifle 大口径步枪big bore rifle 卡宾枪carbine, carabine, carabin 机关枪machine gun