美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照（二）
上一篇/ 下一篇 2009-01-05 10:44:15 / 个人分类：GMP/GLP
查看( 1076 ) / 评论( 2 ) / 评分( 0 / 0 ) III. TYPES OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
A. Regulatory A nalytical Procedure
A regulatory analy tical procedure is the analy tical procedure used to ev aluate a def ined characteristic of the drug substance or drug product. The analy tical procedures in the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) are those legally recognized under section 501(b) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) as the regulatory analytical procedures f or compendial items. For purpos es of determining compliance with the Act, the regulatory analytical procedure is used.
III分析方法的类型
A. 法定分析方法
法定分析方法是被用来评估原料药或制剂的特定性质的。USP/NF中的分析方法是法定的用于药典项目检测的分析方法。为了确认符合法规，需使用法定分析方法。
B. A lternative A nalytical Procedure
An alternativ e analy tical procedure is an analytical procedure proposed by the applicant f or use instead of the regulatory analy tical procedure. A v alidated alternativ e analy tical procedure should be submitted only if it is shown to perf orm. equal to or better than the regulatory analy tical procedure.
B. 替代分析方法
替代分析方法是申请者提出用于代替法定分析方法的分析方法。只有当一替代分析方法相当于或优于法定分析方法时，才可以应用验证过的替代分析方法。
If an alternativ e analytical procedure is submitted, the applicant should prov ide a rationale f or its inclusion and identify its use (e.g., release, stability testing), v alidation data, and comparativ e data to the regulatory analytical procedure.
如果提交了替代分析方法，申请者还应当提供其理由，并标明其用途（如，放行，稳定性实验），验证资料及其与法定分析方法的对比资料。
C. Stability-Indicating A ssay
A stability-indicating assay is a v alidated quantitativ e analytical procedure that can detect the changes with time in the pertinent properties of the drug substance and drug product.
C. 稳定性指示分析
稳定性指示分析是能检测出原料药或制剂的某些性质随着时间的延长而出现的变化的定量分析方法。
A stability-indicating assay accurately measures the activ e ingredients, without interf erence f rom degradation products, process impurities, excipients, or other potential impurities。
稳定性指示分析能不受降解产物，工艺杂质，赋形剂或其它潜在杂质的影响而准确测定其中的活性成分。
If an applicant submits a non-stability-indicating analytical procedure f or release testing, then an analy tical procedure capable of qualitativ ely and quantitativ ely monitoring the impurities, including degradation products, should complement it. Assay analy tical procedures f or stability studies should be stability-indicating, unless scientifically justif ied.
如果申请者递交了用于放行检测的非稳定性指示分析方法，则应当要有能定性和定量地监测杂质，包括降解产物，的分析方法对其进行补充。稳定性试验中所用的含量分析方法应当要有稳定性指示能力，除非有科学的理由能证明其合理性。
IV. REFERENCE STANDARDS
A. Types of Standards
A ref erence standard (i.e., primary standard) may be obtained f rom the USP/NF or other official sources (e.g., CBER, 21 CFR 610.20). If there are questions on whether a source of a standard would be considered by FDA to be an official source, applicants should contact the appropriate chemistry rev iew staff. When there is no off icial source, a ref erence standard should be of the highe st possible purity and be f ully characterized.
IV 标准品
A．标准品的类型
可以从USP/NF处或其它官方(比如说，CBER，21CFR 610.20)获得标准品(也就是一级对照品)。如果不能确定一标准品的来源是否会被FDA认为是官方来源，申请者应当要向适当的化学评审人员咨询。如果没有官方来源，则被用来作标准品的物质应当要有尽可能高的纯度，并得到充分界定。
A working standard (i.e., in-house or secondary standard) is a standard that is qualif ied against and used instead of the ref erence
standard.
工作对照品(也就是内部标准品或二级标准品)是根据一级对照品标定的，并用来代替一级对照品的。
B. Certificate of A nalysis
A certif icate of analy sis (COA) f or ref erence standards from non-off icial sources should be submitted in the section of the application on analy tical procedures and controls. For standards f rom off icial sources, the user should ensure the suitability of the ref erence standard. The standard should be stored correctly and used within the established use interv al.
B．分析报告单
对于非官方标准品，在申请的分析方法和控制章节中应当要提供该标准品的分析报告单。对于从官方获得的标准品，用户应当要确保标准品的适用性。应当正确储存标准品并在已确定的时间段内使用该标准品。
C. Characterization of a Reference Standard
Ref erence standards f rom USP/NF and other off icial sources do not require f urther characterization. A ref erence standard that is not obtained f rom an official source should be of the highest purity that can be obtained by reasonable eff ort, and it should be thoroughly characterized to ensure its identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency.
C．标准品的界定
从USP/NF及其它官方来源获得的标准品是不需要进一步界定的。非官方对照品要有尽可能高的纯度，并进行充分地界定以确保其结构，剂量，质量，纯度和效力。
The qualitativ e and quantitativ e analy tical procedures used to characterize a ref erence standard are expected to be diff erent f rom, and more extensiv e than, those used to control the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of the drug substance or the drug product.
Analy tical procedures used to Draft — Not f or Implementation characterize a ref erence standard should not rely solely on comparison testing to a prev iously designated ref erence standard.
用于界定标准品的定性和定量分析方法应当要不同于用于控制原料药或制剂的结构，剂量，质量，纯度和效力的分析方法，要比它们更深入。用于标准品界定的分析方法不应仅仅是和先前的指定标准品进行比较实验。
Generally, this characterization information should include:
A brief description of the manuf acture of the ref erence standard, if the manuf acturing process diff ers f rom that of the drug substance. Any additional purif ication procedures used in the preparation of the ref erence standard should be described.
一般来说，界定资料应当要包括：
标准品的简单工艺描述，如果其生产工艺是否于其相应的原料药的话。应当要叙述制备标准品时所用的补充精制过程。
Legible reproductions of the relev ant spectra, chromatograms, thin-lay er chromatogram (TLC) photographs or reproductions, and other appropriate instrumental recordings. Data establishing purity. The data should be obtained by using appropriate tests, such as TLC, gas chromatography (GC), high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), phase solubility analysis, appropriate thermometric analy tical procedures, and others as necessary.
相关光谱图，色谱图，TLC照片及其它仪器输出的清晰复印件。建立纯度的资料。应当要应用适当的检测方法来获得这些资料，比如说TLC，GC，HPLC，相溶解分析，适当的热分析方法及其它必要的分析方法。
Appropriate chemical attribute inf ormation, such as structural f ormula, empirical f ormula, and molecular weight. Inf ormation to substantiate the proof of structure should include appropriate analy tical tests, such as elemental analy sis, inf rared spectrophotometry (IR), ultrav iolet spectrophotometry (UV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS), as well as applicable f unctional group analy sis. Detailed interpretation of the test data in support of the claimed structure should be prov ided.
适当的化学性质资料，比如结构式，经验式和分子量等。结构确证资料应当要包括适当的分析测试，比如元素分析，IR，UV,NMR和MS，及适用的官能团分析。还应当要提供具体的结构解析资料。
A phy sical description of the material, including its color and physical f orm. Appropriate physical constants such as melting range,
boiling range, ref ractiv e index, dissociation constants (pK v alues), and optical rotation. A detailed description of the analytical procedures used to characterize the ref erence standard.
物理性质的描述，包括颜色和物理形态。适当的物理常数，比如说熔程，沸程，折射率，离解常数(pK值)和旋光度。用于界定标准品的分析程序的详细叙述。
For biotechnological/biological product ref erence standards, the recommendations on characterization inf ormation abov e may apply and should be considered. Howev er, additional and/or different tests would be important to assess phy sicochemical characteristics, structural characteristics, biological activ ity, and/or immunochemical activ ity.
至于生物技术/生物产品的标准品，应当要考虑上述建议，可能可以应用。然而，其它确定物理化学性质，结构特性，生物活性和/或免疫化学活性的补充检测和/或其它检测将是非常重要的。
Phy sicochemical determinations may include isof orm, electrophoretic, and liquid chromatographic patterns, as well as spectros copic prof iles. Structural characterization may include a determination of amino acid sequence, amino acid composition, peptide map, and carbohy drate structure. Biological and/or immunochemical activ ity should be assessed using the same analy tical procedures used to determine product potency.
物理化学性质包括异构体，电泳和液相色谱行为及光谱性质等。结构界定可能包括氨基酸序列，氨基酸组成，缩氨酸图和碳水结构。确定生物和/或免疫化学活性的分析方法应当要和用来确定产品效力的分析方法一样。
These can include animal-based, cell culture-based, biochemical, or ligand/receptor-binding assay s. While these tests may be needed f or complete characterization of certain ref erence standards, specif ic recommendations f or v alidation of biological and immunochemical tests are not contained in this guidance document.
这些分析方法可以包括基于动物的，细胞培养的，生物化学的或配位体/接受体螯合的分析方法。如果这些检测需用于某些标准品的界定，生物和免疫化学检测的分析方法验证方面的特殊建议并不在本指南的范围之内。
V. METHODS VALIDATION FOR INDs
For an inv estigational new drug, suff icient inf ormation is required in each phase of an inv estigation to ensure proper identif ication, quality, purity, strength, and/or potency. The amount of inf ormation on analy tical procedures and methods v alidation necessary will
v ary with the phase of the inv estigation (21 CFR 312.23(a)(7)).
V．IND中的分析方法验证
对于IND而言，每个阶段的研究都需要有足够的资料以确保合适的认定，质量，纯度，剂量和/或效力。所需的分析方法和方法验证方面的资料会随着研究的阶段变化而变化(21CFR312.23(a)(7))。
For general guidance on analy tical procedures and methods v alidation inf ormation to be submitted for phase 1 studies, sponsors should ref er to the FDA guidance f or industry on Content and Format of Inv estigational New Drug Applications (INDs) f or Phase 1 Studies of Drugs, Including Well- Characterized, Therapeutic, Biotechnology-Deriv ed Products (Nov ember 1995).
关于在第1阶段研究所需提交的分析方法和方法验证资料方面的指南，发起人可以参考FDA的指南：药品（包括结构确定的，有疗效的，生物技术产品）第1阶段研究的IND申请的内容和格式（1995年11月）。
General guidance regarding analy tical procedures and methods v alidation inf ormation to be submitted f or phase 2 or phase 3 st udies will be prov ided in the FDA guidance f or industry INDs f or Phase 2 and 3 Studies of Drugs, Including Specif ied Therapeutic Biotechnology-Deriv ed Products, Chemistry, Manuf acturing, and Controls Content and Format, when f inalized (draf t guidance published April 1999).
第2和第3阶段研究所需提交的分析方法和方法验证资料方面的指南，发起人将可以参考FDA的指南：药品（包括结构确定的，有疗效的，生物技术产品）第1阶段研究的IND申请的C MC内容和格式（草案，1999年4月）。
All analy tical procedures should be f ully dev eloped and v alidation completed when the NDA, ANDA, BLA, or PLA is submitted.
在递交NDA，ANDA，BLA或PLA时，所有的分析方法都应当要开发出来，并得到验
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照（三）
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查看( 869 ) / 评论( 1 ) / 评分( 0 / 0 ) VI. CONTENT AND FORMAT OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR NDAs, 230ANDAs, BLAs, AND PLAs
Any analytical procedure submitted in an NDA, ANDA, BLA, or PLA should be described in sufficient detail to allow a competent analyst to reproduce the necessary conditions and obtain results comparable to the applicant=s. Aspects of the analytical procedure that require special attention should be described.
VI．NDA，ANDA，BLA和PLA中分析方法的内容和格式
NDA，ANDA，BLA和PLA中所提交的任一分析方法都应当要有详细的描述，以使合格的分析人员能重现出所需的实验条件并获得和申请者相当的实验结果。应当要叙述分析方法中需要特殊注意的地方。
If the analytical procedure used is in the current rev ision of the USP/NF or other FDA rec ognized standard ref erences (e.g., AOAC International Book Of Methods) and the ref erenced analy tical procedure is not modif ied, a statement indicating the analy tical procedure and ref erence may be prov ided rather than a description of the method (21 CFR 211.194).
如果所用的分析方法是USP/NF或其它FDA认可参考文献（如，<
A description of analy tical procedures f rom any other published sources should be prov ided, because the ref erenced sources may not be readily accessible to the rev iewer.
对于从其它公开发表的文献上获得的分析方法，应当要对其进行叙述，因为评审官可能并不能很方便的获得这些文献。
分析方法描述中需要包括的典型内容如下所示：
A. Principle
A statement of the principle of the analy tical procedure should be included. For example, separation is based on isocratic rev ersed phase HPLC with detection by UV.
A．基本方法
HPLC进行分离的，检测器为UV检测器。
B. Sampling
The number of samples (e.g., v ials, tablets) selected, how they are used (i.e., as indiv idual or composit e samples), and the number of replicate analyses per sample should be described.
B．取样
需要叙述的有：所选样品的数目（比如，瓶，片等），它们是如何使用的（也就是，单独的或是混合样品），每个样品分析的重复次数。
C. Equipment and Equipment Parameters
A listing of all equipment (e.g., instrument ty pe, detector, column ty pe, dimensions) should be included, as well as a list of equipment parameters (e.g., flow rate, temperatures, run time, wav elength settings). A drawing representing the experimental conf igurat ion (e.g., illustrating positions f or a spray pattern analytical procedure) should be prov ided, when appropriate.
C．仪器和仪器参数
需要叙述的有：仪器列表（比如，仪器类型，检测器，柱子类型，尺寸等）和仪器参数（比如，流速，温度，运行时间和设定波长等）。如果必要的话，还要提供实验结构示意图（比如，阐述喷洒式分析方法的位置）。
D. Reagents
A list of reagents and their grades (e.g., USP/NF, American Chemical Society (ACS) Analytical Reagent) should be included. If
in-house or modif ied commercial reagents are used, directions for their preparation should be included. Unstable or potentially hazardous reagents should be identif ied, and storage conditions, directions f or saf e use, and usable shelf lif e f or these reagents should be specif ied.
D．试剂
需要叙述的有：试剂列表及其相应的规格（比如：USP/NF，美国化学社（ACS）分析试剂）。如果使用的是自制试剂或更改过的商业试剂，则应当要有其制备方法。对于不稳定的或有潜在危险的试剂，应标明其储存条件，安全使用说明和使用周期。
E. System Suitability Testing
Sy stem suitability test parameters and acceptance criteria are based on the concept that the equipment, electronics, analy tic al operations, and samples to be analy zed constitute an integrated system. Sy stem suitability testing ensures that the sy stem is working properly at the time of analy sis. Appropriate sy stem suitability criteria should be def ined and included in the analy tical procedure.
E．系统适应性实验
系统适应性实验参数和合格标准是建立基础是：仪器，电子元件，分析操作和待测样品是个不可分割的整体。系统适应性实验确保系统在样品分析的时候能很好地运行。在分析方法中应当要包括适当的系统适应性合格标准。
All chromatographic analy tical procedures should include system suitability testing and criteria. Parameters ty pically used in system suitability ev aluations are def ined and discussed in the CDER rev iewer guidance on Validation of Chromatographic Methods
(Nov ember 1994).
所有的色谱分析方法都应当要有系统适应性实验及相应的合格标准。CDER评审官指南<<色谱分析方法的验证>>（1994年11月）对用于评估系统适应性的典型参数进行了定义和讨论。
Sy stem suitability testing is recommended as a component of any analytical procedure, not just those that inv olv e chromatographic techniques. Regardless of the ty pe of analy tical procedure, testing should be used to conf irm that the system will f unction c orrectly independent of the env ironmental conditions. For example, titration analy tical procedures should alway s include the ev aluation of a blank (commonly ref erred to as a blank titration).
建议系统适应性实验应成为所有分析方法的一部分，而不仅仅是色谱分析方法。无论是哪类分析方法，都要采用实验来证实该系统能不受环境条件的影响而正确地运行。比如说，滴定法一般来说需要进行空白实验。
F. Preparation of Standards
Procedures f or the preparation of all standard solutions (e.g., stock, working standard solutions, internal standards) should be included.
F．标准品的制备
要有所有标准品溶液（比如，储备液，工作对照品溶液，内部对照品溶液）的配制方法。
G. Preparation of Samples
Sample preparation f or indiv idual tests should be clearly described. Specif ic details should be prov ided f or unusual sample preparations (e.g., solid-phase extraction, deriv atization).
G.操作过程
应当要按操作步骤对操作过程进行逐步叙述。叙述应当要适当包括如下信息：平衡时间，样品进样顺序和系统适应性或启动参数。需标明不常见的危险。
I. Calculations
Representativ e calculations, with a tabulation def ining all sy mbols and numerical f actors, and specif ic instructions f or the calculation of degradation products and impurities should be included. Any mathematical transf ormations or formulas used in data analy sis should be described in detail. These may include logarithmic transf ormations used to obtain a linear relationship f rom exponential data, or the use of multiple order regression analy ses.
I．计算
应当要提供代表性计算公式，并要列表说明所有符号和数字系数，及计算降解产物和杂质的特殊使用说明。所有用于数据分析的数学转换或公式应详细描述。这些包括对数转换以获得指数数据的线性关系，或多元回归分析的使用。
J. Reporting of Results
J.结果报告
1. General
The f ormat used to report results (e.g., percent label claim, weight/weight, weight/v olume, parts per million (ppm)) including the specific number of signif icant figures to be reported should be prov ided.
1．通则
应该规定关键计算步骤中的数字单位（例如，‘标签’标示量的百分比，W/W，W/L，ppm等）
2. Impurities A nalytical Procedures
The name and location/identif ier (e.g., retention time (RT), relativ e retention time (RRT)) of impurities and the type of impurity (e.g., process, degradant, excipient degradant) should be included in the analytical procedures f or impurities in the drug substance and drug product. The detection limit (DL) or quantitation limit (QL) should be stated, as appropriate. The DL or QL can be set using the drug substance's detection response.
2．杂质分析规程
在有关原料药和产品的杂质检测规程中，应当包括杂质的名称和检测位/标志（例如，保留时间RT，相对保留时间RRT），以及杂质的种类（比如工艺降解产物，赋形剂降解产物），如有可能，还应当指明检测限DL或定量限QL。也可以在原料药检测中设置DL和QL。
Reporting of organic impurities should cov er (1) specif ied identif ied impurities by name, (2) specif ied unidentif ied impurit ies by
location/identif ier, (3) any unspecif ied impurities, and (4) total impurities. The total organic impurities f or the drug product or drug substance is the sum of all impurities equal to or greater than their indiv idual QL.
See recommendations regarding appropriate QLs in FDA impurities guidances (see ref erences). Inorganic impurities and residual
solv ents should also be addressed.
有机杂质的报告中，应当包括：1、有记载的已经过确认的杂质的名称；2、有记载但未经过确认杂质的（检测）位/标志；3、所有的没有记载的杂质，以及；4、总杂质。总有机杂质是指所有达到或超过其自身定量限度的杂质的总量。在这里可以参考FDA杂质指南文章
中有关判定定量限度的内容（看后面的参考）。无机杂质和溶剂的残留，也应该被提到。
For the drug product, drug substance process impurities may be excluded f rom reporting if an acceptable rationale is prov ided in the sections on analy tical procedures and controls. Drug product impurities f rom the drug product manuf acturing process, packaging, and labeling should be addressed.
对于产品以及原料药的工艺杂质也可以不包括在报告中，除非分析规程和控制环节中描叙了一个可以被接受的原则，那么，在产品制造和包装过程中（包括贴签）产生的杂质就要被提到。
The abov e reporting inf ormation may not be strictly applicable to all products (e.g., biological, biotechnological, botanical, radiopharmaceutical drugs), but any signif icant process and product-related impurities should be determined and reported.
并不是所有产品（比如，生物制剂、生物工艺制剂、植物制剂、放射制剂）的报告都必须严格按照以上谈到的内容来写，但是所有关键的工序以及产品相关的杂质都要有检测和报告。
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照（四）
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查看( 958 ) / 评论( 3 ) / 评分( 0 / 0 ) VII. METHODS VALIDATION FOR NDAs, ANDAs, BLAs, AND PLAs
A. Noncompendial A nalytical Procedures
In an NDA, ANDA, BLA, or PLA, data must be submitted to establish that the analytical procedures used in testing meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability (21 CFR 211.194(a)(2)). Methods v alidation is the process of demonstrating that analy tical procedures are suitable f or their intended use. At the time of submission, the NDA, ANDA, BLA, or PLA should contain methods
v alidation inf ormation to support the adequacy of the analytical procedures.
VII．NDA，ANDA，BLA和PLA中的分析方法验证
A．非药典分析方法
在NDA，ANDA，BLA或PLA中，应当要递交资料以说明检测中所用的分析方法是满足适当的准确度和可靠性要求(21 CFR
211.194(a)92))。分析方法验证是个论述分析方法是适用于其拟定用途的过程。在递交资料，NDA，ANDA，BLA或PLA中应当要包含分析方法验证资料以支持分析方法的准确度。
The International Conf erence on Harmonisation (ICH) guidance Q2A Text on Validation of Analy tical Procedures (March 1995) and
Q2B Validation of Analytical Procedures: Methodology (Nov ember 1996) prov ide recommendations on v alidation of analytical procedures. Analy tical procedures outside the scope of the ICH guidances should still be validated.
ICH指导原则Q2A：分析方法验证（1995年3月）和Q2B：分析方法验证：方法学（1996年11月）给出了分析方法验证的建议。对于超出ICH指导原则范围的分析方法也是需要验证的。
1. Validation Characteristics
Applicants should submit inf ormation on the v alidation characteristics of their proposed analytical procedures (see ICH Q2A and ICH Q2B). Although not all of the v alidation characteristics are needed f or all ty pes of tests (see section VII.A.3), ty pical v alidation characteristics are:
1.验证项目
申请者应当要送交其所拟定分析方法的验证项目方面的信息（见ICH Q2A和ICH Q2B）。尽管不是对于所有类型的分析方法都需要进行所有的验证项目（见第VII.A.3章），但还是有典型的验证项目，如：
?Accuracy准确度
?Precision (repeatability and intermediate precision) 精密度（重复性和中间精密度）
?Specif icity专属性
?Detection limit 检测限
?Quantitation limit 定量限
?Linearity线性
?Range 范围
?Robustnes 耐用性
2. Other Methods Validation Information
Methods v alidation inf ormation should also include:
Data to demonstrate the stability of all analy tical sample preparations through the time required to complete t he analy sis.
2.其它验证资料
分析方法验证资料还应当要包括：
说明所有分析制备样品在完成分析所需的时间内的稳定性的资料。
Legible reproductions of representativ e instrument output or recordings (e.g., chromatograms) and raw data output (e.g., integrated areas), as appropriate. Instrument output f or placebo, standard, and sample should also be prov ided (see section VII.A.2.c).
清晰可读的仪器代表性输出和记录资料（如色谱图）和原始资料输出（积分面积）。安慰剂，对照品和样品的仪器输出也都是需要提供的（见第VII.A.2.c章）。
Representativ e calculations using submitted raw data, to show how the impurities in drug substance are calculated. Inf ormation f rom stress studies (see section VII.A.2.b). Impurities labeled with their names and location identif iers (e.g., RRT f or chromatog raphic data) f or the impurity analytical procedure.
代表性计算公式，以表明原料药中的杂质是如何计算的。(见VII.A.2.b章）。对于杂质分析方法，要标明杂质的名称和位置标识符（如，色谱中的相对保留时间RRT）。
For drug substances:
A discussion of the possible f ormation and control of polymorphic and enantiomeric substances.
Identif ication and characterization of each organic impurity, as appropriate. This inf ormation may not be needed f or all products (e.g.,
botanicals). Other impurities (e.g., inorganics, residual solv ents) should be addressed and quantitated.
对于原料药：
讨论可能会形成的异构体并讨论异构体的控制。
对每个有机杂质进行适当的标识和界定。不是所有的产品（如，植物药）都需要这些资料的。对于其它杂质（如无机杂质，残留溶剂），应当要进行说明并定量分析。
Recommendations on submitting inf ormation on impurities is prov ided in v arious FDA guidances such as the ICH guidance Q3A Impurities in New Drug Substances (January 1996).
A list of known impurities, with structure if av ailable, including process impurities, degradants, and possible isomers.
FDA的指导文件，如比ICH指导原则Q3A 新原料药中的杂质（1996年1月）。
已知杂质列表，包括工艺杂质，降解产物和可能的异构体。如果知道结构的话，也需提供。
For drug products:
A degradation pathway f or the drug substance in the dosage f orm, 419where possible. Data demonstrating recov ery from the sample matrix as illustrated by the accuracy studies. Data demonstrating that neither the freshly prepared nor the degraded placebo interf eres with the quantitation of the activ e ingredient. ICH Q2A and Q2
B address almost all of the v alidation parameters. Areas that should be prov ided in more detail are described below.
对于制剂：
原料药在制剂中可能的降解途径。通过准确度实验论证的样品回收率资料。要有资料论证无论是新制的安慰剂还是分解了的安慰剂都不会影响活性成分的定量分析。ICH Q2A和ICH Q2B几乎对所有的验证参数都进行了论述。下面论述的是那些还需要更详细地进行论述的方面。
a. Robustness
Robustness, a measure of the analy tical procedure's capability to remain unaff ected by small but deliberate v ariations, is described in ICH Q2A and Q2B. Such testing should be perf ormed during dev elopment of the analy tical procedure and the data discussed and/o r submitted. In cases where an eff ect is observ ed, representativ e instrument output (e.g., chromatograms) should be submitted.
a.耐用性
ICH Q2A和ICH Q2B对耐用性是有论述的，它衡量的是分析方法在细微的变化下不受影响的能力。该实验应当是在分析方法开发过程中进行的，对实验结果进行讨论和/或递交。如果观察到有影响，需提供代表性仪器输出（如色谱图）。
b. Stress Studies
Degradation inf ormation obtained f rom stress studies (e.g., products of acid and base hy droly sis, thermal degradation, photoly sis, oxidation) f or the drug substance and f or the activ e ingredient in the drug product should be prov ided to demonstrate the specif icity of the assay and analy tical procedures f or impurities. The stress studies should demonstrate that impurities and degradants f rom the activ e ingredient and drug product excipients do not interf ere with the quantitation of the activ e ingredient. Stress studies are described in v arious FDA guidances relating to the stability of drug products (see ref erences). The des ign of the stress studies and the results should be submitted to the stability section of the application. Representativ e instrument output (e.g., chromatograms) and/o r other appropriate data (e.g., degradation inf ormation obtained f rom stress studies) should be submitted in the sections on analy tical procedures and controls.
b.强降解实验
FDA很多关于药品稳定性的指导原则都对强降解实验进行了论述。
在申请的稳定性一章中应当要提供的资料有：强降解实验设计和实验结果。而代表性仪器输出（如：色谱图）和/或其它资料（强降解实验中所得的降解信息）应当要提供在分析方法和控制一章中。
c. Instrument Output/Raw Data
i. Organic Impurities
Representativ e data should be submitted to support an assessment of the organic impurities. Representativ e data f or residual solv ents are generally not needed. Instrument output and the raw numerical v alues (e.g., peak area) with appropriate identif ication and labeling (e.g., RT f or chromatographic peaks, chemical shift (d) and coupling constant (J) f or NMR) should be prov ided. The impurity prof ile should be assessed at the quantitation limit and the instrument output prov ided. Additional inf ormation should be prov ided to conf irm that the impurity prof ile is adequately characterized. For example, a representativ e chromatogram using detection at a low wav elength, such as 205 nm, and double the proposed total run time could be submitted to support the specif icity of the analytical procedure.
c.仪器输出/原始资料
i. 有机杂质
应当要提供代表性资料以支持有机杂质的评估。一般来说，是不需要残留溶剂的代表性资料的。仪器输出和原始数值（比如，峰面积）及合适的标记和标注（比如，色谱峰的保留时间，核磁共振的化学位移和耦合常数）都应当要提供。根据所提供的定量限和仪器输出对杂质情况进行评估。还应当要提供其它资料以确认杂质情况得到了充分地界定。比如说，比如说，代表性图谱选用的检测波长是205nm，则可以将拟定的运行时间延长至两倍以支持分析方法的专属性。
For quantitation purposes, the response factor of the drug substance may be
used f or impurities without a ref erence standard. In cases where the response f actors are not close, this practice may still be acceptable, prov ided a correction f actor is applied or the impurities are, in f act, being ov erestimated. Acceptance criteria and analy tical procedures used to estimate identif ied or unidentif ied impurities of ten are based on analy tical assumptions (e.g., equiv alent detector response). Assumptions should be discussed and justified.
在定量分析时，原料药的响应因子可用于没有相应对照品的杂质。如果响应因子不接近的话，只要应用了较正因子或或者杂质实际上是被高估的话，这样做也是可行的。用于评估指定杂质或未指定杂质的合格标准和分析方法经常都是基于分析假设的（比如，相当的检测器响应）。应当要对这些假设进行讨论和合理性说明。
ii. Drug Substance
Data should be submitted showing the separation and detection of impurities using spiked or stress samples. Complete impurity
prof iles as graphic output (e.g., chromatograms) and raw data (e.g, integrated peak areas) of representativ e batches should be submitted in the sections on analytical procedures and controls for the drug substance. For ANDAs and related submissions, appropriate inf ormation f or the batches used in the biobatch or submission batch should be prov ided. All responses (e.g., peaks) should be labeled. The analy tical procedure used should be capable of diff erentiating changes, if any, between past and present batches. The quantitation limit and the ty pe of organic impurity (e.g., degradant, process impurity) should be stated. The analy tical procedure number, batch number, manuf acturing date and site, and date of analy sis should be prov ided.
ii.原料药
ANDA和相关的递交，用于生物利用度研究的批次（biobatch）或者提交批次（submission batch）的相关资料应当要提供。所有的响应（比如，色谱峰）都应当要进行标注。所用的分析方法应当要有能力区分先前批次和当前批次之间的变化，如果有这些变化的话。应当要说明定量限和有机杂质的类型（比如：降解物，工艺杂质）。还需提供分析方法编号，批号，生产日期和生产地点及分析日期。
iii. Drug Product
Inf ormation such as instrument output (e.g., chromatograms) and raw data (e.g., integrated peak areas) from representativ e ba tches under long-term and accelerated stability conditions, and stressed samples should be submitted in the sections on analytic al procedures and controls of the drug product. For ANDAs and related submissions, appropriate inf ormation for the biobatch or submission batch should be prov ided. Ref erences to the raw data (e.g., chromatograms) should be included in the stability sec tion of the application.
iii.制剂
在制剂的分析方法和控制一章中，应要当提供的资料有：代表性批号在长期和加速稳定性实验条件下及强降解实验条件下的仪器输出（如，图谱）和原始资料（如峰面积）。对于ANDA和相关递交，应当要提供生物利用度实验批次或递交批次的适当资料。在申请的稳定性章节中应当要引用原始资料（比如：图谱）。
At a minimum, the submission should include instrument output and raw data f or release testing and at the latest av ailable time point f or the same batch. All responses (e.g., peaks) should be labeled and identif ied. In addition, the analy tical procedure number, batch number of the drug product, manuf acturing date, date of analysis, source and batch number of drug substance, manuf acturing site, and
container/closure inf ormation should be prov ided. The analytical procedures used should be capable of differentiating changes, if any, between past and present batches. The quantitation limit and the ty pe (e.g., degradant, leachables f rom packaging) should be reported. Multiple methodologies can be used.
至少，递交材料中应当要包括放行检测(Release testing)的仪器输出和原始资料. 需标注所有的响应信号（如色谱峰）。此外，还要提供，分析方法编号，制剂的批号，生产日期，分析日期，原料药的来源和批号，生产地点及容器/密闭系统信息。如在过往批次和现批次之间存在差异的话，所用的分析方法应当要有能力区分出来。应当要报告检测限和类型（如，降解物，包装时的漏出物）。
3. Recommended Validation Characteristics for Types of Tests
Table 1 is a summary of the v alidation characteristics that should be addressed during v alidation of different ty pes of analy tical procedures. The same methodology can be used for sev eral purposes. The v alidation inf ormation should support the intended purpose of the test. For example, if Raman spectroscopy is the methodology selected to quantitate poly morphic f orms as impurities, or chiral HPLC f or enantiomeric impurities, the recommended v alidation characteristics in Table 1 under quantitativ e testing f or impurities would apply. Howev er, if Raman spectroscopy or chiral HPLC are used f or the purpose of identif ication or as specif ic tests, the rec ommended v alidation characteristics listed for those ty pes of tests would apply.
3.各类检测的推荐验证项目
表1概述了在不同分析方法的验证过程中所需要的验证项目。同一分析方法可用于多个用途。验证资料需要能支持该分析方法的拟定用途。比如说，如果拉曼光谱用于定量分析多晶型杂质，或手性HPLC用于分析异构体杂质，则要应用表1中杂质定量分析中所推荐的验证项目。然而，如果拉曼光谱或手性HPLC被用于鉴定或特征实验的话，则要应用表1中所推荐的这些类型的验证项目。
NOTE注：
- Signif ies that this characteristic is not normally ev aluated. 表示通常不需要验证的项目。
+ Signif ies that this characteristic is normally ev aluated. 表示通常需验证的项目。
1 In cases where reproducibility has been perf ormed, intermediate precision is not needed. 假如已经论证了重现性，可不需要再论证中间精密度。
2 Lack of specif icity for an analy tical procedure may be compensated f or by the addition of a second analy tical procedure. 如果一分析方法缺少专属性的话，则需要另一分析方法进行补偿。
3 May be needed in some cases. 有些情况下是需要的。
4 May not be needed in some cases. 有些情况下是不需要的。
5 Lack of specif icity for an assay f or release may be compensated for by impurities testing.缺少专属性数据时可用杂质测试的数据来补偿。
a:Identif ication
Identif ication analy tical procedures may include tests such as IR, diff erential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV,
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美国宪法修正案 Amendments to the Constitution 修正案[一] 国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由，剥夺言论自由或出版自由；剥夺人民和平集会和向政府诉冤请愿的权利。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[I] Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 修正案[二] 管理良好的民兵是保障自由州的安全之所必需，此人民持有和携带武器的权利不得侵犯。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[II] A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 修正案[三] 士兵在和平时期，未经房主许可不得驻扎于任何民房；在战争时期，除依法律规定的方式外亦不得进驻民房。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[III] No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 修正案[四] 人民保护其人身、住房、文件和财物不受无理搜查扣押的权利不得侵犯；除非有合理的根据认为有罪，以宣誓或郑重声明保证，并详细开列应予搜查的地点、应予扣押的人或物，不得颁发搜查和扣押证。 [1791年12月15日批准] Amendment[IV] The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 修正案[五] 非经大陪审团提出报告或起诉，任何人不受死罪或其它重罪的惩罚，惟在战时国家危急时期发生在陆、海军中或正在服役的民兵中的案件不在此限。任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体伤残的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；未经正当法律程序，不得剥夺任何人的生命、自由或财产；非有恰当补偿，不得将私有财产充作公用。
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照
I. INTRODUCTION This guidance provides recommendations to applicants on submitting analytical procedures, validation data, and samples to support the documentation of the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of drug substances and drug products. 1. 绪论 本指南旨在为申请者提供建议，以帮助其提交分析方法，方法验证资料和样品用于支持原料药和制剂的认定，剂量，质量，纯度和效力方面的文件。 This guidance is intended to assist applicants in assembling information, submitting samples, and presenting data to support analytical methodologies. The recommendations apply to drug substances and drug products covered in new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), biologics license applications (BLAs), product license applications (PLAs), and supplements to these applications. 本指南旨在帮助申请者收集资料，递交样品并资料以支持分析方法。这些建议适用于NDA，ANDA，BLA，PLA及其它们的补充中所涉及的原料药和制剂。 The principles also apply to drug substances and drug products covered in Type II drug master files (DMFs). If a different approach is chosen, the applicant is encouraged to discuss the matter in advance with the center with product jurisdiction to prevent the expenditure of resources on preparing a submission that may later be determined to be unacceptable. 这些原则同样适用于二类DMF所涉及的原料药和制剂。如果使用了其它方法，鼓励申请者事先和FDA药品评审中心的官员进行讨论，以免出现这种情况，那就是花了人力物力所准备起来的递交资料后来发现是不可用的。 The principles of methods validation described in this guidance apply to all types of analytical procedures. However, the specific recommendations in this guidance may not be applicable to certain unique analytical procedures for products such as biological, biotechnological, botanical, or radiopharmaceutical drugs. 本指南中所述的分析方法验证的原则适用于各种类型的分析方法。但是，本指南中特定的建议可能不适用于有些产品所用的特殊分析方法，如生物药，生物技术药，植物药或放射性药物等。 For example, many bioassays are based on animal challenge models, 39 immunogenicity assessments, or other immunoassays that have unique features that should be considered when submitting analytical procedure and methods validation information. 比如说，许多生物分析是建立在动物挑战模式，免疫原性评估或其它有着独特特性的免疫分析基础上的，在递交分析方法和分析方法验证资料时需考虑这些独特的性质。Furthermore, specific recommendations for biological and immunochemical tests that may be necessary for characterization and quality control of many drug substances and drug products are beyond the scope of this guidance document. 而且，许多原料药和制剂的界定和质量控制所需的生物和免疫化学检测并不在本指南的范围之内。 Although this guidance does not specifically address the submission of analytical procedures and validation data for raw materials, intermediates, excipients, container closure components, and other materials used in the production of drug
英文商务会议欢迎词
英文商务会议欢迎词 篇一：招待晚会欢迎词中英文对照 第一届武汉总领馆美国国庆招待晚会欢迎词（中英对照）welcomingRemarksatFirstconGenwuhanJuly4thReception byUSconsulGeneraltowuhanwendyLyle July4th,20XX 在第一届武汉总领馆美国国庆招待晚会所致的欢迎词 美国驻武汉领事馆总领事白小琳 20XX年7月4日 GoodEvening,LadiesandGentlemen!iamwendyLyle,theU.S.consulGeneral inwuhanandthemoderatoroftonight’sreception. 大家好！我是白小琳，美国驻武汉总领事，也是今天晚上美国国庆招待会的主持人。onbehalfoftheU.S.consulateGeneralinwuhan,iwouldliketoextendaheartyw elcometoallofyou--ViceGovernorTianchengzhongofHubei;deputymayorY ueYongofwuhan;FrenchconsulGeneral;seniorofficialsfromallfourprovince softhewuhanconsulardistrict;mayorsanddeputymayorsandseniorgovernme ntofficialsof13citiesincentralchina；presidents,professorsandstudentsfrom14universities；membersofwuhanartcommunity;mydearfriendsfromShenzhen,HongKong
201507fda行业指南：分析方法验证(中英文)(下).doc
201507 FDA行业指南：分析方法验证（中英文）（下） VII. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND MODELS 统计学分析和模型 A. Statistics 统计学 Statistical analysis of validation data can be used to evaluate validation characteristics against predetermined acceptance criteria. All statistical procedures and parameters used in the analysis of the data should be based on sound principles and appropriate for the intended evaluation. Several statistical methods are useful for assessing validation characteristics, for example, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess regression analysis R (correlation coefficient) and R squared (coefficient of determination) or linear regression to measure linearity. Many statistical methods used for assessing validation characteristics rely on population normality, and it is important to determine whether or not to reject this assumption. There are many techniques, such as histograms, normality tests, and probability plots that can be used to evaluate the observed distribution. It may be appropriate to transform the data to better fit the normal distribution or apply distribution-free (nonparametric) approaches when the observed data are
英文欢迎词范文
英文欢迎词范文 英文欢迎词范文 英文欢迎词范文1 Ladies and gentlemen: On the occasion of the 30th anniversary anniversary of the XXX plant, please allow me to extend my warm welcome to the distinguished guests from all over the world on behalf of the XXX plant and in my own name. My friends have come to congratulate and discuss trade cooperation in spite of the distant journey. I feel happy for the 30th anniversary factory celebrations of our factory. I sincerely feel happy and express our sincere thanks to our friends for their efforts to promote friendly relations between the two sides. Many of you here today are our old friends, and we have good cooperative relations. Our factory has built up factories for 30 years and can achieve today’s results. We cannot do without our sincere cooperation and strong support from our old friends. In this regard, we express our sincere admiration and thanks. At the same time, we are very happy to have the opportunity to meet new friends from all over the country. Here, I would like to extend a warm welcome to our new friends again, and hope to work closely with new friends and develop friendly and cooperative relations with each other. “It’s not a pleasure to have friends coming from the distance.”On the occasion of the meeting of the new friends and old friends, I propose: For further cooperation between us, For the growing friendship between us, For the health and happiness of my friends, Cheers!英文欢迎词范文2 Leaders and teachers: Good morning, everybody! Today is another great event of our educational circles in Lu Kou Town. Today is full of the attention of all schools to teaching and research activities, which fully
(完整版)美国宪法修正案中英文对照
美国宪法修正案中英文对照 第一修正案Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 国会不得制定有关下列事项的法律：确立一种宗教或禁止信仰自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会及向政府要求申冤的权利。 第二修正案Amendment II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 组织良好的民兵队伍，对于一个自由国家的安全是必需的，人民拥有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。 第三修正案Amendment III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。 第四修正案Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点和扣押的人或物，不得发出搜查和扣押状。 第五修正案Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 无论何人，除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书，不受死罪或其他重罪的审判，但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服役的民兵中的案件除外。任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程序，不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。不给予公平赔偿，私有财产不得充作公用。 第六修正案Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 在一切刑事诉讼中，被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知控告的性质和理由；同原告证人对质；以强制程序取得对其有利的证人；并取得律师帮助为其辩护。 第七修正案Amendment VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 在习惯法的诉讼中，其争执价额超过二十美元，由陪审团审判的权利应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实，合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯法规则，不得重新审查。
英文欢迎致辞 (2)
英文欢迎致辞 欢迎辞 Welcoming speech Ladies and gentlemen, Following the increasing rapidity of our communications with countries abroad, China is having a large number of visitors from different countries. Today, we feel very much honored to have [Prof. Martin. Wilson] with us. [Prof. Martin. Wilson] is well known to the world for his achievements in the field of [mathematics]. First of all, let me, on behalf of all present here, extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guest. Now let us invite [Prof. Wilson] to give us a lecture. 女士们，先生们： 随着我国对外交往日益增多，中国每天要接待大量来自不同国家的贵客。今天，我们感到很荣幸能和[马丁·威尔逊教授]欢聚一堂。[威尔逊教授]在[数学]领域卓有成就，在世界上享有一定的威望。 首先，让我代表在座的各位向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真挚的问候。现在请[威尔逊教授]做报告。 用英文欢迎新来的同事 I am Peter, Sales manager of the company. First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome you to our company. As you are aware that our company is the one of the leading companies. I know you will be proud of you being a member of our company. It is always my great concern to keep the business going. We can never rest on our laurels. We need to set new goals for ourselves all the time. As you are equipped with new knowledge, new thoughts and new insights, make full use of them while they are still fresh in your minds.
欢迎词(中英文对照)
欢迎辞 金秋十月，丹桂飘香。蓉城日丽风和，柳林秋高气爽，欣逢2012全球化进程国际学术大会召开之际，我谨代表西南财经大学向远道而来的各位嘉宾致以最热烈的欢迎！ 本次全球化进程国际学术大会，以著名经济学家尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫诞生120周年、及其著作“The World Economy and its Conjunctures during and after the War”发表90周年为契机，由西南财经大学与莫斯科罗诺萦夫国立大学共同主办，中国世界经济学会和中国留美经济学会协办，同时，我们十分荣幸地邀请到了来自美国、俄罗斯、英国、德国、乌克兰、澳大利亚、新加坡、南非、瑞士等十多个国家的多名经济学者共聚西南财经大学，参加此次全球化进程国际学术大会。通过为国际范围内的学术对话与讨论搭建平台，全球化进程国际学术大会将成为一次影响范围广、学术水平高、社会意义大的经济学盛会。 全球化是本次会议的讨论主题，也是当今世界格局发展的必然趋势。经济全球化是全球化进程的主要方面，包括了金融全球化、生产全球化、贸易全球化、技术全球化等不同领域的经济现象。借助于经济全球化，世界经济活动超越国界，以对外贸易、资本流动、技术转移、提供服务的方式形成相互依存、相互联系的覆盖全球范围的有机经济整体。经济全球化发展的同时，也将伴随着政治、文化等诸多方面的全球化发展。因此，全球化的时代，是竞争与合作并存、机遇与挑战相倚的时代。对于正处在改革发展关键时期的中国，和其它世界各国，思考如何适应全球化大背景下的多元化发展趋势、如何应对全球化发展衍生出的经济与社会危机、如何在良性竞争的同时实现互利共赢等问题，有着巨大的现实意义。 本次全球化进程国际学术大会将从理论与实际的不同视角，探讨全球化——特别是经济全球化进程中的重点与热点问题，展示当前经济学界在相关领域的最新研究成果。通过对于热点学术问题的相互交流，以及对于当前经济现象的共同思考，必将推动全球化问题研究的进步，为中国改革开放、世界经济的复苏和进一步发展提供丰富的建议。 衷心祝愿各位领导、同僚，各位专家、学者，各位新老朋友们蓉城之行愉快！ 西南财经大学党委书记：赵德武 西南财经大学校长：张宗益 二零一二年十月十三日
美国年宪法全文中英文版
《美国宪法》（中、英文版） （中文） 序言 我们美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。 第一条 第一款本宪法所规定的立法权,全属合众国的国会,国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。 第二款众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成,各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。凡年龄未满二十五岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满七年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任众议员。众议员人数及直接税税额,应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配,此项人口数目的计算法,应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役,但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外,再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。实际人口调查,应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行,并于其后每十年举行一次,其调查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目,不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人,但每州至少应有众议员一人；在举行人囗调查以前,各州得按照下列数目选举众议员: 新罕布什尔三人、麻萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。任何一州的众议员有缺额时,该州的行政长官应颁选举令,选出众议员以补充缺额。众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员；只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。 第三款合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之,参议员的任期为六年,每名参议员有一票表决权。参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时,应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。第一组参议员的任期,到第二年年终时届满,第二组到第四年年终时届满,第三组到第六年年终时届满,俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选；如果在某州州议会休会期间,有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺,该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员,等到州议会下次集会时,再予选举补缺。凡年龄未满三十岁,或取得合众国公民资格未满九年,或于某州当选而并非该州居民者,均不得任参议员。合众国副总统应为参议院议长,除非在投票票数相等时,议长无投票权。参议院应选举该院的其他官员,在副总统缺席或执行合众国总统职务时,还应选举临时议长。所有弹劾案,只有参议院有权审理。在开庭审理弹劾案时,参议员们均应宣誓或誓愿。如受审者为合众国总统,则应由最高法院首席大法官担任主席；在末得出席的
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照 美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对 照 I. INTRODUCTION This guidance provides recommendations to applicants on submitting analytical procedures, validation data, and samples to support the documentation of the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of drug substances and drug products. 1. 绪论 本指南旨在为申请者提供建议，以帮助其提交分析方法，方法验证资料和样品用 于支持原料药和制剂的认定，剂量，质量，纯度和效力方面的文件。 This guidance is intended to assist applicants in assembling information, submitting samples, and presenting data to support analytical methodologies. The recommendations apply to drug substances and drug products covered in new drug applications (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs), biologics license applications (BLAs), product license applications (PLAs), and supplements to these applications. 本指南旨在帮助申请者收集资料，递交样品并资料以支持分析方法。这些建议适 用于NDA，ANDA，BLA，PLA及其它们的补充中所涉及的原料药和制剂。 The principles also apply to drug substances and drug products covered in Type II drug master files (DMFs). If a different approach is chosen, the applicant is encouraged to discuss the matter in advance with