自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第二章 句子类型
第二章 句子类型 Sentence type
2.0 Introduction 句子类型和作用 4种主要句型，陈述句(declarative)，疑问句(interrogative)，祈使句(imperative)，感叹句(exclamatives) 1. Statements are associated with declaratives and primary concerned with giving information. 2. Questions are associated with interrogatives and primary concerned with requiring info.
3. Commands are associated with imperatives and primary concerned with requiring actions.
4. Exclamations are associated with exclamatives and primary concerned with expressing the speaker ’s impression of something. 2.1 Statements 陈述句 陈述句通常分为肯定陈述句（Assertion 肯定句）和非肯定句（Non Assertion 非肯定句），与这两种陈述句用法相关联的有3类词，肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Non assertive)。
Assertion Positive and Declarative Positive Sentence Interrogative Non Assertion Negative Negative 2.1.1 肯定词(Assertive)，否定词(Negative)和非肯定词(Non assertive) 以及使用
Questions are usually non assertive, but they can be assertive when an positive answer is
excepted, therefore, both assertive & non assertive words can be used.
*Negative statements often use 1: not + Non assertive word; 2: Negative word
I do not have any news for you. I have no news for you.
*Non assertive words in Non assertive context.
1. 接在有否定意思的词后They refused to stay here any longer.
2. If 从句 if anyone calls me, it must be John.
3. putative should 从句 it ’s odd that she should say anything like that.
4. 比较句， he is better than anyone else in the class.
2.1.2 Negation 否定句
a. 否定词
一般是no, not, 加强否定词： never, not at all, not a single, by no means, not a bit, not in the least, 半否定词，negative in meaning but not in appearance. Seldom, Hardly, Rarely, barely, scarcely, little, few …
b. 否定范围
1. the scope extends from negative words to the end of the sentence.
2. Different intonation on end place adverbial.
3. the scope doesn ’t include disjunction or conjuncts.
4. A particular stress. (intonation)
5. All and every in different stress. (Intonation)
c. 否定转移 transfer negation normally occurs with the words express ”: opinion ”
think, believe, suppose, image, expert,
I don’t think he will come. but these words: assume, fear, surmise, presume.
I don ’t assume that they ’ve already won the game.
≠ I assume that they haven ’t won the game.
2.2 Questions 疑问句
4种句型，一般疑问句YES-NO Question, 特殊疑问句WH-question, 选择疑问句alternative question, 附加疑问句tag question.
YES-NO QUESTIONS
: querying the truth of a statement.
用non-assertive words.
: asking for confirmation of speaker ’s assumption.
: A YES-NO Question with positive orientation use assertive words instead of non assertive. Do you have some questions? ( expect to say yes,)
: express the speaker ’s negative attitude towards his own assumption.
negative orientation, with negative words.
Don ’t you have any sense of humor? (I thought you had, but you don ’t)
as imperative
特点：negative orientation, with negative words.
Won ’t you come in ?/ sit down?
as exclamation
negative orientation, with negative words.
isn ’t it lovely?
WH QUESTIONS 特殊疑问句
作用：require some specific information In the reply. Not query the truth of the statement, but ask for details about a part of it.
Alternative Question 选择疑问句
Two subclasses: 1) formed on the basis of YES-NO Question, 2) formed on the basis of WH-Question.
Would you like tea or coffee?
Tea, please. No, thanks .(coffee 升调)
What would you like, tea or coffee?
Tea, please.
Tag Question 附加疑问句
The tag can be spoken with rising tone and falling tone.
Rising tone (like a yes-no question): Express the speaker ’s neutral expectation of the hearer ’s response, and invite the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement.
Falling tone （similar to exclamation ）: the speaker ask for the hearer ’s confirmation of the statement rather than verification the truth.
Irregular question tags.
*Let ’s ….., shall we?
*Everyone is here, isn ’t he?
Isn’t they?
*Have 做助动词时，反义疑问句用 haven ’t
You have already heard the news, haven ’t you?
Have to 词组，用 do
They have to live on their own, don ’t they?
Have 除了表述“占有，拥有”时，都用 don ’t
You had your hair cut, don ’t you?
You have a lot of friends, haven ’t you? Don ’t you?
May 用can ’t 做反义疑问句。
Ought to 用shouldn ’t 做反义疑问句。
2.3 Commands 祈使句
祈使句的强调形式：
1. 加主语You, 但不可加please 了。
You be patient; you shut up.
2. 句首加do
Do be quiet.
祈使句的否定形式
1. Don ’t + Non assertive words.
Eat something
Don ’t eat anything.
2. Let 祈使句，在let 后加not 或在句首加don ’t
Let me try again.
Let me not try again.
Don ’t let me try again.
2.4Exclamations 感叹句
2 major types: What- exclamations and How- exclamations.
What-exclamations: can be subject, object, complement, adverbial 可修饰单数，复数以及不可数名词。
What a large ant is approaching! (Subject)
What a strange friend you have. (Object)
What a good idea it is! (Complement)
What a long time he is been working! (Adverbial)
介词一般在what前面
In what a dangerous situation these refugees are!
How-exclamations: adjective, adverb, verb
How foolish you are!
How I love you !
How + Adj. only modifies singular noun.
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案
2007年4月全国自考现代英语语法试题和答案 一、单项选择题（本大题共21小题，每小题1分，共21分） to bed until 1. The general sent out word that no one in the bunker further orders.【】 A. will go B. would go C. was about to go D. was to go 答案：D 2. He violin when I want to sleep.【】 A. always plays B. play always C. is always playing D. always is playing 答案：C until yesterday.【】 3. James has just arrived,but I didn＇t know he A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes 答案：B everything else.【】 4. I only called the police when I A. tried B. was trying C. had tried D. had been trying 答案：C .【】 5. Mother wished I you what she A. didn＇t tell; said B. didn＇t tell; has said C. didn＇t tell; had said D. hadn＇t told; said 答案：D 6. Jean Wagner＇s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.【】
现代英语语法 历年真题汇总2(打印版)
动词部分（第5,6,7,8章） 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1.2010040 2. My train is going to arrive at Shanghai at about eight o’clock tonight. The plane I’d like to take from there ______ by then. ( ) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2.2010040 3. The young man who has applied for the post ______ in the general manager’s office.( ) A. is interviewing B. is being interviewed C. to be interviewed D. had been interviewed 3.2010040 4. It is essential that all the exam papers ______ back before the end of the term. ( ) A. must be sent B. are sent C. will be sent D. be sent 4.2010040 5. ______ for my illness, I would have got the job in the Disneyland. ( ) A. Not being B. Without being C. Had it not been D. Not having been 5.2010040 6. The car ahead of me suddenly stopped by the roadside. I think it ______ out of gas.( ) A. may run B. may have run C. must run D. should have run 6.2010040 7. The teacher won’t mind ______ the term paper. ( ) A. us to delay handing in B. our delaying handing in C. our delaying to hand in D. us delay to hand in 7.20100408. All the tasks ______ ahead of time, they decided to have a dinner party to celebrate.( ) A. have been finished B. had been finished C. having been finished D. were finished. 8.20100702. It seems that oil ____ from the tank for some time. We’ll have to take the oil tank apart to see what's wrong. （） A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 9.20100703. A great deal of research _____ into the possible cures to AIDS in recent years.（） A. is done B. was done C. has been done D. will be done 10.20100704. Gone ____ when the Chinese people had to struggle to make a living and to worry about lack of food all day. （） A. the days B. are the days C. have the days D. the days have 11.20100705. Sometimes I wish I ____ extraordinary power to make all the impossible possible.（） A. have B. had C. have had D. am having 12.20100706. I've tried several times today, but the line is always busy; someone ____ the telephone. （） A. should be using B. must have been using C. must have used D. must be using 13.20100707. It's no use ______ the result of the exam; it's already finished. （） A. worrying about B. to worry about C. to worrying about D. having worried about 14.20100708. With so much noise outside, the speaker had to raise his voice to have himself____.（） A. hear B. heard C. to be heard D. to hear 15.20110402. The child ought to have a rest; she ______ the piano for nearly three hours. ( ) A. had practiced B. is practicing C. has been practicing D. practices
(完整)初中英语句子种类(一)
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自考现代英语语法第三章翻译
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自考现代英语语法学习笔记--名词和名词短语
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初中英语语法大全之句子的种类
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d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions)： He doesn‘t know her，does he？ 他不认识她，对不对？ 3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences)：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如： Sit down，please。请坐。 Don’t be nervous！别紧张！ 4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如： What good news it is！多好的消息啊！ (二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类： 1)简单句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句，例如： She is fond of collecting stamps。她喜欢集邮。 (主)(谓) 2)并列句(Compound Sentences)：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接，例如： The food was good，but he had little appetite。 (主)(谓)(主)(谓) 食物很精美，但他却没什么胃口。 3)复合句(Complex Sentences)：包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导，例如：
小学英语语法----句子的种类
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2016年4月全国自考《现代英语语法》真题及详解
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初中英语语法 句子的种类
初中英语语法------句子的种类A英语中的句子按其使用目的，句子可分为：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、和感叹句。 Eg: 陈述句：This is a dog. 疑问句：Is this a dog? 祈使句：Open your eyes! 感叹句：What a beautiful building it is! 简单句：I am studying. 并列句：I was born in a small village and I lived there for nearly ten years. 复合句：As soon as I get there, I'll call you. 1 陈述句凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。陈述句句末用句号“.”，通常用降调。 Eg：We live in Beijing. We don't live in Beijing. (1) be 动词、一般动词（实义动词）、情态动词的否定句 I am not a student. I don't know him. He can't speak English.
be 动词的否定句句型：主语+ be动词+ not + … I wasn't good at English. They weren't at home yesterday. He isn't my cousin. 进行时和被动语态都有be 动词，它们的否定句与be动词的否定句同形。 Eg：They aren't cleaning the room. The child was not looked after by anybody. 将来时（will，shall）、完成时及情态动词的被动语态不能用be动词否定句型。 They will not be sent to the front. They will be not sent to the front.× 情态动词的否定句 句型：主语+情态动词+ not + 动词原形 Eg：I can't do it myself. You mustn't take the books out. You must not go there alone. 一般动词的否定句． 句型：主语+ do/does/did + not + 动词原形 Eg: They didn't live in Shanghai. He doesn't do his homework every day.
初中英语语法大全-句子种类
初中英语语法大全-句子的种类 按照英语句子的使用目的和用途，句子可分为四类： 陈述句(Declarative Sentence)、疑问句(Interrogative Sentence)、祈使句(Imperative Sentence)和感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)。 陈述句包括肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。 疑问句有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 图解语法 1. 陈述句 说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法，陈述句包括肯定陈述句和否定陈述句 特别提示：
肯定陈述句改成否定句或一般疑问句时，如句中有already，some，something，somebody等词，须分别改成yet，any，anything，anybody 等。 另外，也要注意，too改成either，both改成neither，all改成none等。 2. 疑问句
3. 常用的特殊疑问句
4. 特殊的反意疑问句 ①主句是祈使句时，“will you?”意为“请求”，“won’t you?”表示提醒对方注意。 例句： Look at the blackboard, will you / won’t you? Don’t be late again, will you? ②感叹句后的反意疑问，用一般现在时态的否定形式 例句： What fine weather, isn’t it? How beautifully she sings, doesn’t she? ③陈述部分是“I am …”时，用“aren’t I?”而不用“am not I?” 例句： I'm working now, aren’t I?
自考现代英语语法Chapter 4限定词和属格要点及翻译教学文稿
自考现代英语语法C h a p t e r4限定词和 属格要点及翻译
Chapter 4限定词和属格 Chapter 4限定词和属格 (2) 4限定词和属格.................................................................................................错误!未定义书签。 4.0引言 (2) 4.1.2限定词的同现 (4) 4.1.3限定词的用法 (4) 4.1.4冠词 (6) 4.2属格 (9) 4.2.1属格的形式 (9) 4.2.2属格与of词组 (10) 4.2.3集体属格 (10) 4.2.4地点属格 (11) 4.0引言 一个典型的名词词组的完整结构可以用教材的图4.1来分析。 在名词词组中，修饰语对中心词进行描述或者分类，而限定词和属格则在限定性、数量、所属等方面上进行了明确，二者有着同等的句法地位，都是名词词组的主要成分。 限定词介绍名词词组。大多数常见的限定词都是冠词（定冠词和不定冠词），名词所有格，指示代词，以及数词，等等。一些限定词也许会以特定的形式同时出现在一个名词词组中。限定词只出现在名词词组中，不会出现在其他任何类型的词组中。 's被定义为名词词组的属格。物主限定词都是曲折了's的属格形式，这里's应该要从更广泛的意义上来理解，而不仅仅是传统意义的所有格。 属格与of词组，或者双重属格都是用于区分事物，指示所属的。他们对名词词组的指示对象或功能进行分类。
我们首先会在4.1中解释限定词的用法和功能，然后在4.2中探讨属格。 4.1限定词 什么是限定词？限定词就是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。从功能上主要可分为两种，类指和特指限定词和数量限定词，它们都可以用作不定指和定指；限定词还可以根据出现的位置分为前位限定词，中位限定词和后位限定词。以前的语法不承认限定词，许多这方面的词都划分成形容词，但是限定词和形容词在许多方面不同； ⑴当限定词和形容词同时出现在名词词组中，通常的顺序是限定词在前，形容词在后。 ⑵限定词的选择受名词中心词类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。 ⑶限定词对名词中心词表示确认或定量，而形容词作为前置修饰语则表示特征。 ⑷限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作为名词修饰语时，既可前置又可后置。 ⑸形容词有比较形式，如直接在形容词后加屈折词缀，或直接在词前加more而限定词没有。 4.1.1限定词的功能 限定词在名词词组中，主要起特指、类指或不定指数量的限定作用，都具有定指和不定指的意义。 一些限定词可根据上下文来决定，是表示类指、特指或数量。
小学英语语法句子的种类
句子的种类 (1)一般疑问句 用来询问一件事或情况是否属实。用yes 或 no 来回答。 (2)特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词加一般疑问句构成，不能用yes来no回答。一般用完整的回答或是直接回答疑问词的提问。Where are you from? I am from Beijing. 或Beijing. (3)选择疑问句 提供两种或两种以上的选项供对方选择，前面的选项之间用逗号分隔开来，后两项之间用or连接，回答时选择一种。 Would you like a pear, an apple or a banana ? I’d like a b anana。 (4)反意疑问句 由陈述句加一个简短问句构成，简短问句对陈述句提出相反的疑问。如果陈述句部分是肯定，后面问句就用否定形式；陈述句部分是否定，简短问句则用肯定形式。 He likes music, doesn’t he? Yes,he does. 是的，他喜欢。No,he doesn’t. 不，他不喜欢。 He doesn’t like music, does he ? Yes,he does. 不，他喜欢。No,he doesn’t. 是的，他喜欢。 即回答应该按实际情况来回答，实际情况是肯定的，就用yes。否定的就用no.
小学英语一般疑问句，否定句以及对划线部分提问的解题指导 改为一般疑问句： 先找am, is, are, was, were或can, would，放在最前面， 如没有则判断是否为过去式，是则动词改为原形，句前加Did，其余照抄； 不是则判断是否为第三人称单数，是则动词改为原形，句前加Does,其余照抄 以上都不是，则句前加Do，其余照抄。 改为否定句： 方法和上面一样， 先找am, is, are, was, were或can, would，再后加not，其余照抄 如没有则判断是否为过去式，是则动词改为原形，人后加didn’t，其余照抄； 不是则判断是否为第三人称单数，是则动词改为原形，人后加doesn’t,其余照抄 以上都不是，则人后加don’t，其余照抄 对划线部分提问： ①用适当的疑问词代替划线部分，②将剩余部分改为一般疑问句 （注：如划线部分为主语，则用who代替，其余照抄；如划线部分为动词或动词短语，则用do代替，句前加what，再改为一般疑问句）例如： He is running now.----- He isn’t ru nning now. ---Is he running now? ---Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t. They are making a puppet.---- They aren’t making a puppet.---Are they making a puppet? ---Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. I often watch TV in the evening.------ I don’t often watch TV in the evening.---- Do you often watch TV in the evening?-----Yes, I do. No, I don’t. He plays football after school. ---- He doesn’t play football after school. Does he play football after school?----Yes, he does. No,he doesn’t. We began class at 8 o’clock yesterday.------ We didn’t begin class at 8 o’clock yesterday. Did you begin class at 8 o’clock yesterday? ---Yes,we do. No, we don’t. 练一练： 1、填入适当的疑问词。 1) _____wallet is it? It’s mine.2) ____is the Christmas Day? It’s on t he 25th of Decem ber. 3)________is the diary? It’s under the chair. 4) ______is the boy in blue? He’s Mik e.
自考英语语法问答题总结
自考《现代英语语法》总结 Chapter One 1.What are the four major types of sentence and what discourse functions are they normally associated with? Statements are normally associated with declaratives and primarily concerned with giving information. Questions are associated with interrogatives and primarily concerned with requiring information. Commands are associated with imperatives and primarily concerned with requiring actions. Exclamations are associated with exclamatives and primarily concerned with expressing the speaker’s impression of something. 2.What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature? The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are: think, believe, suppose imagine and expect. They are the verbs that express “opinion”. 3.Explain the differences between a tag question with a final rising tone and one with a final falling tone. With a rising tone, the question expresses the speaker’s neutral expectation of the hearer’s response and invites the hearer to verify the truth of the proposition in the statement. With a falling one, the speaker asks for the hearer’s confirmation of the statement. It can be regarded as similar to an exclamation. Chapter 4 4.Can the definite article be used for generic reference and the indefinite article for specific reference? If they can, give one example for each use. The definite article can be used for generic reference. For example, the panda is a rare animal. The panda here still denotes the whole species. The indefinite artic le can also be used for specific reference. For example, a dog chained at me when I was on my way home last night. Here a dog points to a particular, actual example of the class. Here “a”shows indefinite specific reference. 5.What are some of the constraints that the double genitive is subject to? The second noun in the double genitive almost always refers to persons, never to objects, and the first noun usually has indefinite reference (typically premodified by the indefinite article and the second noun is always definite.) Chapter 5 6.Why do most contemporary English grammarians adopt a two-tense system? Because tense is a verb form. Morphologically only present tense and past tense have their forms of verbs. A language which has no verb forms has no tense. 7.If tense is related to time, what is aspect related to? When ten points to the temporal location of an event or a state of affairs, aspect “reflects the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.” 8.Why is the past tense often used for politeness? Because the past tense can make a question or a statement or a suggestion less direct. It is more polite to use the past tense on the part of the speaker.