文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 翻译理论

翻译理论

翻译理论
翻译理论

My Average Uncle

Robert P. Tristram Coffin

1.He stood out splendidly above all my uncles because he did not stand out at all. That

was his distinction. He was the averagest man I ever knew.

2.Y ou would never pick him out in a crowd. He became just another man the minute he

was in one. So many more pounds of man. Good solid pounds, but just pounds. Y ou would never remember his hair or his chin, or the shape of his ears. If he said something, you would agree with it, and an hour later, you would be sure you had said it yourself.

3.Sometimes I think men like that get along about the best. They are the easiest on their

houses, their wives, and their children. They are the easiest on the world. They slide along without having to do anything about it as small boys do on their breeches after they had slid on them enough to wear them down smooth. The world is so much pine needles under them.

4.Uncle Amos was easy on his wives and children. He had three of them., in all. Wives,

I mean. I never did get the count of his children straight; there were too many assortments of

them. Three wives. It seemed surprising to me at the time. With all the trouble I had myself, having to stand on my head and work my legs, or bung stones at cherrybirds, to keep the attention of just one girl for a month. I often wondered how Uncle Amos, who never stood on his head or whittled out even a butterpat, could attract so many women as he did. With hair a little thin on his head, and legs that could not possibly do more than three and a half miles on the road, there he was , with three families behind him. Of course, he had the families spaced. The wives of Uncle Amos did not come all at once. They were drawn out.

One batch of children grew pretty well up by the time the next batch hove insight, waddling and falling on their faces – to save their hands – as waddling children do.

5.I knew my Bible, especially the marital parts, in which I took deep interest. I had read

the Bible through many times under the eye of one particular aunt. I knew a lot about matrimony from that. But Uncle Amos had me puzzled. He had broken no commandments.

All his marriages were open and above-board. He wasn’t like the patriarchs who didn’t always wait for one wife to go before a nother came. Y et Uncle Amos’s status and his children’s status were rather complicated.

6.The women must have been drawn to him because he was so much like what an

average husband would seem to a woman to be.

7.This man made no flourishes to attract anybody. He never drove a fast horse. He never

wore trousers with checks any larger than an inch square –which, for the time, was conservative. His house never got afire and burnt down just after his fire insurance had run out. Not one of his boys and girls ever got drowned or run over by the steam-cars. The few that died growing up died of diphtheria or scarlet fever, which were what children died of then, the usual ways.

8.Uncle Amos never had a fight.

9.Uncle Amos never lost a pocket-book. At least not one with much money in it

10.Uncle Amos never went even as far as Boston.

11.But there he was, never making much money, but with all the comforts of home around

him, eating his stewed eels, sitting in his galluses out in the orchard in the cool of the

evening, with a plump baby to climb up to his lap, whenever he felt like having a baby on his lap and had old trousers on and didn’t care much what happened to him. There he was, shingling his house only when it got to leaking so it put the kitchen fire out. Drinking a little ale now and then, when he came by it easy. No big hayfields to worry about. No wife that craved for more than one new dress a year, and that one she generally ran up herself on her sewing machine. One best pair of trousers to his name, which the moths got into, but not so deep but what they could be healed up with a needle. Not many books to excite him and keep him awake nights, or put ideas into his head and make him uneasy. No itch ever spreading out upon him to go out and take the world by its horns. There he was, in clover! 12.Amos was a Republican, But then, most everybody around was. It was an average

condition. Uncle Amos didn’t have much to do except carry a torchlight when the Republican Presidents got elected, as they did regularly. And if Uncle Amos got grease on him, it never was very much grease, and his current wife took it out of him with her hot iron.

Politics passed him by. Great events passed him by. And big taxes.

13.But we nephews did not passed him by. We were strangely drawn to him. Especially

when some of our specialist uncles wore us down with their crankiness and difference. I spent some of the quietest Sundays of my life in Uncle Amos’s yard, lying under apple trees and listening to bees and not to Uncle Amos who was bumbling away at something he did not expect me to listen to at all. And caterpillars came suddenly down on fine wires shining like gold, and hit Uncle Amos on his bald spot, and he brushed them off and went on bumbling. The heat was a burden, and the apple blossoms fell to pieces and drifted down on me, and I could see the roof of the world over the black twigs they came from. These were my solidest hours of pure being. I did not have to do anything to live up to this quiet, friendly man. He did not expect me to stand on my head and show off, or go after his pipe, or keep the flies from lighting on his bald spot. And he always had lemon drops somewhere deep in his roomy pockets, for or aft, and he liked to give them to me.

14.The only trouble Uncle Amos had in his life was after he had got through with it. When

they came to bury him, they could not fix it so he could lie next to all his three women. He had liked them all equally well. But there was not enough of Uncle Amos to go round. So they put him on the end of the row.

15.Uncle Amos did not mind, I am sure. I am sure he sleeps average well.

翻译基本理论知识

翻译概述(1) 一、学科特点 翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动,是"把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来"(范存忠:"漫谈翻译"《翻译理论与技巧》中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80), 是"从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息"(谭载喜:《奈达论翻译》中国对外翻译出版公司,1984,p.10)。翻译虽为个体所承作,却是一种社会活动,一门综合性很强的学科。它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。就前者而言,翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力,已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系,并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。随着科学的日益进步,这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。就后者而言,翻译是人类社会活动的产物,具有很强的实践性。翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的;翻译理论产生于翻译实践,反过来又指导实践,实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。可以说,没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生;没有翻译理论作为指导,翻译实践就会难免走弯路。因此,学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习,又要加强翻译实践;理论联系实际,这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。 二、为什么可能有翻译 翻译是人类社会发展和进步的需要,因为人类社会要发展进步就需要在不同文化的民族之间进行沟通,而这一全过程都离不开翻译。正如Steiner和张培基所说的那样:Translating it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel. (Steiner) 翻译是沟通各族人民的思想,促进政治、经济、文化、科学、技术交流的重要手段,

翻译理论概述

翻译理论知识 一、翻译的定义 学习一门新的学科,首先必须有一个科学的定义。翻译是一个包罗万象、博大精深的技艺,至今也没有一个统一规范、举世公认的定义。我们只能综合各种不同的定义来掌握翻译的本质。 1. The Definition of The Oxford English Dictionary To turn from one language into another. 2. The Definition of Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language To turn into one’s own or another language. 3. A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地移注到另一种语言,以使译人语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受的一样。(泰特勒,1790) 4. Translation consists in reproducing in receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language , first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言。 (奈达,1974) 5. 翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980) 6. 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来,以达到沟通思想感情、传播文化知、促进社会文 明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。(孙致礼:2003) 7. 翻译是将一种语言文字所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。 (王克非,1997) 二、翻译的分类 翻译分不同的类型。就文本而言,随着世界发展的全球化趋势,翻译的范围越来越广,涵盖各个领域,如文学、政治、文化、贸易、科技、传媒等。在这个意义上,翻译可分为文学翻译、科技翻译和实用文体翻译。 1.按语言分类:本族语译成外语、外语译成本族语/ 语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation) 2.按活动形式分类:笔译(translation)、口译(oral interpretation) 3按翻译材料的文体分类:应用文体翻译、科技文体翻译、文学作品翻译、政论作品翻译 4按处理方式分类:全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述 三、翻译的标准 翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则,也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。翻译是一种社会活动,翻译标准则是从中产生的。由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素,因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。 在我国持这一翻译原则的有玄奘、严复和鲁迅等人。玄奘是唐代著名的佛经翻译家,主张翻译"既须求真又须喻俗"(A good translation should be both faithful to the original and intelligible to the public.),意即译文要"忠实通顺"。严复是我国清末时期的名学者。他在《天演论》(译例言)(1898)中提出了"信达雅"三字标准(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)。"信"是"意义不背本文","达"是不拘原文形式,尽译文语音的能事以求原意明显。"信"、"达"互为照应,不可分割开来。"雅"在今天看来是不可取的,因为这个"雅"是用汉以前字法句法,即所谓的上等文言文。鲁迅先生认为:"凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然力求其易解,一则保存着原作的丰姿。"这就是说,译文既要信又要顺(both faithful to the SL and smooth in expression)。我国当代翻译理论家张培基等人在其《英汉翻译教程》中所提出的"忠实"、"通顺"标准也属此类型。从

推荐外国文学名著最好译本(超值)

推荐外国文学名著最佳译著 读外国文学先看翻译,译者太重要了,所以冯骥才说翻译家是“金子做的桥”。好的译著,精妙地传达原著的风貌,让人阅读之后齿颊留香,而那些糟糕的翻译,读了让人味同嚼蜡,更可怕的是从此再也没有了阅读的兴趣和勇气。 鉴于此,推荐外国经典中那些权威的出色的译本就尤为必要。如果译者好,就不用太纠结出版社了,毕竟设计啊装帧啊都是外在的,最重要的是内容。(本人讨厌那些花里胡哨的封面设计,对朴素的雅致的风格最有好感。)如果不清楚翻译的好坏,那么个人觉得,人民文学的译本质量还是比较有保证的,上海译文的其次,译林的良莠不齐。其它出版社也有好的译作。当然在急功近利的市场化大环境下,这些优秀出版社的作品也不免有泥沙俱下的倾向。 一、古希腊文学至19世纪浪漫主义文学 1、《希腊神话故事》:(德)施瓦布,刘超之、艾英翻译的比较盛行,杨武能译的也很好(流传至今的希腊神话版本五花八门,有的故事甚至自相矛盾,施瓦布的是目前最通行版本)。 2、《荷马史诗》(《伊利昂记》《奥德修记》):王焕生译的人文版和陈中梅译的上海译文版。王是专攻过古希腊语的,所以前者被称为经典,陈的译本则有一些争议,有人认为更符合现代阅读习惯,有人则认为翻译的不好。其它杨宪益的,还有罗念生的都不错。 3、(古希腊)索福克勒斯《俄底浦斯王》:罗念生译,看《罗念生全集·悲剧卷》就可以了,上海人民出版社。 4、(意大利)但丁《神曲》:田德望译,人民文学出版社。 5、(意大利)薄伽丘《十日谈》:方平的、王科一的都很好。 6、(西班牙)塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》:杨绛译,人民文学出版社,目前无人超越。 7、(英)莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《哈姆莱特》《奥瑟罗》《麦克白》《李尔王》:这个就没有争议了,绝对是朱生豪的。卞之琳的也可以。 8、(法)莫里哀《伪君子》《吝啬鬼》:李健吾译。 9、(英)弥尔顿《失乐园》:朱维之译。 10、(德)歌德《浮士德》:钱春绮的上海译文,绿原的人民文学,还有郭沫若译本,人民文学出版社,这个版本难找,董问樵译本,复旦大学出版社。《少年维特之烦恼》:杨武能译,安徽文艺出版社,这个译本最新,杨先生是德语文学翻译专家,他翻译了很多歌德的作品。 11、(法)卢梭《新爱洛依丝》:李平沤译。 12、(英)菲尔丁《汤姆·琼斯》:张谷若的最好,萧乾的也不错。 13、(法)雨果《悲惨世界》:李丹、方于译,人民文学出版社,没有任何争议。《巴黎圣母院》:陈敬容译,人民文学出版社,还有管震湖的译文版本。 14、(美)麦尔维尔《白鲸》:没有什么疑问,就只有一个最好的本子,曹庸翻译的,上海译文出版社。 15、(美)霍桑《红字》:姚乃强译的,还有上海译文苏福忠和人民文学胡允桓。 二、19世纪现实主义文学 1、(法)司汤达《红与黑》:罗玉君和郝运的译本都好。 2、(法)巴尔扎克《高老头》《欧也妮·葛朗台》:傅雷译,绝对权威。

McMMO插件全技能翻译

一 采集技能 1.Mining 采矿 使用工具:镐 经验获得:采掘矿物 经验列表:见右方 被动技能: 双倍掉落 采掘时有几率出现双倍掉落,几率为[(0.1*等级)%] 增加采矿速度(暂无作用) 增加你的采矿的速度 主动技能: 疯狂采掘 在疯狂采掘状态下玩家采掘速度将增加1倍并且有三倍掉落几率,但是会损耗双倍的耐久度。采掘效果仅能对给经验的方块有效 2.Woodcutting 伐木 使用工具:斧 经验获得:砍伐木头 经验列表:见右方 被动技能: 双倍掉落 伐木时有几率出现双倍掉落,几率为[(0.1*等级)%] 除叶 等级100以上时出现,当你用斧子砍树叶时有10%的几率掉落树苗(仅需砍一下,无需持续按住) 主动技能: 树木杀手 在树木杀手状态下,当你采伐一块原木时,这块原木一定范围之内的所有木及叶子将会 被采伐。这个技能冷却时间固定为4分钟。范围列表见右上方。 3.Herbalism 药剂学 使用工具:锄 经验获得:收获作物 经验列表:见右方 被动技能: 治疗 面包和蘑菇汤将会有治疗作用,具体效果由等级决定,面包治疗量:[3.5+(等级/50)*0.5个 ],蘑菇汤治疗量:[5+(等级/50)*0.5个 ]。 园艺家 当你把种子洒在某些方块时,有几率变成另一种方块(石砖变为青苔石砖,土变成草地等),几率随等级而增长。 方块种类 XP 方块种类 XP 萤石 30 地狱岩 30 砂岩 30 石头 40 煤矿 100 红石矿 150 黑曜石 150 铁矿 250 金矿 350 金青石矿 400 钻石矿 750 方块种类 经验 树木① 90 红木② 80 桦木③ 70 等级 范围 0-499 周围3格 500-949 周围4格 950+ 周围5格 作物种类 经验 仙人掌 30 蘑菇 150 甘蔗 30 小麦 50 西瓜 20 南瓜 500

翻译理论与实践

翻译理论与实践 I. Improve the following Translations: 25% 1. Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole. 译文:往往一天辛苦工作结束时,一个人会灰心地意识到他所完成的少量的一堆工作对整个工作产生无限小的影响。 2. They left me at the gate, nor easily or lightly; and it was a strange sight to me to see the cart go on, taking Peggoty away, and leaving me under the elus tree looking at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or likely any more. 译文:他们在大门前离开我,这也不容易的,不愉快的;看见车子载着辟果提走了,把我留在那些老榆下看那所房子,房子里再也没有一张怀着爱或欢心来看我的脸了,我觉得这是一种稀有的景象。 3.Any visitor to China is overwhelmed by the contradictions inherent in its helter-skelter (喧嚣混乱的)progress. 译文:任何到中国的人,都会被她喧嚣混乱的进步中所固有的矛盾所压倒。 4. 二十岁的时候,随时随地向人透露我的年龄,答得比问得还快。三十岁之后, 最恨别人问年龄,你要是非问不可,你猜啊。 译文:At the age of twenty, I was always ready to disclose my age on all occasions and could not wait to speak out the answer until the inquirer finished his words. After I have turned thirty, I hate any inquiry about my age. If you insist, have a guess.

翻译理论整理汇总

翻译理论整理汇总 翻译腔(translationeses)是在译文中留有源语言特征等翻译痕迹的现象,严重的翻译腔使译文读起来不够通顺。出现翻译腔有时是很难免的。形成翻译腔有以下几个原因:1)英汉语言本身的不同,包括句型结构等,在翻译时如果不能做到自由转换就会有种不是地道目标语的感觉。2)英汉文化的不同,不同的文化背景下,单词或习语有时会出现偏差甚至零对等(zero-correspondence)。有时只讲词对词的反应就会出现翻译腔。3)译者自身水平。奈达的功能对等就要求译者注重译文对读者的影响,好的译文让读者感觉是母语的写作、实现功能的对等。Venuti主张同化和异化的结合,通过同化让读者获得相识的反应,通过异化使读者领略异国语言和文化。译者应该提高自己翻译水平,在翻译策略上实现功能对等,从而尽量避免翻译腔的出现。 1. 中国的翻译理论家 严复、茅盾、鲁迅、朱光潜、傅雷、钱钟书 1)严复 信、达、雅——faithfulness、expressiveness、elegance/gracefulness 2)茅盾 他也主张“直译”,反对“意译”,他认为汉语确实存在语言组织上欠严密的不足,有必要吸引印欧语系的句法形态。但是矛盾与鲁迅观点同中有异,他认为“直译”并不是“字对字”,一个不多,一个不少。因为中西文法结构截然不同,纯粹的“字对字”是不可能的。 3)鲁迅 鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”是“凡是翻译,必须兼顾两面,一当然是力求易解,一则保存着原作风姿”,这是鲁迅的基本思想。针对当年那种“牛头不对马嘴”的胡译、乱译以及所谓“与其信而不顺,不如顺而不信”的说法(梁秋实),提出了“宁信而不顺”这一原则,主张直译,以照顾输入新表现法和保持原作的风貌。他还认为,翻译一要“移情”、“益志”,译文要有“异国情调”,二要“输入新的表现法”,以改进中文的文法,在当时主要表现为改进白话文。必须强调的是,鲁迅其实是主张翻译要通顺,又要忠实的。只是二者不可兼得的情况下,“宁信而不顺”。 4)林语堂 他是在中国议学史上第一个最明确地将现代语言学和心理学作为翻译理论的“学理剖析”的基础的。了解翻译的三条标准:忠实、通顺和美。 5)朱光潜 他的翻译标准是:第一,不违背作者的意思;第二,要使读者在肯用心了解时能够了解。 6)傅雷的“神似说”(spirit alikeness) 傅雷对翻译有两个比喻,一是“以效果而言,翻译应该像临画一样,所求的不在形似而在神似”。二是就手法而言“以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点,必须像伯乐相马,要得其精而忘其粗,在其内而忘其外”。 7)钱钟书的“化境”说(sublimation) 所谓“化境”(sublimation),是指原作在译文中就像“投胎转世”,躯体换了一个,但精魄依然故我。换句话说,译本对原作应该忠实得读起来不像译本,因为作品在原文里绝不会读起来想翻译出的东西的:“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’,把作品从一国文字转换成另一国文字,既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保存原作的风味,那就算得入于‘化境’”。 2. 国外的翻译理论家 1)John Dryden Metaphrase(逐词译), turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into another. Paraphrase(释译), or translation with latitude, where the author's words are not so strictly followed but his sense.

浅析科技翻译和文学翻译的差异

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b714938311.html, 浅析科技翻译和文学翻译的差异 作者:刘秦明郭丽丽 来源:《考试周刊》2013年第55期 摘要:文学和科学的研究原则和方法不同。文学翻译注重文学性和艺术性,科技翻译注重科学性、客观性和抽象性。本文对文学翻译与科技翻译进行了实例分析,从修饰与否、模糊程度和逻辑因素三个方面分析了文学翻译和科技翻译的不同,指出了文学翻译和科技翻译在选词、句式、语法方面的差异。 关键词:文学翻译科技翻译修饰性模糊程度逻辑因素 一、引言 国内翻译界一般都认为科技翻译较文学翻译容易一些,诗歌翻译难度最大。因此,对科技翻译的重视不如对文学翻译的重视。张今把翻译作品分为应用文翻译、新闻报道翻译、科技作品翻译、社科作品翻译、文学评论翻译、散文翻译和诗歌翻译,指出:“当翻译的作品越富有文学性,其翻译难度就越困难。”他的观点主要是从翻译难易角度衡量不同类型文本的翻译。其实,科技翻译和文学翻译各有特点和难点,不能一概而论。它们在翻译方面具有许多区别。 二、科技翻译和文学翻译差异实例分析 (一)修饰性 文学翻译注重修饰,强调美学效果。比如下面这句英文“Until a bright moon lighted the road home,often after midnight.”这句话是我以前翻译的《简·奥斯汀传》里的写景描写,如果用科 技英语的语气,就成了“直到一轮明月照亮归家之路,经常是在半夜之后”。科技英语强调的是精确,无需修饰,不需要被文学的形象性影响。文学翻译强调美学色彩,所以这句话(同样的一句话,两种不同的翻译)就成了“直到明月照亮归途,这时往往已过夜半时分了”。文学翻译要选有美学色彩的词汇,而不是选择一系列精确无误的词汇。试看西奥多·萨沃里的文学选词 特点,我们会有深刻的体会。西奥多·萨沃里在《翻译艺术》中说:In this(the choosing of words)his(the translator’s)task is much harder than that of the original author.If the latter seeks a word with which to express a thought or describe an experience,he has available many words in his own language and can without much difficulty or delay choose the one that suits him best and pleases him most.The translator of the word thus chosen has to decode on the nearest equivalent,taking into consideration the probable thoughts of the author,the probable feelings of the author’s readers and of his own readers,and of the period in history in which the author lived. It follows then that at every pause the translator makes a choice;and from what has been said in our first chapter about the correspondence of words it follows that his choice is not between a number

翻译理论概述

第一章翻译理论概述一、Definition of Translation二、中国翻译简史三、中国翻译理论四、翻译的基本原则五、翻译工作者的基本素质一、Definition of TranslationDefinitions given by Chinese scholars:● 翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。(现代汉语词典)●翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格和神韵。(吴献书,1949)●翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。(张培基,1980)●翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。(刘宓庆,1990)●翻译的定义应该是:“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。” (蔡毅,1995)●翻译是将一种语言所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。(王克非,1997)翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交流。(沈苏儒,1998)● 翻译应当把原文的本意,完全正确地介绍给中国读者,使中国读者所得到的概念等于英俄日德法┅┅读者从原文得来的概念。(瞿秋白)Definitions given by Western scholars:● 翻译是翻成本族语言或另一种语言(to turn into one’s own language or another language)美国韦氏新大学词典●好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地遗注到另一种语言,以使译入语所属国家的本地人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受,如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受一样。(泰特勒,1790)●翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不

可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的东西准确而完全地表达出来。(费道罗夫,1953)● According to Catford transl ation is “ the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL”. (翻译的定义也许可以这样说:把一种语言(SL)中的篇章材料用另一种语言(TL)中的篇章材料来加以代替。)(卡特福德,1965)● ●翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面(也就是意义)不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。(巴尔胡达罗夫,1985中文版)● According to Newmark translation is “ a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”2001a:7.美国现代翻译家、语言学会主席尤金奈达(EugeneA Nida)1969年所下的定义:Nida in sists “… translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style” Nida1969: 53。(翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言)Translation Translation in fact has three distinguishable meanings for this word. It can refer to: 1 translating: the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible object 2 a translation: the

古典文学翻译

1.孔子曰:“求!无乃尔是过与?夫颛臾,昔者先王以为东蒙主,且在邦域之中矣,是社 稷之臣也。何以伐为?” 译文:孔子说:“冉有!我恐怕该责备你了。那颛臾,从前先王把他当作主管东蒙山祭祀的人,而且它地处鲁国境内。这是鲁国的臣属,为什么要讨伐它呢?” 2.孔子曰:“求!君子疾夫舍曰欲之而必为之辞。丘也闻有国有家者,不患寡而患不均, 不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫,和无寡,安无倾。夫如是,故远人不服,则修文德以来之。 既来之,则安之。 译文:孔子说:“冉有!君子厌恶那种不说自己想去做却偏要编造借口(来搪塞态度)的人。我听说士大夫都有自己的封地,他们不怕财富不多而怕分配不均匀,不怕民众不多而怕不安定。财物分配公平合理,就没有贫穷;上下和睦,就不必担心人少;社会安定,国家就没有倾覆的危险。依照这个道理,原来的远方的人不归服,就发扬文治教化来使他归服;使他来了之后,就要使他安定下来。 3.谨庠(xiáng)序之教,申之以孝悌(tì)之义,颁白者不负戴于道路矣。 译文:认认真真地兴办学校教育,把孝敬父母的道理反复讲给百姓听(庠序:学校,商(殷)代叫序,周代叫庠),头发花白的老人就不会背着或者顶着东西奔走在道路上了。 4.“狗彘食人食而不知检,涂有饿莩(piǎo)而不知发,人死,则曰:‘非我也,岁也。 译文:“猪狗吃人所吃的食物,(贵族们)却不加制止,路上有饿死的人(官府)却不知道打开粮仓赈救灾民,老百姓死了,就说:“‘这不是我的罪过,是年成不好造成的。 5.对曰:“姜氏何厌之有?不如早为之所,无使滋蔓。蔓,难图也。蔓草犹不可除,况君 之宠弟乎?” 译文:祭仲说道:“姜氏有什么可满足呢?不如早些处置共叔段,不让他的势力蔓延。如果蔓延开来,就难对付了。蔓延开的野草都除不掉,更何况是您习卜受宠的兄弟呢? 6.大叔完聚,缮甲兵,具卒乘,将袭郑。夫人将启之。 译文:太叔修造城池,聚集百姓,修整铠甲和武器.准备好了步兵和战车,将要偷袭郑国国都。武姜打算为他打开城门作内应。 7.今乃弃黔首以资敌国,却宾客以业诸侯,使天下之士退而不敢西向,裹足不入秦,此所 谓“借寇兵而赍盗粮”者也。 译文:抛弃百姓使之去帮助敌国,拒绝宾客使之去事奉诸侯,使天下的贤士退却而不敢

生态翻译学理论探析

生态翻译学理论探析 文章介绍了生态翻译学的理论背景,阐述了生态翻译学的哲学基础。阐释了生态翻译学的主要内容:是从生态学的角度出发来研究翻译,把翻译活动放到整个生态环境中去;它强调生态环境的重要性和译者的中心作用;生态翻译学认为翻译的过程是译者的适应与选择的过程。 标签:生态环境;理论背景;翻译过程 一、生态翻译学的理论背景 生态翻译学是由清华大学胡庚生教授首次提出,且自2001年以来他连续多次发表了数篇关于生态翻译学的文章。2004年他发表了一篇名为《翻译适应选择论》。“该书以达尔文生物进化学说中的‘适应与选择’为主线,构建了一个极富解释力的翻译理论框架,提出了一个新的综观翻译活动的宏观理论视角”。 [1]2005年7月在北京清华大学举行的关于翻译与跨文化交流的学术研讨会上,作为大会主席的胡庚生将翻译的生态环境研究作为本次大会重要的议题,号召全体参会者学习研究翻译的生态环境。“生态翻译学‘正在引领许多学者了解生态翻译学的基本理论,领略生态视角翻译研究的强大解释力’”。[2]“生态翻译学认为,翻译是以译者为主導、以文本为依托、以跨文化信息转换为宗旨的译者适应与译者选择行为”。[3] 二、生态翻译学的哲学基础 以达尔文提出的生物进化论,即适者生存理论为基础,胡庚生提出了生态翻译学理论,其中最主要的一部分是适应与选择理论。生态翻译学理论倡导以译者为中心的翻译过程,在这个翻译过程中译者必须将所有与翻译的生态环境相关的因素考虑在内进行适应和选择。达尔文的自然选择理论最核心的内容是“生物对自然环境的适应最基本的法则是适者生存”。[4]一方面生物体要适应自然环境,另一方面又要接受自然环境的限制。如果我们将自然选择基本法则应用到翻译研究中,不难发现译者要适应翻译的生态环境,译作也要适应翻译的生态环境。与此同时两者也都必须接受来自于翻译生态环境的限制。 综上所述,翻译的过程应该作如下理解:翻译的选择可以分为两部分:对译者的自然选择和对译本的自然选择。这里所说的自然是指翻译的生态环境。“即原文、原语和译语所呈现的世界,即语言、交际、文化、社会,以及作者、读者、委托者等互联互动的整体”。[5]从自然选择的观点,我们不难发现译者的作用和所处的位置不是一成不变的,是随着翻译过程的发展需要而发生变化。在第一阶段的生态环境中没有译者,而译者是要被生态环境选中。在第二阶段译者不再是一般意义上的译者而是已经适应了翻译的生态环境并且已经被翻译的生态环境所接受的译者。因此这时译者代表翻译的生态环境实施对译文的选择。“这里的译者具有动态的‘双重’身份:一方面接受翻译生态环境的选择与制约,另一方面又以翻译生态环境的身份实施对译文的选择与操纵。”[6]“译者必须兼顾两头,

翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习及答案

浙江广播电视大学 英语专业(开放本科) 《翻译理论与实践》期末复习 题型: 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 二、翻译句子。(每小题3分,共30分) 三、篇章翻译(每小题40分,共40分) 四、案例分析题(每小题10分,共10分) 一、选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。 A. 语内翻译 B. 语际翻译 C. 符际翻译 D. 以上选项都正确 2. 下面哪个选项是错误的?_________。 A. dry goods:纺织品B.white goods:白色的货物 C.white wine:白葡萄酒D.toilet water:花露水 3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适?________。 A. 这是特殊报盘,不以我方通常折扣为条件。 B. 这是特惠报盘,我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。 C. 此系特惠报盘,不另加我方通常折扣。 D. 这是特殊报盘,不局限于我们通常折扣。 4.下面哪句话的描述是错误的?________。 A.美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。 B.“动态对等”原则是指,运用交际理论和信息论的原理,将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较,使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。C.奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。 D.翻译求的是“形式对等”,而非”动态对等”。

5._________提出了“美化之艺术,创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。 A.尤金.奈达B.泰特勒 C.许渊冲D.鲁迅 6. 下面哪个配对是错误的?_____。 A.赤脚医生:barefoot doctor B.纸老虎:paper tiger C.to show one’s cards:摊牌D.大海捞针:look for a needle in sea D B C D C D 7.哪句话的描述是正确的?______。 A. 严复提出的翻译是:重神似不重形似 B. 傅雷的翻译标准是:信、达、雅 C. 许渊冲的翻译标准是:美化之艺术,创优似竞赛 D. 泰特勒的翻译标准是:通顺 8. 下面哪个选项是错误的?_________。 A. dry State:实行禁酒的州B.white goods:白色的货物 C.dry white wine:涩白酒D.toilet water:花露水 9. 泰特勒(Tytler)提出的著名翻译原则是:_______。 A. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容。 B. 译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同。 C. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然。 D. 以上选项都正确。 10.下面哪个选项是正确的?________。 A.bring down the house 翻译为:“推倒房子” B.pull up one's socks 翻译为:鼓起勇气 C.think a great deal of oneself 翻译为:“为自己想得很多” D.an apple of love 翻译为:“爱情之果” 11.A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.下面哪个译文是最合适的?_____。A.一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。 B.一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。 C.一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。 D.闲置之书只是一叠废纸。

西方翻译理论

一.The North American Translation Workshop(早期北美翻译学派) Development: ①The North American Translation Workshop began to study the human’s brain function in the translation . ②It also put forward the nature and the definition of the translation ③It purposed many questions about epistemology which made a difference in the translation study and practice. ④It also doubt the standard of translation evaluation. ⑤The scholars in NATW subverted many traditional translation school and expressive form. ⑥It believed that translation is a kind of literary criticism. While opening up new perspectives, the general approach as practiced in the North American Translation Workshop might be characterized by a theoretical naive and subjective methodologies that tend to reinforce whatever theoretical values individual translators hold. 1.I. A. Richards Richards is a critic, linguist, poet, founder of New Criticism. He is often labeled as the father of the New Criticism, largely because of the influence of his first two books of critical theory, The Principles of Literary Criticism and Practical Criticism. Richards’s initial premises remain intact: he still believed that the field consists of texts containing a primary body of experience that readers could discern; with the proper training, a consensus could be reached regarding what that experience might be. Richards’s aims were threefold: (1) to introduce a new kind of documentation into contemporary American culture; (2) to provide a new technique for individuals to discover for themselves what they think about poetry; (3) to discover new educational methods. 2. Ezra Pound Ezra Pound’s theory of translation focused upon the precise rendering of details, of individual words and of single or even fragmented images; Pound’s theoretical writing fall into two periods: an early imagist phase that, while departing from traditional forms of logic, still occasionally contained abstract concepts and impressions; and a second late imagist or vorticist phase that was based on words in action and luminous details; Pound's emphasis was less on the "meaning" of the translated text or even on the meaning of specific words. Instead, he emphasized the rhythm, diction, and movement of words; Pound supposes that we can have a creative translation besides literal translation and free translation.

二十一世纪技能图翻译

21st_century_skills_english_map.doc 的翻译 21st Century Skills Map 21世纪技能地图 DESiGnED in CooPErATion wiTh ThE nATionAl CounCil of TEAChErS of EnGliSh该设计的合作全国委员会英语师范 This 21st Century Skills Map这个21世纪技能地图 is the result of hundreds of结果是数百 hours of research, development小时的研究,开发 and feedback from educators从教育工作者和反馈 and business leaders across和商界领袖在 the nation.The Partnership伙伴关系的nation.The has issued this map for已发出此地图 the core subject of English.英语的核心科目。 This tool is available at此工具可在 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/b714938311.html,。 The Partnership advocates for the integration of 21st Century Skills into K-12的K - 12的伙伴关系成为品牌的拥护者为一体的21世纪技能 education so that students can advance their learning in core academic subjects.教育,让学生可以提前学习的核心学科。 The Partnership has forged alliances with key national organizations that represent the core academic subjects, including Social该伙伴关系结成联盟,其核心学术学科国家重点组织代表,包括社会 Studies, English, Math, Science and Geography.As a result of these collaborations, the Partnership has developed this map to研究,英语,数学,科学和Geography.As一个协作的结果,其中伙伴关系已经发展到这个地图 illustrate the intersection between 21st Century Skills and English.The maps will enable educators, administrators and policymakers路口之间的地图说明21世纪技能和English.The将使教育工作者,管理者和决策者 to gain concrete examples of how 21st Century Skills can be integrated into core subjects.获得核心科目具体的例子,如何把21世纪技能可以集成。 A 21st Century21世纪 Skills技巧 B Skill Definition乙技能的定义 C Interdisciplinary Theme?跨学科的主题 De Sample Student学生范例

相关翻译理论和翻译技巧

第三章:相关翻译理论和翻译技巧 3.1 相关翻译理论 3.1.1翻译转换理论 翻译转换(translation shift)是翻译中的普遍现象,指的是原文译为目的语时发生的语言变化。“翻译转换”作为术语最早出现在英国学者卡特福德(Catford)的《翻译的语言学理论》中,他认为翻译转换是“偏离形式对等的等值翻译”,并将将翻译定义为:“一种语言(SL) 中的语篇材料被另一种语言( TL) 中等值的语篇材料所取代。”卡特福德的翻译转换理论是建立在弗斯和韩礼德的语言学模式之上,并借用了韩礼德的系统语法及其对语言“层次”的分类来说明翻译转换现象。卡特福德的转换理论主要使用了语法和词汇两个层次,单位、结构、类别和系统四个语法范畴。 卡特福德认为,语言是交际性的,在上下文中发挥功能,而且这些功能的发挥通过不同的语言层次( 如语音、词形、语法及词汇) 和级阶( 句子、分句、片语、词及词素等)。在对“形式对应”( formal correspondence) 和“文本等值”( textual equivalence) 做了区分后,卡特福德认为,既然这两个概念有很大差异,进行翻译转换就是必然的了,翻译转换因而在从源语到目标语的过程中背离了形式对应。卡特福德进而提出两种转换: 层次转( level shifts) 和范畴转换( category shifts)。卡特福德翻译转换理论对汉英翻译有很强的指导意义。 1.层次转换 所谓层次转换是指处于一种语言层次上的原语单位,具有处于不同语言层次上的译语翻译等值成分。卡特福德的层次转换包括语音、词形、语法和词汇四个层面,但他认为翻译中惟一可能发生的层次转换就是语法和词汇之间的转移。也就是说,一种语言的语法项在翻译时可以转换成另一种语言的词汇项,反之亦然。例如,汉语中的“着”、“了”、“过”等词汇都可以用来英语中的“现在完成时( has/ have done)”和“过去完成时( had done)”这两种时态表达。 例1.两个表面之间进行摩擦后,摩擦表面的材料温度会升高。 [译文] Any friction between two surfaces will result in a temperature rise of the material. 例2.假使生产过程没有实现自动化的话,生产率就不会这样大幅度的增长。 [译文] Had the production process not been made an automatic one,the productivity would not have increased so greatly. 例1原文中事件发生的先后关系是通过词汇形式“后”来表述,而在译文使用一般将来时来描述这一时间范畴,这样从词汇到语法的转换完整地表达了原文要传达的时间概念和语义逻辑关系。例2原文用“假使没有……就不会”的词汇形式表达假设发生的某种情况及其相应的后果,可是在英译时,这个语义是没有办法用词汇形式表达,只能考虑层次转换,求助于英语语法中虚拟语气表达形式。 2.范畴转换 范畴转换是指翻译过程中形式的脱离,是在不同级阶( 句子、分句、片语、词及词素等)之间自由的转换。范畴转换可以细分为四类转换: 即结构转换、类别转换、单位转换和系统内转换。 (1) 结构转换( structural shifts)。顾名思义,结构转换就是语言结构上的变化,如一种语言是“主语+谓语+状语”,翻译为另一种语言就必须转换成“主语+状语+谓语”的结构。

相关文档