南开大学 外国语学院 美国文学课件《乌鸦》赏析

Poe?s poetic theories are remarkable in their clarity（（诗歌理论简洁明朗）about even if they lack what Joseph Wood Krutch terms “intellectual detachment” and “catholicity of taste.” （尽管缺乏Krutch 所说的“知识分子的超脱”和“大众品味）These are best elucidated （最好的证明）in his “the Philosophy of Composition” （创作原理）and “ The Poetic Principle.”（诗歌原则）The poem, he says, should be short, readable at one sitting（一口气能读完）( or as long as “The Raven”【或与诗歌”乌鸦“的长度相当】). Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader. Beauty ai ms at “an elevating excitement of the soul,” (震撼灵魂) and “beauty of whatever kind, in its supreme development, invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. (无论何种形式的美，只要达到最高境界，就能令敏感的灵魂落下泪来) Thus melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.” （所以悲伤是诗歌最好的基调）And he concludes that “the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.”

Poe stresses rhythm, defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty,” （真正的诗歌是富有美好旋律的作品）and declares that“music is the perfection of the soul,or idea,of poetry.”（音乐是诗歌灵魂和思想的最高境界）Poe was unabashed to offer his own poem “The Raven”as an illustration of his point.

“The Raven”is about 108 lines, perfectly readable at one sitting. A

sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem: the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Lenore, （早逝的美丽女友Lenore ）his grief being turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird introduced right at the beginning of the poem：

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry.

Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore.

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,

As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door.

"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--

Only this, and nothing more."

After he sees the bird, its response -- or its imagined one一“nevermore"–keeps breaking upon the young man?s psychic wound ruthlessly and ceaselessly as do the waves on the sea shore until his depression reaches its breaking point:

And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting

On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,

And the lamp-light o' er him streaming throve his shadow on the floor;

And my soul from out chat shadow that lies floating on the floor

Shall be lifted-nevermore!

The young man, a neurotic on the brink of a mental collapse, （精神几近崩溃）outpours his sorrow in his semi-sleep（半梦半醒之间）on the appearance of the bird. Poetic imagination externalizes itself（诗歌的想象力表现在…）in the phantom of a bird（幻象中的小鸟）and intermingles with it to enhance the effect of tbe tragedy of the bereavement .（失去挚爱的悲剧）It is good to note that Poe’s poems are heavily tinted in a dreamy, hallucinatory color. （Poe 的诗歌中具有一种浓烈的梦境和幻觉的色彩）“The Raven”is a good example as the narrator is in a state of semi-stupor. （神志几近不清的状态）In addition, Poe insists on an even metrical flow in versification.（主张运用规则的韵律创作）“The Raven”is a marvel of regularity: W. L.Werner records that, of its 719 complete feet, （全诗有719个音步），705 are perfect trochees, （其中705个是完全的抑扬格）ten doubtful trochees, （十个勉强可算是抑扬格）and only four clearly dactyls.（只有四个是强弱格）Poe rarely allows himself twenty-five percent of irregular feet as is found in “Israfel”. （Poe 几乎不会让诗中出现四分之一以上的不规则音步，就像在诗歌Israfel里一样）For the sake of regularity in rhythm, Poe disapproves of the use of archaisms, contractions, inversions, and similar devices.（Poe反对使用古体、缩写、倒置等技法）“The Raven” is thus a

perfect illustration of his theory on poetry.

The Raven

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry. Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore.

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door.

"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--

Only this, and nothing more."

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; -vainly I had tried to borrow

From my books surcease of sorrow -sorrow for the lost Lenore- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore-

Nameless here for evermore

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me-filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;

So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating

" ' Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door- Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;-

This it is and nothing more.

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, "Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;

But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,

And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,

That I scarce was sure I heard you"--here I opened wide the door;

Darkness there, and nothing more.

Deep into that: darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token,

And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore!" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, " Lenore! " Merely this, and nothing more.

Then into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning,

Soon I heard again a tapping somewhat louder than before. "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice;

Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore-

Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;

'Tis the wind, and nothing more!

Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter.

In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore;

Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door- Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door-

Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,

By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore,

"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the Nightly shore-

Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night ' s Plutonian shore!

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning-little relevancy hore;

For we cannot help agreeing that no sublunary being

Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door-

Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above I us chamber door,

With such mime as "Nevermore.“

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only

That one word, as if his soul in that ill~ word he did outpour. Nothing farther then he uttered-not a feather then he fluttered-

Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown before- On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before. " Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

Wondering at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, "Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store," Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed fastel-so, when Hope he would adjure, Stern Despair returned, instead of the sweet Hope he dared adjure-

That sad answer, "Nevermore!"

But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling,

Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust, and door ;

Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking

Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore-

What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore

Meant in croaking "Nevermore. "

This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing

To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;

This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining

On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er,

But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er,

She shall press, ah, nevermore!

Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by angels whose faint foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee-by these angels he hath sent th ee

Respite-respite and Nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore!

Let me quaff this kind Nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!"

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! -prophet still, if bird or devil! - Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted-

On this home by Horror haunted-tell me truly, I implore-

Is there-is there balm in Gilead?-tell me-tell me, I implore!"

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! -prophet still, if bird or devil!

By that Heaven that bends above us-by that God we both adore-

Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn ,

It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore-

Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

"Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting- "Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken! -quit the bust above my door!

Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door! " Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting

On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,

And the lamp-light o' er him streaming throve his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out chat shadow that lies floating on the floor

Shall be lifted-nevermore!

* The Raven

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry，Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore，

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,

As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door.

“Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door ——

Only this, and nothing more."

有一天阴沉的半夜时分，当我疲乏烦闷，

面对一堆古籍奇书，想把失传的奥秘揭开，

当我打着盹几乎睡着，忽听得一声剥啄，

仿佛有人轻轻敲着，轻敲在我的房门外。

“谁敲门呢?”我喃喃道，“一定有客人来，——

别无其他，不必费疑猜。”

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,

And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow —sorrow for the lost Lenore—For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore

Nameless here for evermore.

啊，记得清清楚楚，那是十二月寒冷刺骨，

行将熄灭的余烬投射的鬼影在地上摇摆。

我焦急地盼望天亮，我徒劳地搜寻书章，

想从书中借良方，止住失去丽诺尔的悲哀——

天使命名丽诺尔的少女呀多么明媚可爱，——

人间此名已永不存在。

And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me —filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, " ' Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door —Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door ; — This it is and nothing more. ”

每幅紫红的丝绸帘幕，发出悲哀的簌簌，

使从未体验的荒诞的恐怖向我袭来；

此刻为了止住心悸，我站着再次说道：

“这是有人来找，敲着我的房门要求进来，

“这是半夜的客人，敲着我的房门要求进来，——

别无其他，不必费疑猜。?

Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, "Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;

But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,

And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,

That I scarce was sure I heard you"--here I opened wide the door;

Darkness there, and nothing more.

刹那间我鼓足了勇气，于是我不再迟疑，

“我诚恳地请你原谅，”我说，“先生或太太，

事实我是瞌睡朦胧，而你又敲得太轻，

那么模糊不清地敲着敲着，在我房门外，

我不知是否真的听见，”这时我把房门大开，——

一无所有，一片阴霾。

Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token,

And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore!" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, " Lenore! " Merely this, and nothing more.

我向这片黑暗张望，我愣在那儿，惊疑慌张，

凡人从不敢做的怪梦纷纷向我袭来，

但周围一片寂静，黑暗中毫无迹象可寻，

唯有低语“丽诺尔”的声音在黑夜里徘徊，

这是我低呼“丽诺尔!”而回声又传了回来，

别无其他，除此以外。

Then into the chamber turning all my soul within me burning, Soon I heard again a tapping somewhat louder than before. "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice;

Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore—

Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;—

'Tis the wind, and nothing more!

于是我转身进房，整个灵魂像着了火一样，

马上又听到一声剥啄，响声超过了刚才。

“我敢断定，”我说，“有东西在敲我的窗格，

让我看看那儿有什么，好把这神秘解开，——

让我的心稍微静一静，就把这神秘解开，——

准是风声，岂有他哉!”

Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,

In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore;

Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door —Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door —

Perched, and sat, and nothing more.

这时我大敞了百叶窗，于是，抖动着翅膀，

跨进一只严肃的乌鸦——他属于神圣的古代；

他毫无谦恭的礼仪，也毫不停步或迟疑，

却摆出贵族的神气，跑到我房门顶上呆，

在我门顶的智慧女神雅典娜的像上呆，

呆在那里，再不下来。

Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,

By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore.

"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the Nightly shore —Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night ' s Plutonian shore! "

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

这头乌檀木的大鸟，一副庄严的外表，

他的严肃高雅驱散我的忧思，逗我开怀；

“哪怕拔光你的毛发，”我说，“你胆量可真大，

你这阴森森的古代乌鸦，来自夜的彼岸，

请教你的尊姓大名，在夜的冥府之岸！”

乌鸦说道：“永不再。”

Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,

Though its answer little meaning-little relevancy hore;

For we cannot help agreeing that no sublunary being

Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door-

Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above I us chamber door,

With such mime as "Nevermore.

这只难看的大鸟听得懂话，使我大为惊讶，

（尽管他的回答不得要领，意思不甚明白，）

因为我们不能不承认，普天下的世人

谁也未曾有幸见到大禽在他的房门上呆，——

有幸见到鸟或兽在他门顶的雕像上呆，

而且名叫“永不再。”

But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only

That one word, as if his soul in that ill~ word he did outpour. Nothing farther then he uttered-not a feather then he fluttered-

Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown before- On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before. " Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

但栖在雕像上的乌鸦，只说了这一句话，

仿佛是他整个灵魂在这句话里吐了出来。

接下去他什么也不说，没有一根羽毛抖动，——

直等到我喃喃地说：“其他朋友都已离开，

像我飞走的希望一样，到早晨他也会离开。”

乌鸦说道：“永不再。”

Wondering at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, "Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store," Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed fastel-so, when Hope he would adjure, Stern Despair returned, instead of the sweet Hope he dared adjure-

That sad answer, "Nevermore!"

这一应答如此聪明，不禁使我大吃一惊，

…无疑地，”我说，……这句话就是他的全部口才，

得自某位倒楣的主人——灾祸对他毫不怜悯，

步步紧跟越跟越紧，直到他的歌身负重载，

直到他所有希望的挽歌都身负同一个重载，

这重载就叫“永不再。”

But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling,

Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust, and door; Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking

Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore-

What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore

Meant in croaking "Nevermore. "

但乌鸦还在逗我开心，消遣我的苦闷，

我干脆把软垫座椅推到大鸟跟前来；

往天鹅绒上一坐，吧种种幻想连成线索。

把这阴森古怪，恐怖难看的不详古鸟猜，

为什么他说“永不再。”

This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing

To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;

This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining

On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamplight gloated o'er,

But whose velvet violet lining with the lamplight gloating o'er,

She shall press, ah, nevermore!

我猜着，全神贯注，但对大禽我一声不出，

他那如火的眼睛此刻已烧透了我的心怀；

凭直觉我感知了许多，当我的头轻轻靠着，

靠着灯光的幸灾乐祸之下的天鹅绒座垫，

但座垫的主人呢，这淡紫色的天鹅绒座垫

她不再靠了，永不再!

Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by angels whose faint foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee-by these angels he hath sent thee

Respite-respite and Nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore!

Let me quaff this kind Nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!"

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

我觉得空气变得稠密，无形香炉散出香气，

那是天使们摇着香炉，丁丁当当隐隐走来。

“可怜虫!”我喊道，“上帝派天使给我送来了

安息——安息和忘忧药，让我把丽诺尔忘怀！

让我饮尽忘忧灵药，把失去的丽诺尔忘怀！

乌鸦说道：“永不再。”

"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! -prophet still, if bird or devil! - Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate, yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted-

On this home by Horror haunted-tell me truly, I implore-

Is there-is there balm in Gilead?(1)-tell me-tell me, I implore!"

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

“先知！”我说，“一个先知!尽管你是鸟或恶魔!

不管是诱惑者派你来，还是风暴把你抛来——

来到这被魔法迷住但未吓住的荒芜国土，

来到这恐怖的小屋——求求你，向我坦白：

基列①有没有止痛香膏?求求你，向我坦白!”

乌鸦说道：“永不再。”

①基列：据圣经传说，约旦河东的基列出产灵药，系树脂制成。

"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! -prophet still, if bird or devil!

By that Heaven that bends above us-by that God we both adore-

Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn (2),

It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore-

Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore.

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

(2) Aidenn ：阿拉伯语的And, 即Eden （天堂，乐园）

“先知!”我说，“一个先知!尽管你是鸟或恶魔!

凭着上天，凭着上帝(咱俩对他同样膜拜)，

请告诉我悲痛的灵魂：在遥远的伊甸园中，

我能不能把升天的少女丽诺尔抱在胸怀？——

天使命名丽诺尔的少女呀多么明媚可爱！“

乌鸦说道：“永不再。

"Be that word our sign of parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting- "Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's plutonian shore!

Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken! -quit the bust above my door!

Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door! "

Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "

“用这句话告别吧，恶魔或乌!”我跳起来狂叫，

“回到你那风暴之夜，回到你那冥府之岸！

连一根黑羽也别留下，让我忘却你的谎话！

别再对我的孤寂打岔!从我的雕像离开！

别再啄我的心了，从我门上的雕像离开！

乌鸦说道：“永不再。”

And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting

On the pallid bust of Pallas（3） just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,

And the lamp-light o' er him streaming throve his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out chat shadow that lies floating on the floor

Shall be lifted-nevermore!

（3）Pallas: 即雅典娜，智慧女神

乌鸦仍然栖在门上，苍白的雅典娜像上，

呆坐不动，不飞不动，看来再也不想离开；

他的那副眼睛，纯粹像个恶魔陷入了梦境，

而吊灯把他的投影映在地上轻轻摇摆，

我的灵魂啊被这黑影笼罩，再也起不来，——

美国文学赏析

Ezra Pound (埃兹拉?庞德) In a Station of the Metro The apparition of these faces in the crowd;人群中这些面孔幽灵般闪现Petals on a wet,black bough.湿漉漉的黑色枝条上的众多花瓣 1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"? These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain. 2.What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd. Robert Frost (1)Fire and Ice Some say the world will end in fire,有人说世界将终结于火, Some say in ice.有人说是冰。 From what I’ve tasted of desire，从我尝过的欲望之果 I hold with those who favor fire.我赞同倾向于火之说。 But if it had to perish twice,但若它非得两度沉沦 I think I know enough of hate.我想我对仇恨了解也够多 To know that for destruction ice可以说要是去毁灭,

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The Scarlet Letter: Bathaniel Hawthorne Main characters Hester Prynne: the heroine of the novel. It is bot a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Hen response to the adultery and the scarlet letter A is positive. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestabilishes a meaningful relatinship with her fellowmen. An industrious, brave and unbending woman, she was once a sinner and later turned to a figure of high virtue. Dimmesdale: the unrevealed adulterer, on the other hand, is negative. He cuts himself off from society and withers spiritually as well as physically. And finally he dies an honest man. He dies in the end in her arms while confessing his sin at a public gathering. Only at the end if his life was he delivered from his sin and sense of guilt. Chillingworth:the real murderer of the story, who really commits “the Unpardonable Sin”. As a cold-natured physician,however, he designed a inhumane scheme if cold revenge by constantly tormenting the sinning soul of minister until the poor clergyman is tormented to death. He becomes a demon in his revenge, but the end of him is also tragic enough. Dimmesdale’s declar ation before his death, “Thou, too, hast deeply sinned!” is like God’s judgement on him and gives him a deadly blow. The last time we see him, he is kneeing down besides Dimmesdate,”with a blank, dull countenance, out of which the life seemed to hhave depa rted.” Features The symbolic significance of the A. A is symbolic of Hester’s moral development. At first, it is a token of shame, ”Adultery”. But then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offers to her fellow villagers changes it to “able”. Finally in th e story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “angel”. Inner minds description.All the major figures have complex psychologies. There is a sembalance of interior monologues which reveal their states of mind. Hawthorne’s influence has been great. T he psychological realism of Henry James may have taken its cue from Hawthorne’s descriptions of inner minds, and William Faulkner, clearly shows his indebtedness to him. Mobe Dick:Herman Melville The theme: 1, the human research for truth and meaning of existence; conflect between good and evil, between man and nature; alienation\ isolation, which exists in the life of Melville’s time on different levels, between man and man, man and society,and man and nature. 2, it is first a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indiffrefnt and even hostile universe. It represents the sum total of his bleak view of the world in which he lived. Man can observe and even manipulate to a certain degree, but he can’t influence and over come n ature at its source. Character Analysis

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