2019年12月全国大学英语四六级-阅读补充讲义

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01Passage Six Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Female applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences were nearly half as likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, compared with their male counterparts. Christopher Intagliata reports.

As in many other fields, gender bias is widespread in the sciences. Men score higher starting salaries, have more mentoring(), and have better odds of being hired. Studies

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields. And new research reveals that men are more likely to receive excellent letters of recommendation, too. says Kuheli Dutt, a social scientist and diversity officer at was productive, or intelligent, or a solid scientist or

at

Dutt and her colleagues studied more than 1,200 letters of recommendation for postdoctoral positions in geoscience. They were all edited for gender and other identifying information, so Dutt and her team could assign them a score without knowing the gender of the student. They found that female applicants were only half as likely to get outstanding letters, compared withtheir male counterparts. That includes letters of recommendation from all over the world, and written by, yes, men and women. The findings are in the journal Nature

Geoscience.

Dutt says they were not able to evaluate the actual scientific qualifications of the applicants using the data in the files. But she says the results still suggest women in geoscience are at a potential disadvantage from the very beginning of their careers starting with those less than out-standing letters of recommendation.

call anyone consciously sexist. Rather, the point is to use the results of this study toopen upmeaningful dialogues on implicit gender bias, be it at a departmental level or an institutional

recommendations for the letter writers themselves.

51. What do we learn about applicants to postdoctoral positions in geosciences?

A)There are many more men applying than women.

B)Chances for women to get the positions are scarce.

C)More males than females are likely to get outstanding letters of recommendation.

D)Male applicants have more interest in these positions than their female counterparts.

52. What do studies about men and women in scientific research show?

A) Women engaged in postdoctoralwork are quickly catching up.

B) Fewer women are applying for postdoctoralpositions due to gender bias.

C) Men are believed to be better able to excel in STEM

disciplines.

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D) Women who are keenly interested in STEM fields are often exceptional.

53. What do the studies find about the recommendation letters for women applicants?

A) They are hardly ever supported by concrete examples.

B) They contain nothing that distinguishes the applicants.

C) They provide objective information without exaggeration.

D) They are often filled with praise for exceptional applicants.

54. What did Dutt and her colleagues do with the more than 1,200 letters of recommendation?

A) They asked unbiased scholars to evaluate them.

B) They invited women professionals to edit them.

C) They assigned them randomly to reviewers.

D) They deleted all information about gender.

55. What does Dutt aim to do with her study?

awareness of gender bias in their letters.

B) Open up fresh avenues for women post-doctors to join in reaserach work.

C) Alert women researchers to all types of gender bias in the STEM disciplines.

D) Start a public discussion on how to raise women s status in academic circles.

02Passage two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

Twenty years ago, the Urban Land Institute defined the two

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types of cities that dominated the US landscape: smaller cities

that operated around standard 9-5 business hours and large metropolitan areas that ran all 24 hours of the day. Analyzing and comparing cities using the lens of this basic divide gives interesting context to how investment capital flows and housing prices have shifted.

In recent years, many mid-sized cities have begun to adopt a middle-of-the-road approach incorporating the excitement and opportunity of large cities with small cities' quiet after midnight. These 18-hour cities are beginning to make waves in real estate rankings and attract more real estate investment. What is underlying this new movement in real estate, and why do these cities have so much appeal?

18-hour cities combine the best of 24-hour and 9-5 cities, which contributes to downtown revitalization. For decades, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized cities were abandoned after work hours by workers who lived in the suburbs. Movement out of city centers was widespread, and downtown tenants were predominantly made up of the working poor. This generated little commerce for downtown businesses in the evenings, which made business and generating tax revenue for municipal upkeep difficult. With the rise of a new concept in urban planning that aims to make life easier and more convenient, however, increasing popularity for urban areas that cased the real estate pushes, in major cities like San Francisco or New York, has inspired a type of forward thinking urbanity and in smaller cities.

Transforming downtown areas so that they incorporate

modern housing and improved walkability to local restaurants,

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retail, and entertainment especially when combined with improved infrastructure for cyclists and public transit makes them appeal to a more affluent demographic. These adjustments encourage employers in the knowledge and talent industries to keep their offices downtown. Access to foot traffic and proximity to transit allow the type of entertainment-oriented businesses such as bars and restaurants to stay open later, which attracts both younger, creative workers and baby boomers nearing retirement alike. Because of their smaller size, most keep hours that allow people to enjoy themselves, then have some quiet after midnight, as opposed to large major cities like New York, where the buzz of activity is ongoing.

These 18-hour cities are rapidly on the rise and offer great opportunities for homeowner investment. In many of these cities such as Denver, a diverse and vigorous economy attracted to the urban core has offered stable employment for residents. The right urban mix has propped up home occupancy, increased property values, and attracted significant investment capital.

51. What do we learn about American cities twenty years ago?

A) They were divided into residential and business areas.

B) Their housing prices were linked with their prosperity.

C) There was a clear divide between large and small cities.

D) They were places where large investment capital flowed.

52. What can be inferred from the passage about 18-hour cities?

A) They especially appeal to small businesses.

B) They have seen a rise in property prices.

C) They have replaced quiet with excitement.

D) They have changed America's landscape.

53. Years ago, many downtown cores in small to mid-sized

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cities .

A) had hardly any business activity

B) were crowded in business hours

C) exhibited no signs of prosperity

D) looked deserted in the evenings

54. What characterizes the new downtown areas in 18-hour cities?

A) A sudden emergence of the knowledge industry.

B) Flooding in of large crowds of migrant workers.

C) Modernized housing and improved infrastructure.

D) More comfortable life and greater upward mobility.

55. What have 18-hour cities brought to the local residents?

A) More chances for promotion.

B) Healthier living environment.

C) Greater cultural diversity.

D) Better job opportunities.

032017-6-12-2

Passage Three

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

In the beginning of the movie I, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water Del Spooner or a child. Even though Spooner screams "Save her! Save her!" the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah's 11 percent. The robot's decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would humans make the same choice? And which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?

Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in

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devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that 1. Robots

cannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. Robots must obey humans, except where the order would conflict with law 1; and 3. Robots must act in self-preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2. These laws are programmed into Asimov's robots they don't have to think, judge, or value. They don't have to like humans or believe that hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don't do it.

The robot who rescues Spooner's life in I, Robot follows Asimov's zeroth law: robots cannot harm humanity (as opposed to individual humans) or allow humanity to come to harm an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what's in the greater good. Under the first law, a robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.

Whether it's possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov's laws is debatable. A word such as "harm" is vague (what about emotional harm? Is replacing a human employee harm?), and abstract concepts present coding problems. The robots in Asimov's fiction expose complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situations.

Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios. It's doubtful that a computer program can do that at least, not without some undesirable results. A roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory programmed a robot to save human proxies () called "H-bots" from danger.

When one H-bot headed for danger, the robot successfully pushed

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it out of the way. But when two H-bots became imperiled, the robot chocked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both "die." The experiment highlights the importance of morality: without it, how can a robot decide whom to save or what's best for humanity, especially if it can't calculate survival odds?

46. What question does the example in the movie raise?

A) Whether robots can reach better decisions.

B) Whether robots follow Asimov's zeroth law.

C) How robots may make bad judgments.

D) How robots should be programmed.

47. What does the author think of Asimov's three laws of robotics?

A) They are apparently divorced from reality.

B) They did not follow the coding system of robotics.

C) They laid a solid foundation for robotics.

D) They did not take moral issues into consideration.

48. What does the author say about Asimov's robots?

A) They know what is good or bad for human beings.

B) They are programmed not to hurt human beings.

C) They perform duties in their owners' best interest.

D) They stop working when a moral issue is involved.

49. What does the author want to say by mentioning the word "harm" in Asimov's laws?

A) Abstract concepts are hard to program.

B) It is hard for robots to make decisions.

C) Robots may do harm in certain situations.

D) Asimov's laws use too many vague terms.

50. What has the roboticist at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory

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found in his experiment?

A) Robots can be made as intelligent as human beings some day.

B) Robots can have moral issues encoded into their programs.

C) Robots can have trouble making decisions in complex scenarios.

D) Robots can be programmed to perceive potential perils.

大学英语四六级考试口语考试样题

1、考试对象： 大学英语四、六级考试口语考试(CET Spoken English Test ，简称 CET-SET)用于考察 大学生运用英语进行口头交际的能力。CET-SET 报考对象为获得全国大学英语四、六级证书且成绩达到一定分数线的在校大学生。 教育部规定，四级笔试550分、六级520分以上的考生可以报名参加口试。 2、考试时间及地点： 四、六级口语考试为一年两次，分别在5月和11月。考试地点在考生报名的考点，具体考场在考生报名后随机编组确定。 3、报名流程： 全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会根据教育部主管部门的文件规定，在有关城市设立 若干个考点。考生到所在考试中心指定的考点报名并参加考试，报名时须随身携带身份证、二寸报名照一张及报名费用。 注意事项 考生须携带本人的准考证和身份证准时到规定的候考室报到，逾时 15 分钟不得进考场。 考生如发现准考证上的姓名有误，请在正式开考前将修改后的准考证交给主考，由主 考按身份证上的姓名核对并签名确认。 如中途无故退场，将作自动放弃考试处理，成绩一律记为不合格。 自备饮料；不得携带手机、拷机等通讯工具进入候考室。 考生须在候考室等候参加考试，在候考期间未经同意不得随意离开候考室。 考试期间，必须遵守考场纪律，服从管理人员安排。 考试结束时，必须将准考证交给主考，同时记下自己的准考证号。 考试结束后，必须立即离开考区。 4、考试形式及试题构成： CET-SET 考试采用面对面的形式，每场考试由 2 名主考和 3 (或 4 )名考生组成 CET-SET 考试分三部分： 第一部分是考生和 CET 授权的主考进行交谈，采用问答的形式。时间约 5 分钟。包括考生自我介绍、回答问题等。 第二部分包括 1.5 分钟的考生个人发言和 4.5 分钟的小组讨论。时间共约 10 分钟。 第三部分由主考再次提问以进一步确定考生的口头交际能力，由主考老师进一步提问。时间约 5 分钟。 5、考试成绩及合格证书： 口语考试成绩合格者由教育部高等教育司发给证书，证书分为 A、B 、C 三个等级，C 等以上者将获得由教育部高教司颁发的注有CET Spoken English Test成绩等级的 CET 证书，成绩低于 C 等的不发给证书。 大学英语四、六级考试口语考试能力等级标准如下： 等级等级描述 A 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，基本上没有困难 B 等能用英语就熟悉的题材进行口头交际，虽有些困难，但不影响交际

大学英语四六级心得感受

大学英语四六级心得体会 距离2012年12月的大学英语四六级考试的时间越来越近了，不知道电气一班的童鞋们都准备好木有？借这个机会，我想跟大家分享我备考的一些经验，希望大家在备考的同时能够多一分信心，顺利通过这次的英语四六级考试。 大家都知道,不管是大学英语四级还是六级的试卷类型都差不多，分值为710分的试卷中，听力占%35（249分），阅读占%35(249分）,完型填空占%10（70分）,作文和翻译占%20（142分）.下面以具体的试卷题型和大家分享一下备考四六级考试的一些方法。 一、听力部分 说到听力部分又可以分为长对话，短对话，听力填空三项。我相信大家都会觉得有一定难度吧，会不会碰到连续的几个单词没听到懂的情况？会不会碰到还在思考前一道题答案的时候后一道题目已经开始了？ 出现以上情况有很多种原因，但客观原因之一就是单词的储备量不足，这种情况在大学英语六级的考试中尤为突出，备考六级的同学应知道六级听力和四级听力的一大区别就是单词量急剧增加，那么如何来提高自己的听力水平，做到从容应对呢？大家练习听力的过程中可以尝试以

下几个方法： 1、合理利用历年真题：对我们理工科的学生来说，练习 听力的最佳材料还是历年的真题，建议第一遍听的时候要 聚精会神的把整个听力材料听完，这一步相信大家做真题 的时候都能做到，但我想说的是如何来好好利用手里的这 一份听力真题，听完之后不要急着去对答案，针对自己觉 得没有听懂的题目，自己可以试着倒回去再听一篇，再次 更正答案之后才去对答案，如果还发现还有错误的地方， 可以去答案解析中查看听力原文，总之，听真题的时候要 有耐心，不可急于求成。 2、精听：听力填空是听力中的比较容易拿分的环节，但这 一部分有一个难点就是填长对话。这个部分里面有很多的 单词，如果听得不是很清楚或是对听得单词很陌生，长对 话就很难听出来。个人觉得我们以前那个从留学回来的英 语老师教我们的方法很好，大家可以在听过这一部分之 后，试着再一句一句得把整个段落都听出来。慢慢地，听 力水平就会有所提高。 二、阅读部分 阅读部分可以分为15钟的快速阅读(skimming and scanning)

大学生英语四六级状况的调查报告-(1)

！ 关于大学生英语四六级考试状况的 调查报告 班级：xxx 姓名：xxx 学号：xxxxxxxx 指导老师：xxx

2011年12月16日

目录 一、调查背景 ------------------------------------1二、调查时间和对象---------------------------1 三、调查目的------------------------------------1四、调查方式------------------------------------2五、调查内容------------------------------------2六、调查结果与数据分析---------------------2 （一）总体问卷结果与数据分析

----------------------------2 （二）局部问卷结果与数据分析----------------------------3 （三）访谈结果与分析----------------------------------------7 七、调查总结（体会）------------------------10 附：问卷及访谈附表--------------------------11

关于大学生英语四六级考试状况的调查 报告策划书 一、调查背景 大学英语四六级考试，几乎是每一个高校学生面临的。随着社会对四六级考试的愈来愈重视，，大学生参加英语四六级考试，通过各种方法来提高英语成绩。当然，大学生参加英语四六级考试，不光光是为了增加获得工作的筹码，还有其他的原因。那么大学生对于英语四六级到底是一个什么态度呢？为了进一步了解大学生英语四六级的状况，我进行了此次调查。 二、调查时间和对象 调查时间：2011年11月25日——12月15日 调查对象：xx学院及其他部分高校大学生。 三、调查目的 了解大学生英语四六级的考试状况，通过分析从而提出相关合理的建议，提高学生的英语成绩，形成健康积极的考试观。 四、调查方式 网络问卷调查和网络、实地访谈法 五、调查内容： 1、了解大学生报考四六级的状况 2、了解大学生报考英语四六级的考试动机与心态 3、了解大学生报考英语四六级的考试具体情况 4、了解大学生对英语四六级考试的看法

全国大学生英语四六级考试(CET4,CET6)作文句型模板

句型模板 1.with the development of the society, with the advent of…, we have to face a problem that… 2.along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that… 3.as society develops, people are attaching much importance to… 4.as to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take/hold/come up with different attitudes/hold different attitudes. 5.as to whether it is worthwhile…, there is a long-running controversial debate .It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it. 6.In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma. 7.Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people in alarm that… 8.Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is… 9.The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, which the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization. More problems are brought to our attention. 10…plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world. And there comes a question," is it a blessing or a curse?" 11.Now we are entering a new era, full of oppo rtunities and challenges,… 12.But every sword has two blades. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the prominent disadvantages is that….To make matters worse,… 13.Nowadays many people prefer…because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as fellows. On one hand, …on the other hand… 14.Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects far outweigh its negative aspects. Whether effects it has, one thing is certain:…itself is n either good or bad. It is the use we put in to that determines it value to our society… 15.There is no consensus among people as to the view of ….The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hole the idea that….A case in point is that… 16.On the other hand, others may have a quite different view. According to them….The most typical example is that… 17.Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable to some extent, but…is more convincing. 18.Whe n asked about…,some people hold the idea that….As far as they are concerned,…But I could not agree with them in several points. In my opinion,….The reasons for my choice are listed as follows. 19.First of all…In addition…Last but not the least… 20.For the reasons mentioned above, I firmly believe… 21.What are the reasons for it? To start with…Moreover…Furthermore… 22.In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken. For one thing ,it is high time that people all over China reali zed the importance of…For another, the government should issue laws and regulations to put the situation under control. 23.People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case. 24.The controversial issue is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.

大学英语四六级考试分数解释

大学英语四、六级考试分数解释 大学英语四、六级考试（CET）分为四级（CET-4）和六级（CET-6）两个级别。大学英语四、六级考试的设计参照了《大学英语课程教学要求》（以下简称教学要求）。四级参照《教学要求》中规定的“一般要求”；六级参照《教学要求》中规定的“较高要求”。大学英语四、六级考试的分数报道采用常模参照方式，不设及格线。四级考试的常模群体选自全国16所高校的约三万名非英语专业的考生；六级常模群体选自全国五所重点大学的约五千名非英语专业的考生。每次考试等值后的卷面分数都参照常模转换为报道分。四、六级考试报道总分为710分，计算公式为： 公式中TotSco表示总分，X表示每位考生常模转换前的原始总分，Mean表示常模均值，SD表示常模标准差。每次四、六级考试等值后的卷面分数都将参照此常模公式转换为报道分数。 四、六级考试单项成绩有四个部分，这四个部分以及所占的分值比例为：听力占35%，阅读占35%，翻译和写作占30%。各单项报道分的满分为：听力249分，阅读249分，翻译和写作212分。各单项报道分之和等于报道总分。 每位考生的报道分在常模群体中都有一个相应的百分位位置。下面的表1 和表2是大学英语四、六级考试报道分数常模百分位对照表。举例说明表1的使用方法如下（表2的使用方法和表1相同）。 例1：某考生四级报道总分是450分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位是25%，表示这名考生的英语成绩优于常模群体中25%的人，但劣于75%的人。

例2：某考生四级报道总分是500分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在44%～55%之间，表示这名考生的英语成绩至少优于常模群体中44%的人，但不会优于55%的人。 例3：某考生四级报道的听力单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在12%，表示这名考生的听力成绩优于常模群体中12%的人。 例4：某考生四级报道的阅读单项分是140分，从表1可以查到其在常模群体中的相应百分位在17%，表示这名考生的阅读成绩优于常模群体中17%的人。 表 1：大学英语四级考试报道分数的常模百分位对照表

大学英语四六级听力备考宝典

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三、阅读部分的评分换算法 标准分=得分×10×0.35 答对得分标准分答对得分标准分 3571248.51642147 34682381541143.5 3365227.51440140.5 3263220.51339136.5 3161213.51238133 3059206.51137129.5 2957199.51036126 2855192.5936126 2753185.5835122.5 2651178.5734119 2550175634119 2449171.5533115.5 2348168432112 2247164.5331108.5 2146161230105 2045157.5130105 1944154029101.5 1844154 1743150.5 说明： 1）阅读部分占整套试题的35%，最高分71分，最低分29分。 2）其中长篇阅读，每题算一题，共10个； 15选10，每两个空算一个题，共5个；篇章精读，每题算两个题，共20个。

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