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《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案chapter8

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案chapter8
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后习题答案chapter8

Chapter 8 Language and Society

1. How is language related to society?

答:There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and society. One of

them is that while language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to

establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use

of such utterances as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “How's your family?”, “Nice day today, isn Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The

kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And

language, in its turn, reveals information about its speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid

giving clues to our listeners about ourselves.

Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the

physical and the social environments of a society. For example while there is only one word in

imo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to

English for “snow”, there are several in Esk

make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.

As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the society in which

it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social. To a linguist, all language forms

and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communicative functions they are

expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic

varieties are social rather than linguistic. A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While in

English accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in

New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and are considered more correct

than without it.

2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.

答:The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because every language

or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers want to express. That is to say,

language and language variety are equal in expressing meaning. For example, the

much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black people to communicate with each other

without feeling any hindrance. But many other people think Black English is not pure English

because it does not conform to their grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result,

many people feel shameful to use Black English. From this example we can know that the

evaluation of language is social, not linguistic.

3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter? How do they jointly determine

idiolect?

答:The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect, sociolect, gender and

age. Idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding

regional, social, gender, and age variations. These factors jointly determine the way he/she talks.

While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of

these potentials is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.

4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?

答:First of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is

the local speech of an area which is considered the nation's political and commercial center. For

example, standard English developed out of the English dialects used in and around London as

they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and

writers. Gradually the English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from

the English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who

wished to speak and write well.

Second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional

dialect. It is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from above over the range of regional

dialects. Some government agency writes grammar books and dictionaries to ‘fix’ this variety everyone agrees on what is correct usage of the language. So it has a widely accepted codified

grammar and vocabulary. Once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to

learn to use the correct language and to avoid ‘incorrect’ language. Therefore, the standard diale is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.

Then the standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or

national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purposes as

government documents, education, news reporting; it is the language used on any formal

occasions.

5. What is register as used by Halliday? Illustrate it with an example of your own.

答:According to Halliday, “Language v aries as its function varies; it differs in different

The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a

situations.” 

register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of

discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.

For example, a lecture on linguistics could be identified as

Field: scientific (linguistic)

Tenor: teacher — students (formal, polite)

Mode: oral (academic lecturing)

6. What linguistic features of Black English do you know? Do you think Black English is an

illogical and inferior variety of English? Why (not)?

答:(1) A prominent phonological feature of Black English is the simplification of consonant

clusters at the end of a word. According to this consonant deletion rule, the final-position

[men], desk [des], and told

consonants are often deleted; thus “passed” is pronounced [pa:s], mend

[t??l].

A syntactic feature of Black English that has often been cited to show its illogicality is the

deletion of the link verb “be”. In Black English we frequently come across sentences without the

copula verb: “They mine”, “You crazy”, “Her hands cold”, and “That house big”. In fac verb deletion is not a unique feature of Black English; it is also found in some other dialects of

English and in languages like Russian and Chinese. Another syntactic feature of Black English

that has been the target of attack is the use of double negation constructions, e.g.

(8 — 2) He don't know nothing. (He doesn't know anything.)

(8 — 3) I ain't afraid of no ghosts. (I'm not afraid of ghosts.)

Some people consider these sentences illogical because they claim that two negatives make

a positive. But in fact such double negative constructions were found in all dialects of English of

the earlier periods.

(2) (略)

7. What peculiar features docs pidgin have?

答:Pidgins arose from a blending of several languages such as Chinese dialects and English, African dialects and French, African dialects and Portuguese. Usually a European language serves as the basis of the pidgin in the sense that some of its grammar and vocabulary is derived from the European language used by traders and missionaries in order to communicate with peoples whose languages they did not know.

Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very reduced grammatical structure

variety performs its characterized by the loss of inflections, gender end case, The “simplified” 

functions as trading and employment.

8. How do bilingualism and diglossia differ, and what do they have in common?

答:Bilingualism refers to the situation that in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when

the situation changes. But instead of two different languages, in a diglossic situation two varieties

of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.

The two languages of bilingualism and the two varieties of diglossia each has different role

to play as situation changes.

编译原理龙书答案

P532.8 构建一个语法制导翻译模式,将算术表达式从后缀表示翻译成中缀表示。给出输入95-2*和952*-的注释分析树。(仅供参考一定要保证转换后的中缀表达式与原后缀表达式的优先级相同) 1 后缀算术表达式的文法如下: expr →expr expr + | expr expr – | expr expr * | expr expr / |digit digit →0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | … | 9 2 将后缀表达式翻译成中缀表达式的语法制导定义(文法+语义规则)

4 95-2*和952*-的翻译成后缀形式的语义动作与注释分析树。 expr expr expr * print(‘(‘) print(‘)‘) expr expr - 5 9 digit 2 print(‘-’) ‘9’) print(‘5’) print(‘2’) print(‘*’) 95-2*的深度优先遍历语义动作 expr expr expr - print(‘(‘) print(‘)‘) expr expr digit 2 digit 5 digit 9 print(‘*’) ‘5’) print(‘2’) print(‘9’) print(‘-’) 952*-的深度优先遍历语义动作

expr.t=(9-5)*2 expr=(9-5) expr.t=2 * expr.t=9 expr.t=5 - digit.t=5 5 digit.t=9 9 digit.t=2 2 输入为95-2*的注释分析树 expr.t=(9-5*2) expr.t=5*2 expr.t=9 - expr.t=5 expr.t=2 * digit.t=2 2 digit.t=5 5 digit.t=9 9 输入为952*-的注释分析树

钢结构复习题及答案

《钢结构》复习题 一、填空题 1、对结构或构件进行承载能力极限状态验算时,应采用荷载的( 设计值 )值,进行正常使用极限状态验算时,应采用荷载的( 标准值 )值。 2、理想轴心压杆的失稳形式可分为( 弯曲失稳 )、( 扭转失稳 )、(弯扭失稳 )。 3、钢中含碳量增加,会使钢材的强度( 提高 ),而塑性、韧性和疲劳强度( 降低 )。 4、钢材的主要机械性能指标有五项,它们是( 抗拉强度 ),( 伸长率 ),( 屈服点 ),( 冷弯性能 ),( 冲击韧性 )。 5、设计工字形截面梁考虑截面部分塑性发展时,受压翼缘的外伸宽度与厚度之比应不超过( 13 )y f /235。 6、屋架上弦杆为压杆,其承载能力一般受( 稳定条件 )控制;下弦杆为拉杆,其截面尺寸由( 强度条件 )确定。 二、单选题 1、设计梯形屋架时,不仅考虑荷载全跨作用,还要考虑半跨荷载的作用,主要是考虑( D )。 A 、下弦杆拉力增大 B 、上弦杆压力增大 C 、靠近支座处受拉斜杆变号 D 、跨中附近斜杆拉力变压力或杆力增加 2、在弹性阶段,侧面角焊缝上的应力沿长度方向的分布为( C )。 A 、均匀分布 B 、一端大一端小 C 、两端大中间小 D 、两端小中间大 3、为提高轴心压杆的整体稳定,在杆件截面面积不变的情况下,杆件截面的形式应使其面积分布( B )。 A 、尽可能集中于截面的形心处 B 、尽可能远离形心 C 、任意分布,无影响 D 、尽可能集中于截面的剪切中心 4、受弯构件抗弯强度验算公式中的γx 主要是考虑( D )。

A、初弯矩的影响 B、残余应力的影响 C、初偏心的影响 D、截面塑性发展对承载力的影响 5、钢材经历了应变硬化(应变强化)之后( A )。 A.强度提高 B.塑性提高 C.冷弯性能提高 D.可焊性提高 三、简答题: 1、轴心受压构件有哪几种可能失稳形式一般双轴对称构件发生的是哪一种失稳形式 理想轴心受压构件丧失稳定(或称屈曲),可能有三种情况:弯曲屈曲、扭转屈曲、弯扭屈曲。一般发生的是弯曲屈曲。 2、选择轴心受压实腹柱的截面时,应考虑的几个原则是什么 面积的分布尽量开展; 等稳定性; 便于与其他构件进行连接; 尽可能构造简单,制造省工。 3、结构的极限状态有哪两种在什么情况下达到相应的极限状态 结构的极限状态可以分为下列两类; (1)承载能力极限状态对应于结构或结构构件达到最大承载能力或是出现不适于继续承载的变形。 (2)正常使用极限状态对应于结构或结构构件达到正常使用或耐久性能的某项规定限值。 4、钢结构常用的连接方法都有哪些 钢结构常用的连接方法有焊缝连接、螺栓连接和铆钉连接。 四、论述题 1、钢结构有哪些特点 钢结构和其他材料的结构相比,具有如下特点: (1)强度高,重量轻 (2)塑性和韧性好

商务英语函电 王维平 Chapter 8参考译文及课后答案

Chapter 8 Learning Aims 学完本章,学生应能: 1.识别装船指示和装船通知; 2.熟悉一些模具产品名称; 3.掌握装运方面信件的结构以及相关术语和表达方式; 4.学会案例分析,并撰写与装运相关的信函。 Background Information 在国际贸易中,在装运前,买方通常把他们的装运需求发送给卖方,告知他们包装和标志,运输方式等,此为装运指示。 卖方在装运货物后应立即向买方发送装船通知,告知他们装运情况。装船通知通常包含以下内容: (1)预计出发时间;预计到达时间 (2)装船货物 (3)船名 (4)集装箱号 (5)铅封号 (6)所附单证 装运当事人有三方,即货主,承运人和收货人。 提单可被看作为货物收据、运输合同证明和物权凭证。 Letter 1

李友

Letter 2 Letter 3 Letter 4

Letter 5 Letter 6

Exercises I.Fill in the following blanks. 1. importance; urgent; advance; co-operation 2. circumstances; compelled; an alternative/alternatives; 3. extended; expired 4. pleasure; informing 5. in duplicate II.Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1.我们很高兴在此通知,贵方所订的车灯模具已由“魅力”号货轮发出,将于5月15号抵达宁波。 2.我们很奇怪至今尚未收到于8月1号所订的螺钉,我方客户要求予以解释,因为他们急需此批货物。 3.由于交货长期延误,给我们带来不便。我们要求立即发货,否则,我们将不得不按合同规定取消订单。 4.请尽快安排装运我方所订的货物。 5.这艘货船将于7月20号左右驶往上海。 III.Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Upon receipt of the L/C, please effect shipment of the goods booked by us as soon as possible. 2. We are informed by ABC shipping company that S.S. “Beauty” is due to sail from your city to our port on or about 6th this month. 3. We are very much obliged for your kind cooperation. 4. We hope that these goods will reach you in time and turn out to your entire satisfaction. 5. We are in urgent need of the goods and have to request you to ship them without any further delay.

2017年河南专升本病理学真题

2017年河南省普通高等学校 选拔优秀专科生进入本科阶段学习考试试题 病理解剖学题 一、选择题(每小题1分)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。 1.严重贫血所形成的虎斑心,其病变性质是() A.萎缩 B.玻璃样变性 C.心肌脂肪变性 D.心肌脂肪浸润 2.栓塞最常见的类型是() A.气体栓塞 B.血栓栓塞 C.羊水栓塞 D.脂肪栓塞 3.液化性坏死常发生在() A.肠和肺 B.肝和肾 C.肾和脂肪 D.脑和脊髓 4.组织、细胞代谢障碍所引起的可逆性损伤称为() A.变性 B.坏死 C.梗死 D.钙化 5.下列那一项属于去神经性萎缩() A.老年男性的睾丸 B.心肌梗死后心室壁变薄 C.脊髓灰质炎患儿的下肢肌肉 D.老年女性的子宫 6.哪种疾病的病变不易发生玻璃样变性() A.慢性肾小球肾炎 B.动脉粥样硬化 C.高血压病 D.支气管炎 7.伤寒病理变化的最主要特征是() A.肠管发生溃疡 B.以单核巨噬细胞增生为主 C.末梢血白细胞减少 D.脾大 8.下列哪种疾病最易引起肠管狭窄() A.肠阿米巴病 B.肠伤寒 C.肠结核 D.细菌性痢疾 9.慢性支气管炎最常见的并发症是() A.肺炎 B.肺脓肿 C.支气管扩张和肺源性心脏病 D.肺气肿和肺源性心脏病 10.鼻咽癌转移最常见于() A.血道转移至肺 B.血道转移至肝 C.血道转移至骨 D.同侧颈上深淋巴结转移 11.层状血栓是() A.红色血栓 B.白色血栓 C.混合血栓 D.透明血栓 12.肿瘤的实质是指()

A.神经组织 B.纤维组织 C.血管 D.肿瘤细胞 13.不符合淤血的描述是() A.可引起出血 B.可引起实质细胞增生 C.可引起器官硬化 D.可引起器官水肿 14.移行细胞癌最常见的好发部位是() A.肾盂 B.输尿管 C.膀胱三角区 D.膀胱前壁 15.葡萄胎的病理学诊断依据是() A.子宫体积增大 B.宫腔内刮出大小不一的水泡 C.阴道无痛性流血 D.胎心音消失 16.急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎的镜下主要变化是() A.肾小球间质中结缔组织增生 B.肾小球系膜基质增生 C.肾小球内皮细胞及系膜细胞增生 D.肾小球球囊壁层上皮细胞增生 17.癌与肉瘤的最主要区别是() A.发生部位不同 B.组织来源不同 C.发生的年龄不同 D.转移的途径不同 18.急性普通型病毒性肝炎的病变为() A.纤维组织增生 B.桥接坏死 C.大片坏死 D.点状坏死 19.下列哪项属于癌前疾病() A.胃溃疡 B.慢性浅表性胃炎 C.皮肤瘢痕 D.肺结核球 20.血栓形成条件,下列哪项是错误的() A.血管内膜损伤 B.血管中层坏死 C.血流状态的改变 D.血液凝固性增高 21.白细胞向着化学刺激物做定向移动的现象称为() A.白细胞游出 B.白细胞渗出 C.趋化作用 D.白细胞靠边 22.下列肿瘤中属于上皮组织良性肿瘤的是() A.毛细血管瘤 B.肾母细胞瘤 C.腺瘤 D.畸胎瘤 23.慢性肺源性心脏病常见的病因是() A.支气管哮喘 B.支气管扩张症 C.支气管肺炎 D.慢性支气管炎 24.碎片状坏死发生的部位是() A.肝小叶中央静脉 B.肝小叶周边界板区 C.肾皮质区 D.肾髓质区 25.风湿病的特征性病变为() A.充血、水肿 B.风湿性肉芽肿 C.黏液样变性 D.炎细胞浸润 26.动脉粥样硬化症主要发生于() A.大、中动脉 B.细动脉 C.小动脉 D.微小动脉

编译原理龙书课后部分答案(英文版)

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