大学英语翻译专业汉译英理论笔记

理论复习：

1. 严复的翻译理论：信、达、雅（faithfulness; expressiveness; elegance）

2. 翻译的基本过程（程序）包括：理解、表达、修改comprehension (or understanding); expression (or representation); testing(checking).

3. 翻译的要素包括：译者（translator）, 作者(author), 源语言(source language), 目

标语言（target language），原文读者(source-text readers), 译文读者(target-text readers) 4．During the process of representation, we should try to avoid 翻译过度over-representation and 翻译不足under-representation which means that the translator can omit anything of the source text at will or overlook the features of the source text.

5．教材中常见的翻译方法有：annotation加注, paraphrase释义分译, amplification; 增词, omission,减词, shift of perspective; 视角转换, adaptation(or domestication)归化, division分译and combination合并. （见下面解释）

6．在翻译中使用增词法（amplification）主要是出于语法需要grammatical need(s)，语义需要semantic need(s)，修辞需要rhetorical need.

7. 现代英语最主要的特征是形合（Hypotaxis）汉语是意合(parataxis)

8. The sociosemiotics-oriented principle (社会符号学) for translation requires us to

pay due attention to the three types of meaning in translation: designative meaning（指称意义）, linguistic meaning （言内意义）and pragmatic meaning （语用意义）. （见课件）

annotation加注，如：

1. The Beat Generation 跨掉的一代

(指二十世纪五十年代初在美国出现的一个文学流派,也指他们所代表的一代人.他们不满于战后美国的社会现实,否定传统的文化道德和价值观念,追求无拘无束的自我实现和自我表达.)；

2. The Fifth Avenue 第五大道

(指纽约曼哈顿区第34街到第59街这一片区域.街上到处都是百货商店以及各种商铺,也是万圣节游行的必经之地.现已成为高贵与富有的象征.)；

3.The American Dream 美国梦

(即美国式的民主与自由.不依赖世袭的物质条件和社会地位,白手起家的个人奋斗精神.)）;

paraphrase释义分译，如：

1) I am no Hamlet. 我决不犹豫.)

2) I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是否是个内奸.)

3) The goalkeeper is the heel of Achilles.那守门员太弱是致命的缺陷. )

amplification; 增词，如：

(A) For the sake of grammar

1. One interesting study was successfully done with chimps. Six chimps were trained to operate a special vending machine. One ripe grape came out for each while token put into the slot.

曾经对黑猩猩成功地进行了一项有趣的实验,实验对六只黑猩猩进行训练,让它们操纵一台专用售货机,往投币孔里塞入一枚白色筹码可得到一颗热葡萄.(增量词)

2. --- observing the deer as their behavior changed from more activity in summer and fall to

less as winter progressed, followed by an increase again in the spring as the snow melted.

--- 观察鹿是如何从夏季的活动频繁状态慢慢进入冬季的不频繁状态的,而到冰雪逐渐融化的春季时,它们的活动又是如何增多起来的.(增副词)

3. Her eyes were filled with tears.

她双眼满含泪水.

4. The old man said, "They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are."

老头说:"听人说,他爸爸过去是打鱼的,他以前八成跟咱们现在一样穷."

(B) For clarity

5. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.

读书足以怡情,足以傅采,足以长才.

6. Earl and I decided to walk our dog. Somehow our path took us toward the park, across the footbridge high above the rolling waters of the Los Angeles River. It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the waters.

我和艾勒决定把狗带出去溜溜,不知不觉朝公园走去,公园就在小桥那边,桥下很深的地方,汹涌的落杉矶河水滚滚流过.现在回想起来,就仿佛是一场梦,当时的情景还在脑海里缓缓流动.那一天,许多小孩在靠近水边的地方玩耍.(增主体和时间状语)

7. With this in mind, he decided to revive scholasticism as an academic lark to challenge the Sputnik-panicked classrooms of America.

考虑到这一点,他便决定重新搬出中世纪经院哲学的一套来开个学术性玩笑,向惊恐于苏联第一颗人造卫星的美国课堂教育发出挑战.(增反映背景情况的词)

(C) For the sake of rhetoric

8. All is not gold that glitters.

闪闪发光的东西不一定都是金子.

9. We all enjoy applause, compliments and praise.

我们都喜欢博得掌声,听到赞扬或受到称赞.

10. This power is strong enough to shatter complacency.

这种力量足以打破自满情绪.(增表具体的词)

omission,减词

1. A soldier must obey orders.

军人必须服从命令.(省冠词)

2. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.

气压低,沸点就低.(省动词)

3. It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the

first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.

那是九月初的一天,秋高气爽,阳光明媚,正是赛跑的好时光.我正参加一场10.5英里的比赛,刚跑了几英里.比赛路线要穿越一些陡峭,使人精疲力竭的山坡.(省连词)

4. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive.

使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致.(省强调句中的it)

5. One must make painstaking efforts before one could succeed in mastering a foreign language. 要掌握一门外语,非下苦功夫不可.(省代词)

6. Never trouble yourself with trouble till trouble troubles you.

不要自寻麻烦.(省名词)

7. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者事竟成.(省表条件的连词)

8. The joint decision to build the Tunnel was announced by President Francois Mitterrand and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in a ceremony at Lille on 21 January.

一月二十一日,弗朗索瓦o密特朗总统和玛格丽特o撒切尔首相在里尔举行的一次仪式上宣布了联合修建英法隧道的决定.(省介词)

9. University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.

报考大学的人,有工作经验的将优先录取.(修辞性省略)

10. As it is late, let us go to bed.

不早了,睡吧!(省重复部分)

shift of perspective; 视角转换，如：

1. The University of San Francisco is located near the Golden Gate Park.

旧金山大学座落在金门公园附近.(语态的转换)

2. Her parents are both in their seventies.

她父母都已年过古稀.(表达方式的转换)

3. If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.

孩子们之所以能把自己的母语学好,恰恰是因为他们投身于语言的海洋之中,而不单单是读几本教科书而已.

4. You can mass-produce … incredible quantities of facts and figures. Y ou cannot mass-produce knowledge, which is created by individual minds, drawing on individual experience, separating the significant from the irrelevant.

你可以大批制造……数量惊人的事实与数字,但不可能大批生产知识,因为知识是个人头脑用个人经验,经过去伪存真后创造出来的.(定语从句转换成原因状语从句)

5. "Coming!" Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch.

"来啦!"她转身蹦跳着跑了,越过草地,跑上小径,跨上台阶,穿过凉台,进了门廊.(介词转换成动词)

6. Highway and air traffic came to a standstill in most of Eastern Washington.

华盛顿州大部分地区的公路交通和空中航线都已陷入停顿.(名词转换成动词)

7. I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.

我同样认为,欧洲应该日益团结起来,并且用一个共同的声音说话,这是符合全世界的利益的.(词序调整)

8. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.

当时我确实不大懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事.(词序调整)

9. It is a good workman that never blunders.

智者千虑,必有一失.(反说正译)

10. Keep off the lawn!

请勿践踏草地!(正说反译)

adaptation(or domestication)归化,如：

⑴Lead a dog's life 过着牛马不如的生活

⑵Jack of all trades 三脚猫

⑶A drowned rat 落汤鸡

⑷Let the cat out of the bag. 露马脚

⑸Every dog has his day. 风水轮流转.

⑹Don't shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that they're met with misfortune.

别在我面前装慈悲,你自己知道你对他们遭遇不幸有多高兴.

⑺Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk.

法官先生,我承认错误,我当时酩酊大醉了.

⑻Don't play your ace in the hole until the critical moment.

不到关键时刻不要亮出你的绝招.

⑼The gravy train is just not for me.

这种油水足的美差压根儿轮不到我.

⑽George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.

乔治·华盛顿在独立战争期间采取过拖延战术.);

division分译，如：

1、He had left a note of welcome for me, as sunny as his face. 他留下一封信,对我表示欢迎,那信写得热情洋溢,一如其人.

2、Our little romantic friend formed visions of future for herself. 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想,憧憬着美好的未来.）;

combination合并，如：

His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea. 他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨开小铺.）

汉译英难点解析举例第一篇 形形色色的人

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.如果没有查理·卓别林，世界电影史就会不一样了. .令人感到宽慰地是，他地努力最终给予了他长期渴望地结果—他成功地发现了这种疾病地原因. .查理·卓别林是最伟大、最广受热爱地电影明星之一.从《流浪汉》到《摩登时代》，他拍 摄了许多他那个时代最有趣、最受欢迎地电影.他最出名地是他扮演地一个人物—年轻可 爱地小流浪汉. .卓别林是一个才能非凡地人：自他年第一次在电影中出现，两年时间内他就成 了这个国 家最有名地人物之一. .查理·卓别林对世纪初期每个人地生活都产生了影响.与有史以来地任何人相比， 他让更 多地人欢笑，改变了人们看待这个世界地方式. . 年，查理·卓别林在圣诞节那天去世了，身后留下了悲伤地家人和朋友，以及 全世界数 以百万计地影迷. . ．. ．．. . . . . ．. ．．. ．． . . 资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 新视野大学英语（第二版）第四册 . . , .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 . , 资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 . . , 资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 . . .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 . , , 资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 . . , 资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 .资料个人收集整理，勿做商业用途 . ，发展中国家认为信息技术是促进经济发展地途径，但一些国家在估算成本与选择技术方面缺乏经验. .据说地球拥有地地下水量大约是其拥有地河流和湖泊水量地三千倍，而且地下水要干净得多. .任何人都能照出好照片—问题只是你是否在合适地时间和地点. .通过在他们地学校和图书馆安装计算机，这些社区地领导们表明他们决心不在技术上落后. .当他开始创办这家公司时，他想他将能在市场上与那些顶级公司并驾齐驱，可是他现在失望

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