英语的修辞方法讲解
Simile（明喻）
Simile involves an explicit comparison between two dissimililar things to point out a simililarity. Since it is usually indicated by such words as “like”, “as”, or “as if”, it is easier to be recognized.
?O my love is like a red, red rose.
?That man cann’t be trusted. He’s as slippery as an eel.
?That old man’s hair is as white as snow.
?The United Nations, like a mirror, reflects the changing scenes of the international landscape. As the world political structure changed from time to time, the United Nations has also undertaken a bumpy and tortuous journey. (Jiang Zemin)
Metaphor（暗喻）
It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word “as” or “like”.
?The picture of those poor people’s lives was carved so sharply in his heart that he could never forget it.
?All his former joy was drowned in the embarrassment and confusion he was feeling at the moment.
?-All the world's a stage,
-And all the men and women merely players;
-They have their exits and their entrances.
Personification(拟人)
It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.
?Youth is hot and bold, Age is weak and cold, Youth is wild, and age is tame. (William Shakespeare)
?This time fate was smiling to him.
?Thunder roared and a pouring rain started.
?Dusk came stealthily.
Euphemism(委婉表达）
It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.
?to die to pass away, to leave us;
kick the bucket
?old people senior citizen
?invasion military action
?dustman sanitation worker
Irony(反语）
It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.
?Suppose you planned an outing on a certain day, expecting it to be fine, but when the day came it was raining heavily. If you said “What fine weather for an outing!” you were speaking ironically.
?If a barbarous act was called “civilized or cultural”, irony was used.
Overstatement ＆understatement
（夸张）（含蓄陈述）
In overstatement the diction exaggerates the subject, and in understatement the words play
down the magnitude or value of the subject. Overstatement is also called Hyperbole.
?She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.
?Belinda smiles, and all the world was gay.
?On hearing that he had been admitted to that famous university, he wispered to himself, “I’m the luckiest man in the world.”
?It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.
Alliteration（头韵法）
It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words. Alliteration is often used in poetry to give emphasis to words that are related in meaning.
?p roud as a p eacock
?b lind as a b at
?But these d ifficulties, these d ifferences, should not deter us.
Antithesis（对比，对偶）
Antithesis, favoured by many speakers especially in persuasion, places two contrasted ideas side by side for emphasis and rhythm as well. Arranged this way, the two ideas provide a sharp and forceful way of measuring difference. The opposite elements are often in the parallel structure ?Without the assistance of that Divine Being who ever attended him, I can not succeed.
With that assistance, I can not fail.
?The world will little note nor long remember that we say here; but it can never forget what they did here.
Climax（层进法）
Climax refers to a series of words or sentences that convey ideas in ascending order of importance. Ideas arranged in such a way develop gradually, like climbing a ladder, each idea outweighing the preceding one until reaching the summit, namely, the climax.
Owing to this quality, climax is often used to increase the force, intensity or impact of the speech, especially in persuasive speech.
?The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do.
?This is what I hope for China. This is what I hope for the world.
?We want peace. We want freedom. We want a better life.
Synecdoche（提喻法）
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is substitute for the whole or vice versa.
?Sharp words may occasionally be spoken by unguarded or ignorant tongues.
?The glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
?China beat Japan at football.
?There are about 5000 hands working in this company.
Metonymy(换喻法）
It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.
Thus the crown can stand for the king, and the White House for the American government, etc.
?When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.
?He took to bottle.
?Grey hair should be respected.
?I am more wolf than him.
?He got a complete Luxun by chance.
Pun（双关法）
The use of words or phrases to exploit ambiguities and innuendoes in their meaning, usually for humorous effect; a play on words.
?So he laid down his arms. (arms “武器” “手臂” 词义双关）
?“Long time no sea,” the man replied.
(see—sea 谐音双关）
Oxymoron(矛盾修饰法）
Oxymoron is the use of apparently contradictory terms combined to produce a special effect.
?The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.
?When the news of the failure came, all his friends said that it was victorious defeat.
?She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.
Exercises:
Name the figure of speech used in each of the following sentences.
1. The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.
（personification)
2. My heart is like a singing bird(simile)
3. He sat there all the evening as silent as the sphinx.simile)
4. The thought was fire in him.(metaphor)
5. I’d give the world to see him.(overstatement)
6. He provides good table.(metonymy)
7. Ideas are products.(metaphor)
8. Yet there are some stout hearts who attempted resistance.(synecdoche)
9. That building is a little bit big and pretty ugly.(oxymoron)
10. It is just a flesh wound. (after having two arms cut off )(understament)
11. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.(alliteration)
12. Love is an ideal thing, marriage a real thing.(antithesis)
英语修辞学课程教学大纲
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高级英语课文修辞总结
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高级英语第一册修辞手法总结.docx
Lesson 1 1．"We can batten down and ride it out," he said. (Para. 4)metaphor 2 .Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Para. 7) personification 3. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.、metaphor simile 4. He held his head between his hands, and silently prayed:“ Get us through this mess, will You”(Para. 17)alliteration 5. It seized a 600,000-gallon personification Gulfport oil tank and dumped it miles away. 6.Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them. simile 、onomatopoeia( 拟声 ) 7.Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point.（Para. 20）transferred epithet 8 8. Richelieu Apartments were smashed apart as if by a gigantic fist, and 26 people perished. （P ara. 20） simile 、 personification 9.and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads. simile and medical supplies streamed in by plane, train, truck and car. (Para. 31) metaphor Lesson 4 1. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm around my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open. (para2)Transferred epithet 2. The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived in Dayton as science master and football coach at secondary school.(para 3)Synecdoche
英语修辞学-亚里士多德的三种说服方式知识讲解
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(完整word版)高级英语修辞手法总结(最常考),推荐文档
英语修辞手法 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
高级英语修辞手法和各课举例
常用修辞手法： 1. 比喻 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(simile)：用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 暗喻(metaphor)：用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 2. 换喻(metonymy) 用一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。如the White House 代美国政府或总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol。 His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 提喻(synecdoche) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人(personification) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 5. 委婉(euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如： 用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代to die 用senior citizens代替old people 用a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替fat people 6. 双关(pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器) 一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。 “Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer. “Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？ Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语(irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。 8. 头韵(alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a peacock
英语修辞学(定)
《英语修辞学》教学大纲 （学分 2 ，总学时36 ）一、课程的性质与任务 本课程是英语专业本科学生的知识深化课程之一，系统介绍英语修辞学的基本原理和实践。本课程的任务是通过介绍修辞的基本概念、语言各个层面的修辞规律及修辞手法，帮助学生从语言角度对使用英语过程中所接触的修辞现象进行归纳整理，拓展学生的视野，提高进一步使用英语的能力。 二、课程讲授内容、基本要求与学时分配 （一）导论2学时 1. 了解英语中“rhetoric”的意义 2. 掌握现代修辞学的定义，了解其研究对象 （二）影响修辞活动的要素2学时 1. 掌握信息与使用场合、与受话者之间的关系 2. 理解语气如何反映其间的关系 （三）词汇的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语选字遣词的修辞规律，包括词汇的恰当性、精确性和选用简洁的表达方式 2. 掌握其应用 （四）句子的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语连词组句的修辞规律，包括句子的清晰性、统一性、连贯性、强调性和多样性 2. 掌握其应用 （五）段落的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语段落构成的修辞规律，包括段落的统一性、连贯性和段落的展开 2. 掌握其应用 （六）语篇的修辞4学时 1. 了解英语语篇构成的修辞规律，包括语篇的目的、内容、统一性、连贯性和强调性 2. 掌握其应用 （七）语体2学时 1. 了解各种语体的特点，包括日常交际语体、新闻语体、广告语体、科技语体、文学语体 2. 掌握其应用 （八）修辞手段4学时 1. 了解修辞布局和辞格的规律，包括词的修辞布局和结构的修辞布局以及辞格 2. 掌握其应用 三、课程实践内容、基本要求与学时 课程实践形式：课程论文课程实践学时：10学时（第11 周到第15 周） （一）课程论文的目的与任务 1．目的 （1）培养学生综合运用所学知识的能力。 （2）提高学生的理论分析、论文写作、查阅文献资料等方面的能力。 2．任务 根据任课教师每一讲所给思考题拟定课程论文题目并撰写成文。 （二）课程论文的基本要求 本课程论文的撰写主要是检验学生所学语言学知识水平，重视和培养学生学术素养和专业思维能力，是开展研究性学习的重要举措。 1．选题要求：符合教学大纲要求，使学生理论联系实际得到全面的综合训练，题目难度应适合
翻译专业考研资料
翻译专业本科教育为四年，一、二年级的学生必须修读英语系的核心技能课程和基础国情课程， 以继续雕琢英语的听说读写基本功并增进对英语国家社会文化的了解，同时，他们还必须修读专 门设计的小班讲授的中文课程以拓展并提升自己的母语修养。随着基础阶段教学的推进，本专业 的学生将于二年级后半期开始接受口笔译的基础训练；进入三四年级后，他们除了每周8小时的专 题笔译以及各种形式口译的高强度训练外，还需要修读以英文讲授的英语语言和文学、社会和文 化研究、国际政治与经济、国际新闻与传播等领域的选修课程以拓宽知识面，以及各种翻译专业 课程以提升学科意识和从业潜力。本科就业去向包括各大部委、各级政府或企事业单位的翻译或 外事部门、中国驻外机构、涉外出版社、传媒单位、网络媒体的海外部、涉外企业以及跨国公司，具体从事口笔译或更广义的与语言文字相关的设计、策划、咨询、跨文化交流等工作。 (三十九) 翻译理论导论 课程编号：YYY2071 课程名称：翻译理论导论 教学目的与内容： 本课程是一门理论与实践紧密结合的课程，主要内容是用理论来指导实践，通过实践来掌握理论，通过一年的翻译教学使学生掌握最基本的翻译理论，教学内容包括介绍我国翻译的历史、发展、现状和前瞻，翻译的标准和原则,翻译家所应具备的素质，英汉语言对比的分析，英语国家文化特点的汉译，直译与意译,以及翻译的基本过程与过程。如：阅读理解原文——通过上下文来理清词义——最后以汉语语言习惯表达原义等，以语言学理论为指导，在词、词组、句子、篇章四个层次上进行翻译实践，除教材外，可适时补充一些适时性强的新材料（如国际时势评论、科技发展动态等），增强学生对翻译理论的理解。 使用教材 刘宓庆：《当代翻译理论》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年 刘宓庆：《文体与翻译》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1986年 参考书目 Eugene A. Nida, Language, Culture, And Translation, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. John I. Saeed, Semantics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 黄忠廉：《翻译变体研究》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2001年 思果：《翻译研究》，中国对外翻译出版公司，2001年 考核方式： 平时成绩占30%，期末考试成绩占70%。 (四十)英汉语言文化对比研究 课程编号：YYY2081 课程名称:英汉语言文化对比研究 教学目的与内容： 鉴于翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础上，本课程旨在通过对英汉两种语言在语法、修辞、文化以及思维方式等方面的对比研究，帮助学生提高英汉双向翻译的水平，要求学生对汉英两种语言各自的特点和之间的相同或相似之处进行较为详细的分析，找出其规律，以期达到更有效地从事口笔译的工作。本课程的主要以讲座和讨论的方式授课，本课程内容大致分为四个部分：词汇对比：包括词汇总特征；构词法；词汇语义学对比，语法对比：包括句型对比；时间概念表达对比；句子成分对比，修辞对比：包括夸张手法、委婉手法和逻辑关系表述对比，语篇对比：包括连贯性、思维的逻辑性、文体的多样性对比。
英语修辞学大纲
《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲 一、说明 适用专业四年制本科英语专业语言文学方向 先修课程高级英语 总学时32 总学分 2 （一）本课程的目的、要求 （1）使学生较系统地了解英语修辞产生的原因及其对提高语言表现力的重要作用认识，增强对英语的理解能力，提高恰当运用英语语言的交际能力。 （2）使学生学会从修辞的观点出发，从英语语言现象入手，对其内涵进行分析，初步掌握对语言进行研究、分析和比较的方法。 （3）使学生掌握各种主要的修辞手段，提高实践中运用英语的能力和理解与欣赏英语文学作品的能力。 （二）内容选取和实施中注意的问题 （1）本课程应坚持理论与实践相结合的原则，适当介绍修辞理论，重点讲述实用性内容，要求学生运用所学理论分析语言实例。 （2）突出重点、兼顾一般。在选取内容上要注意以语音、词汇、句子三级修辞方法为重点，其中又应以喻类辞格为重点。 （3）学生对明喻比较熟悉，可以略而不讲或只作为隐喻的比较对象略谈。 （4）培养学生对语言的观察能力，让学生自己寻找例句并作出说明，以加深对所学内容的理解。 （5）大纲中不带“*”号的内容属于基本内容，带“*”号内容可讲可不讲。（三）教学方法 （1）教师为主导、学生为中心。防止教师一言堂，要在教师指导下，发挥学生的学习主动性。 （2）理论与实践相结合，课堂讲授与学生分析讨论相结合。 （四）考核方式 本课程为考查课程，采用口头与笔头相结合的方式: （1）口头方式主要以课堂提问和课堂讨论表现情况为考核依据。 （2）笔头方式主要以学生平时笔头作业完成情况和课程结束时笔头测验成绩为考核依据。 （3）口头考核成绩占40%，笔头考核成绩占60%。 （五）教学内容与学时分配
英语修辞学作业
Comparison B etween “S imile”and “明喻” 西方语言学院 英教一班 2012061037 朱晶
Compariso n Between “Simile”and “明喻” Abstract : I write this paper to describe the comparison between “simile”and “明喻”. Firstly , I describe the use of simile . And then tell you the use of 明喻. At last , I compare “simile” with “明喻” and tell the differences between them . Key words : simile ,明喻，difference , compare The words “simile”derives from a Latin word “similis”, meaning “like” . In rhetoric , simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar things are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance . As one of the commonest figures of speech in English , its main function is to draw sharp pictures in the mind through comparisons , to give deeper insight into things , persons and ideas through suggestive association , or to explain abstract , complicated ideas in simple , concrete imagery . Firstly , a simile should have the comparative words such as “like” , “as” , or “as if” and so on . Secondly , there should be two things involved in comparison --- the primary term ( tenor ) and the secondary term (vehicle ) . Then , the two things must be substantially different . Last but not the least , the two things should be similar in at least one quality . Eg : (1)He is as cunning as a fox. (2)The tiger is as brave as the lion. A simile can be divided into three kinds : descriptive , illuminative and illustrative . Descriptive means that pure description of persons, things, natural scenery, and action has always been the chief use to which similes have been put. A good descriptive simile can draw sharper pictures in the mind than could possibly be done by any other means, and with much more brevity. Eg : The moon was like a slender shaving thrown up from a bar of gold . While the descriptive simile attempts to draw images of people, things, etc., through figurative comparison, the illuminative simile tries to give deeper insight into persons, things, ideas, even problems, through suggestive association; to throw light, as it were, onto what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people. Eg: He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. Illustrative similes are relatively easy to understand as compared with the illuminative ones . They are often used in scientific , and technological writing .
英语修辞与写作
第一章明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻 第一节明喻 1.1.1 明喻(Simile)的定义 The definition of simile-A simile is a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind by using the words:as,like,as…as,etc. Another definition:A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another,in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.It is an explicit comparison(as opposed to the metaphor where the comparison is implicit)recognizable by the use of the word“like”or“as”. 有学者认为,“一事物”可称为“本体”,而“另一事物”最好称为“喻体”。请看例句: New China is like a red sun rising in the east. (本体)(比喻词)(喻体) 从例句结构上看,明喻包括“本体”(subject or tenor)和“喻体”(reference or vehicle)。本体指被比喻的对象,喻体指用来做比喻的对象,比喻词用在本体和喻体之间起连接介绍作用。从词源上讲,simile源于拉丁词similis,其意义相当于英语介词like(像)。弄明白了本体、喻体和比喻词,对于理解和掌握明喻是大有裨益的。 1.1.2 明喻的例解 1.1. 2.1 用like或as引导 1.My heart is like a singing bird.(C.G Rossetti:A Birthday) 我的心如小鸟在歌唱。 2.I wondered lonely as a cloud.(W.Wordsworth:The Daffodils) 我像一朵白云在独自漫游。 3.He bellowed like a bull seeking combat. 他像寻衅的公牛一样怒吼。
高级英语修辞手法总结归纳
英语修辞手法 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力 气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
英语修辞学
《英语修辞学》教学大纲 修订单位: 韩山师范学院外语系 执笔人: 张若兰 一. 课程基本信息 1. 课程中文名称：英语修辞学 2. 课程英文名称：English Rhetoric 3. 课程类别：任选 4. 适应专业：英语（师范类）本科 5. 总学时：36 6. 总学分：2 二．本课程在教学计划中的地位、作用和任务 《英语修辞学》是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业任意选修课。该课程通过系统的讲授，使学生掌握英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，从而达到写作时语言更加贴切，意义更加清晰，表达更加生动；阅读时更加准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从本质上了解英语，掌握英语，提高阅读能力、写作能力和文学欣赏水平和语言修养。 三．教学内容与教学基本要求 教学内容: Chapter One：Syntactic Devices (句法辞格) (6课时) 本章内容包括： 1．长句和短句(Long and short sentences)； 2．简单句(The simple sentence)； 3．复合句(The compound sentence)； 4．分枝句(Branching sentences)； 5．主动和被动句(The active and the passive voiced sentences)； 6．平衡句(Syntactic schemes of balance)----排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)； 7．倒装句(Syntactic scheme of inversion)----省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)； 8．添加句（Syntactic scheme of addition or insertion）----连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasia) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)； 9．反复句(Syntactic scheme of repetition)---二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)； 10．层进与突降(Syntactic scheme of climax and anticlimax)----(climax)；(anticlimax or bathos) 11．修辞问句(Rhetoric question)； 12．顿呼(Apostrophe)。 重点：掌握各种句法辞格的概念和应用。 难点：平衡句、倒装句、添加句三类句子的理解。 Chapter Two：Lexical Devices (词法辞格)（8课时） 本章包括两部分：词汇选择和词的反复。 1．词汇选择(Lexical options)：长词或短词(short words or long words)；普通词或学究词(common words or learned words)；正规、非正规或口语词(formal, informal or colloquial
较全英语修辞学方法
1明喻(simile)明喻是用来表达两种不同事物之间的相似关系,一般用like或as连接。 如: (1) O my luve is like a red,red rose That’s newly sprung in June, O my luve is like a melody That’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns) (2) The young hunter was as strong as a lion and as keen-eycd as an eagle. 类似as…as的用法很普遍,有的成了习惯用语,如: as timid as a mouse as white as snow as black as pitch as busy as a bee Eg.The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2暗喻(metaphor)又称隐喻,暗喻的结构不同于明喻,没有as或like之类的比较关系词,它 是隐含的比较。英语词义通过暗喻方式可以产生转义: When the curtain fell,there was a storm of applause. He was so angry that he stormed about the house. 暗喻多用to be结构来联系相比较的两个不同事物的: The society was his college. The guest is God of us. He is one of the dogs of the rich. Children are flowers of the motherland. Eg.He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 3拟人(personification)比喻可以使无生命的事物具有生命,或者赋予动物以人性,从而造 成某种意象或抒发某种情感。如:an angry sky;the grave yawned;killing half-an-hour;the shoulder of the hill;the foot of the mountain;the dancing daffodils; the thirsty crops. Money talked as sweetly in Athens as it had in Chicago in the old days.(John Dos Passos) My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 转喻(metonymy) 转喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系,转喻与明喻、暗喻不同,不需要两个事物相比,而是借用一个相关的事物代表本体。因此,转喻是一种用另外一种事物的名