必修三 第四章第3节《群落的结构》导学案

第四章第3节群落的结构

课前预习学案

一、预习目标

预习群落的结构特征，初步把握群落的物种组成、种间关系和空间特征。

二、预习内容

1．群落水平上研究问题

（1）种群的定义：____________________________________________

（2）种群的特征：__________________________________________________ （3）群落的定义：__________________________________________

（4）研究群落的基础：__________________________________________

2．群落的物种组成

（1）不同群落的物种数目______差别。

（2）丰富度：__________________________________________________

3．种间关系

种间关系包括：______________________________________________________ 4．群落的空间结构

群落的空间结构包括：__________________________________________

三、提出疑惑

同学们，通过你的自主学习，你还有哪些疑惑，请把它填在下面的表格中

疑惑点疑惑内容

课内探究学案

一、学习目标

1．识别群落，说出群落水平上研究的问题。

2．描述群落的结构特征。

3．尝试进行土壤中小动物类群丰富度的研究。

学习重点:

群落的结构特征。

二、学习过程

1．群落水平上研究的问题

阅读课本71页内容，思考：

（1）个体、种群、群落的相互联系？

（2）在群落水平上研究的问题与在种群水平上研究的问题有什么不同？

（3）研究群落有什么意义？

2．群落的物种结构

（1）群落的物种组成

观察课本72页图4-8和图4-9，思考：这两个森林群落的主要差别？由此可得出何种结论？结论：

3．种间关系

阅读课本72-73页剩余内容，回答：

（1）一个群落的物种是否是随机聚集在一起的？

（2）种间关系包括哪几种类型？各举例说明。

3．群落的空间结构

观察课本中的图4-11图4-12图4-13，思考：

（1）什么是群落的空间结构？

（2）群落的空间结构包括哪几个方面？

三、反思总结

四、当堂检测

1、大．小鲈鱼高度混养．蚜虫与草．蝗虫与草，这些生物之间的关系依次为（）

A．种内斗争．捕食．捕食 B．捕食．捕食．捕食

C．种内斗争．寄生．捕食 D．捕食．寄生．捕食

2、生物群落的结构在垂直方向上（）

A．具有明显的分层现象 B．有的有分层现象，有的没有分层现象

C．森林中的生物有分层现象，草原上的没有分层现象

D．植物有分层现象，动物没有分层现象

3、在一片森林里，群落是指该区域内

（）

Ａ．所有的树木B．所有的动物和植物

C．所有的生物与无机环境D．所有的生物

4、区别不同群落的重要特征是

（）

A．群落的物种组成B．群落中各生物之间的关系

C．群落中生物个体的数目D．群落中物种的数目

5、树林里多数鸟类在树冠筑巢、栖息，啄木鸟生活在树干中，环颈雉则在灌木层和地面活

动，这种现象反映了

（）

Ａ．种群的密度B．适应的普遍性C．群落的垂直结构D．群落的水平结构

6、对某一群落中甲、乙两个动物种群的数量进行研究后得到下图，请据图回答下列问题：

（1）甲、乙两种群之间的关系是。

（2）在3、4月份甲种群数量的下降，很可能是由于。

（3）种群数量变化的周期大约是。

（4）自然界中物种间捕食会导致被捕食者种群的消亡吗？。

课后练习与提高

1、生物群落的特点有

（）

①有一定的分层结构②植物之间有复杂的相互关系③有相当数量的植物种类

④最底层是草本植物⑤高层是木本植物

A．①④⑤B．①②③C．③④⑤D．②③⑤

2、以下三图分别表示两个生物种群随时间推移而发生的数量变化。那么甲、乙、丙三图表

示的关系依次是（）

Ａ．竞争、捕食、互利共生B．捕食、竞争、互利共生

C．竞争、互利共生、捕食D．互利共生、捕食、竞争

3、为了减小某种昆虫对农作物的危害，人们引入了专门捕食这种昆虫

的蜘蛛。右图是对这两个种群数量变化的调查结果。下列各项解释

中正确的是（）

A．在Ⅰ期间，若针对害虫施以杀虫剂，蜘蛛的数量将会

增加得更快

B．在Ⅱ期间，害虫数量减少的主要原因是食物不足

C．在Ⅱ期间，蜘蛛数量减少的主要原因是食物不足

D．在Ⅲ期间，两个种群之间不再发生相互作用

4、锄足蟾蝌蚪、雨蛙蝌蚪和蟾蜍蝌蚪均以浮游生物为食。在条件相同的四个池塘中，每池

中均放养等量的三种蝌蚪，且各池蝌蚪总数相同。再分别在四个池塘中放入不同数量的捕食者——水螈。一段时间后，三种蝌蚪数量变化结果如图所示。请据图回答下列问题：

（1）锄足蟾蝌蚪、雨蛙蝌蚪和蟾蜍蝌蚪之间是什么关系？为什么？

。

（2）无水螈的池塘中，锄足蟾蝌蚪数量增长很快，有可能是J型增长吗？为什么？

。

（3）随着水螈的增多，三种被捕食蝌蚪的总数量，其中锄足蟾蜍蝌蚪数量，这最可能是因为

，由此，水螈改变了三种蝌蚪间相互作用的结果（4）随着水螈的增多，雨蛙蝌蚪的数量不降反升，这是因为

。

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